An Erratum to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1024856024330017

В обсерватории «Фоновая» с осени 2021 года установлен 13-каскадный импактор высокого разрешения 125R NanoMoudi-II, способный селективно отбирать аэрозоль разного диапазона дисперсности с номинальными размерами: 10000, 5600, 3200, 1800, 1000, 560, 320, 180, 100, 56, 32, 18 и 10 нм. Кварцевые и тефлоновые фильтры используются для исследования ионно-элементного и органического состава фракций приземного фонового аэрозоля, соответственно. Анализ кварцевых фильтров производится в Иркутском лимнологическом институте СО РАН методами ионной хроматографии и ИСП-МС. Тефлоновые фильтры типа Grimm 1.113A используются для отбора и анализа органических аэрозолей методом ГХ-МС в ИХКГ СО РАН. Обсуждается химический состав отобранных в 2022 году проб продолжительностью от 6 до 16 суток, состав которых анализируется опробированными в 2021 г. методиками. Изменчивость содержания ионной компоненты аэрозоля в течение года достигает порядка величины, с максимумом в конце зимы и минимумом летом. «Зимний» пик основы ионной фракции - сульфат-аниона - лежит в области 0,56-1 мкм, смещаясь летом в область более мелких частиц 0,18-0,32 мкм. Для микроэлементов как временной ход концентраций, так и распределения по размерам имеют более сложный вид. A high-resolution 125R NanoMoudi-II impactor with 13 cascades has been installed at the "Fonovaya" Observatory since the autumn of 2021. It is capable of selectively sampling aerosols of varying size ranges with nominal sizes of 10000, 5600, 3200, 1800, 1000, 560, 320, 180, 100, 56, 32, 18, and 10 nm. Quartz and Teflon filters are used for studying the ionic-elemental and organic composition of ground-level background aerosol fractions, respectively. The analysis of the quartz filters is carried out at the Irkutsk Limnological Institute of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences using ion chromatography and ICP-MS methods. Teflon filters of type Grimm 1.113A are utilized for sampling and analyzing organic aerosols using GC-MS in the Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The chemical composition of samples collected in 2022 with exposure times ranging from 6 to 16 days is discussed, analyzed using methods tested in 2021. The variability of the ionic component of aerosol content throughout the year reaches significant levels, peaking in late winter and hitting a minimum in summer. The winter peak of the ionic fraction’s base—the sulfate anion—lies within the range of 0.56-1 µm, shifting to smaller particles of 0.18-0.32 µm in summer. For trace elements, both the temporal course of concentrations and the size distribution exhibit a more complex pattern. «Background» observatory, high-resolution impactor, ground-level background aerosol, ionic component of aerosol

Based on the results of a comprehensive experiment conducted in September 2020, the spatial distribution of the following trace gases over the seas of the Russian Arctic are analyzed: carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O3), nitrogen oxide and dioxide (NO and NO2), and sulfur dioxide (SO2). It is shown that the gas concentrations in the surface air layer over the seas (at an altitude of 200 m) vary in the range 18–36 ppb for O3, 60–130 ppb for CO, 0.005–0.12 ppb for NO, 0.10–1.00 ppb for NO2, and 0.06–0.80 ppb for SO2. The distribution of the gases over the water area is heterogeneous over most seas, which most likely reflects differences in their uptake by the ocean and peculiarities of transport from the continent.

This work presents the analysis of the spatial distribution of number concentration, size distribution, and chemical composition of aerosol particles measured for the first time over the seas of the Russian Arctic. Various types of vertical distribution of the number concentration were recorded, characteristic of both coastal marine and continental areas. Most of them turned out to be of the continental type. Attention is also drawn to the almost complete absence of coarse particles above 2–3 km over all seas. The chemical composition of the Arctic aerosol at altitudes of both 200 m and 5000 m contains ions that can be referred to as both marine and continental. The identifiable carbon- and salt-free elemental part of the aerosol over the Arctic is 3–4 times larger than that of ions. Over all seas and at both altitudes, the Arctic aerosols mainly contain elements of terrigenous origin – Al, Cu, Fe, and Si. Over almost all seas, except the Barents Sea, Si is dominant in the elemental composition of the aerosol, its contribution over the Chukchi Sea reaching 85

In the Arctic, global warming is 2–3 times faster than over other regions of the globe. As a result, noticeable changes are already being recorded in all areas of the environment. However, there is very little data on such changes in the Russian Arctic. Therefore, to fill the gap in the data on the vertical distribution of the gas and aerosol composition of air in this region, an experiment was carried out on the Tu-134 Optik flying laboratory in September 2020 to sound the atmosphere and water surface over the water areas of all seas in the Russian Arctic. This paper analyzes the spatial distribution of methane. It is shown that during the experiment its concentration was the highest over the Kara Sea (2090 ppb) and the lowest over the Chukchi Sea (2005 ppb). The East Siberian and Bering Seas were slightly different from the Chukchi Sea in terms of the methane concentration. Average values of CH 4 are characteristic of the Barents (2030 ppb) and the Laptev Seas (2040 ppb). The difference between the concentrations at an altitude of 200 meters and in the free troposphere attained 150 ppb over the Kara Sea, decreased to 91 and 94 ppb over the Barents and Laptev Seas, and further decreased over the East Siberian, Chukchi, and Bering Seas to 66, 63, and 74 ppb, respectively. Horizontal heterogeneity in the distribution of methane over the Arctic seas is the greatest over the Laptev Sea, where it attained 73 ppb. It is two times higher than over the Barents and Kara Seas, and 5–7 times higher than over the East Siberian and Bering Seas.

Настоящая статья продолжает цикл исследований состава воздуха над морями Российского сектора Арктики в сентябре 2020 г. Анализируется пространственное распределение следующих малых газовых составляющих: оксида углерода (СО), озона (О3), оксида и диоксида азота (NO, NO2) и диоксида серы (SO2). Показано, что концентрация О3 изменялась в приводном слое (высота 200 м) в диапазоне 18-36 млрд-1, СО - 60-130 млрд-1, NO - 0,005-0,12 млрд-1, NO2 - 0,10-1,00 млрд-1 и SO2 - 0,06-0,80 млрд-1. Над акваториями большинства морей распределение газов по площади было неоднородным, что, скорее всего, обусловливается различиями в поглощении их океаном и особенностями переноса с континента. Based on the results of a comprehensive experiment conducted in September 2020, the spatial distribution of the following trace gases over the seas of the Russian Arctic are analyzed: carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O3), nitrogen oxide and dioxide (NO and NO2), and sulfur dioxide (SO2). It is shown that the gas concentrations in the surface air layer over the seas (at a height of 200 m) vary in the range 18-36 ppb for O3, 60-130 ppb for CO, 0.005-0.12 ppb for NO, 0.10-1.00 ppb for NO2, and 0.06-0.80 ppb for SO2. Over most seas, the distribution of the gases across the water area is heterogeneous, which most likely reflects differences in their uptake by the ocean and peculiarities of transport from the continent.

The ERA 5 reanalysis data and the daily average surface ozone concentrations (O 3 ) measured at the TOR station from 1993 to 2020 are used to study the circulation pattern favoring the formation of extremely high ozone concentrations (95th percentile, henceforth О 3 95). All months are characterized by an identical circulation mode accompanied by an increase in the surface air temperature in the area encompassing the ozone concentration measuring station. In addition to the increase in the air temperature, О 3 95 events are characterized by strengthening of the southwesterly component of the wind velocity field. It is also found that these circulation features are associated with the development of meridional properties, probably due to the propagation of waves in the upper troposphere in midlatitudes. The identified circulation mode simultaneously favors the transboundary transport of ozone and its precursors from the southern regions, the enhancement of photochemical O 3 formation, and the occurrence of wildfires.

— We analyze the spatial distribution of carbon dioxide over the seas of the Russian Arctic based on the results of the comprehensive experiment conducted in September 2020. It turned out that during the experiment, the concentration of CO 2 increased from west to east. The minimum of 396 ppm was over the Barents Sea, and the maximum of 4106 ppm was over the Chukchi Sea. The difference between the concentrations at an altitude of 200 m and in the free troposphere attained 156 ppm over the Barents Sea and decreased to 56 ppm over the Laptev Sea. Over the eastern seas, the difference became generally positive, which was associated with the air transfer from Alaska. Above the waters of most seas, the distribution of carbon dioxide was horizontally heterogeneous, which showed the regional features of its assimilation by the ocean and transfer from the continent.

An Erratum to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1024856023340018

A combined experiment aimed at the study of the air composition over all the seas in the Russian Arctic was carried out in September 2020 with the Optik Tu-134 flying laboratory. The experiment included sampling the of atmospheric aerosol in the air layer from 200 to 9000 m above sea level and determining the concentration of saturated hydrocarbons ( n -alkanes) in aerosol particles. Saturated hydrocarbon compounds in the range С 9 Н 20 –С 27 Н 56 were found in the air of this sector of the Arctic. The main mass of this class of organic compounds is concentrated in the narrower range С 10 Н 22 –С 20 Н 42 . The concentration of n -alkanes in aerosol over all the seas was low (ranging within 9.3–12.6 ng/m 3 ). The only exception was the Chukchi Sea, over which the concentration attained 37.7 ng/m 3 .

Airborne sensing data are used to study the change in the air composition upon the transition from the troposphere to the stratosphere. The distribution of seven gases and the size spectrum and chemical composition of aerosol particles are analyzed. It is shown that when crossing the tropopause, the concentrations of H2О, CO, and CH4 sharply decrease, while the concentrations of О3 and NO2 and the aerosol particle number density, to the contrary, increase. Above the tropopause, Si predominates in the elemental composition and $$\text{SO}_{4}^{{2 - }}$$ prevails in the ionic composition. In the troposphere, terrigenous elements Al, Cu, and Fe predominate, while in the ionic composition the prevailing set of several ions varies from one region to another. Noticeable differences in the size spectrum of particles are revealed as well.

We present the results of a large-scale study of carbon dioxide and methane distributions carried out on the territory of Western Siberia in 2018–2019 using a Picarro G4301 portable gas analyzer. The analysis of the data made it possible to retrieve the spatial distribution of background CO2 and CH4 concentrations with a high resolution. The inhomogeneities found in the CO2 and CH4 distributions were both due to the effect of ecosystems characteristic for different regions of Western Siberia and to specific features of their seasonal cycles.

The anomalous vertical distribution of organic aerosol recorded on September 14, 2018, is analyzed on the basis of aircraft sounding data. It is anomalous in that, in contrast to the long-term average profile, the maximal concentration in the boundary layer during this flight was more than an order of magnitude higher than the previously measured concentrations. The contribution of aerosols of different origins to the total concentration in different tropospheric layers is estimated. The analysis of possible sources of aerosol precursors revealed quite a wide sector, on the territory of which there are boreal forests, which are sources of biogenic compounds, and objects of industrial infrastructure, which are sources of anthropogenic emissions.

In this paper, we studied the interrelation between the variations in CH 4 , CO, CO 2 , NO, NO 2 , O 3 , and SO 2 concentrations, and the number concentration of aerosol with particle diameters larger than 0.4 μm, and the following meteorological parameters: air temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind direction and speed, total solar radiation and ultraviolet radiation in the wavelength range 295–320 nm, relative humidity, and partial water vapor pressure. For this, we used the air composition monitoring data (for the period 1993–2018) from the Tropospheric Ozone Research (TOR) station in the region of Tomsk Akademgorodok.

The continuous ground-based measurements of greenhouse gases carried out in Siberia in the past two decades allowed the long-term trends, as well as the diurnal and seasonal cycles of CO2 and CH4 to be derived for this poorly studied region (Belikov et al., 2019). To date, these in-situ observations are made at the joint Japan-Russia Siberian Tall Tower Inland Observation Network (JR-STATION) consisted of 6 automated stations that should be maintained several times per year. In late October to early November 2018, we have undertaken the first mobile campaign to derive a distribution of CO2 and CH4 concentrations at high spatial resolution while traveling to the sites of the above network. For that, we used a commercially available GHG CRDS analyzer (G4301, Picarro Inc., Santa Clara, CA, USA) installed in an off-road vehicle (Arshinov et al., 2019). Over one trip, the instrument were driven over 7000 km throughout the study area.In March, June, August, and October 2019 we have performed four more campaigns along the same route. This enabled the seasonal pattern of CO2 and CH4 concentrations to be obtained over a huge area of West Siberia between 54.5° and 63.2° north latitude and between 62.3° and 85.0° east longitude, as well as to reveal a large- and small-scale spatial heterogeneity in CH4 mixing ratios particularly over wetland regions. We plan to continue mobile campaigns to cover interannual variations.This work was supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation under State Contract No. 14.616.21.0104 (ID No RFMEFI61618X0104).Belikov, D.; Arshinov, M.; Belan, B.; Davydov, D.; Fofonov, A.; Sasakawa, M.; Machida, T. Analysis of the Diurnal, Weekly, and Seasonal Cycles and Annual Trends in Atmospheric CO2 and CH4 at Tower Network in Siberia from 2005 to 2016. Atmosphere 2019, 10, 689.Arshinov, M.Yu.; Belan B.D.; Davydov D.K.; Kozlov A.V., Fofonov A.V., and Arshinova V. Heterogeneity of the spatial distribution of CO2 and CH4 concentrations in the atmospheric surface layer over West Siberia: October-November 2018, Proc. SPIE 11208, 25th International Symposium on Atmospheric and Ocean Optics: Atmospheric Physics, 1120831 (18 December 2019);https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2539205

Data of multiyear monitoring at the TOR station are used to calculate the average concentrations of gas and aerosol constituents in different air masses in the region of Tomsk. It is shown that CO2 and CH4 are characterized by a decrease in concentrations in going from an Arctic to a tropical air mass. Ozone shows the opposite pattern: the largest concentrations are recorded in the tropical air mass and the smallest concentrations in the Arctic air mass. Such gases as CO and SO2 show distributions more complex in character.

Changes in ozone concentration during precipitation are studied using data of ozone monitoring in the surface air layer in Tomsk and at Karadag. It is found that these changes can be either positive or negative. The largest jumps in ozone content are observed during frontal precipitations. During air mass precipitation, the sign and magnitude of the changes are determined by the diurnal behavior of ozone concentration. Analysis showed that the increase in the ozone concentration during precipitation and ozone increase in the diurnal behavior are time-coincident in 59% of cases in Tomsk and in 63% of cases at the Karadag. The decreasing wave of ozone concentration in the diurnal behavior coincides in time with ozone decrease during precipitation even more often, in 85% of cases in Tomsk and in 79% of cases at Karadag. Based on data of aircraft sensing, it is shown that ozone descent from the boundary air layer occurs in a number cases when the temperature stratification during precipitation changes to neutral.

We describe the current state and technical characteristics of Tropospheric Ozone Research (TOR) station, created 25 years ago to monitor atmospheric composition, basic meteorological variables, and other parameters. The multiyear observations showed that the air quality on the territory of Akademgorodok in Tomsk has been substantially degraded since the creation and development of the Special Economic Zone on its territory.