The quantitative morphometric analysis of the functional state of the pineal gland of the three-week males of three species of forest vole, originated in the vivarium from the females withdrawn from the natural medium and which were being contained with the natural illumination, is carried out with the aid of the methods of light and electron microscopy. Are revealed the morphological signs of the secretory activity of pineal gland, the different methods of secretion, the types of pinealocytes, which are distinguished by ultrastructure and mechanism of the secretion of pineal hormones, the specific special features of structure, functioning of the pineal gland, which restrains sexual ripening, the karyometric and organellometric indices of the secretory activity of pinealocytes. On the criteria of morphological analysis is made a evaluation of the degree of the maturity of pinealocytes. It is established that in the males of forest vole at the three-week age the pineal gland can consist predominantly of young pinealocytes and single hormone producing cells, pinealocytes with the complexes of the cisterns of rough endoplasmic reticulum, pinealocytes with the Golgi stack and the single cisterns of rough endoplasmic reticulum.

With the help of light-optical microscopic methods, a comparative morphometric analysis of the structure of the wall of the aortic valve rats and humans in health and calcification. Revealed morphological and functional features of the structure of the endothelium, smooth myocytes, cells of fibroblast series potentailly layer percentagepotentailly, musculo-elastic and spongy layers, complex fiber architectonics. In the endothelium of the valve of an adult on the aortic side of the amplification of the nucleoli and a decrease in NCA. At the person the potentailly layer is developed worse than at a rat, observed a significant thickening in the calcification. Total Ratio of musculo-elastic and spongy layer in humans is 0.1, and the rat 1.1, indicating that the development of excessive connective tissue in humans adulthood spongy layer 3 times thicker at the opposite thickened calcification musculo-elastic layer. The number of fibroblasts in the adult dominates fibroblasts, while calcification of the number of fibroblasts decreases in 2 times and the number of fibrocytes is increased in 6 times.

С помощью методов электронной микроскопии проведён анализ пинеалоцитов с признаками секреторной активности в шишковидной железе крыс и полёвок, подвергнутых стрессу. Крыс длительно освещали ярким светом. Полёвок содержали совместно, моделируя высокую численную плотность популяции. Через 24 часа после прекращения воздействия у гипериллюминированных крыс и у совместно содержавшихся в течение двух месяцев полёвок проявлялись характерные для гиперфункции шишковидной железы ультраструктурные изменения пинеалоцитов. Сделано предположение, что удалённые от ядра стопки Гольджи, цистерны и осмиофильные тельца с зёрнами электронно-плотного материала, гигантские извитые и ковшеобразные митохондрии, синаптические ленты и сферы, секреторные везикулы, компоненты цитоскелета задействованы в секреторном процессе и являются морфологическими маркёрами сдвига функционального состояния пинеалоцитов в сторону активизации.

С помощью методов световой и электронной микроскопии проведен кариометрический и органеллометрический анализ пинеалоцитов шишковидной железы крыс, мышей и полёвок различных возрастных групп и пола. У крыс вне зависимости от половой принадлежности в железе часть светлых пинеалоцитов имели более развитую гранулярную эндоплазматическую сеть и осмиофильные тельца с мелкими плотными конкрециями. Обнаруживались также светлые пинеалоциты с более крупными ядрами, комплексом Гольджи и митохондриями. Осмиофильные тельца проявляли сходство с аутолизосомами, располагались вблизи оболочки ядра, синаптических лент, в отростках, булавовидных окончаниях отростков, взаимодействовали с компонентами цитоскелета. У мышей и мышевидных грызунов в светлых пинеалоцитах одиночные плотные гранулы выявлялись в цитоплазматических везикулах, производных комплекса Гольджи. Они обнаруживались вблизи синаптических сфер, отростках и окончаниях. У крыс более старшей возрастной группы отмечалась агрегация и увеличение электронной плотности осмиофильных телец, у мышей и полёвок – агрегация и утилизация лизосомами везикул с плотной гранулой. Сделан вывод о возможном участии цитоплазматических везикул и осмиофильных телец с конкрециями в регуляции функционального состояния пинеалоцитов и нарушении данного механизма с возрастом.

On the basis the analysis of morphometric data are revealed the special features of the functional state of pineal gland in mice with the delay of sexual ripening. Is made conclusion about the involvement of pinealocytes into the regulation of reproduction.

Night lighting and microwave exposure have been influence on structures of stress realization. The endocrine, fotoperiodical and adaptive functions of rodent submandibular salivary glands belonging to hormone produced duct cells. To evaluate their morphofunctional state at guinea-pigs and rats using the methods of light and electron microscopy there have been analyzed striated and granular ducts. It has been revealed that instant and twenty-four-hour strengthening of duct cell stress induced secretory activity was similar. It is concluded that salivary glands take part in circadian expectations to stress.

Changes of secreteory neurons of hypothalamic supraoptic (SON) and paraventricular nuclei (PVN) were analyzed using light and electron microscopy in 100 adult male rats from the first minutes up to 180 days after their round-the-clock 48 hours-long exposure to bright light. At the early stages after the exposure, SON and PVN cellular formula was changed in favor of functionally active neurons containing few secretory granules, large nucleus and nucleoli, low RNA content, sparse complexes of rough endoplasmic reticulum, vacuoles and lysosomes in their perikarya. After 24 hours in both SON and PVN and after 10 days in SON the number of cells accumulating secretion was greater than that in control group. Normalization of the cellular formula and of the structural organization of protein-synthesis apparatus in PVN secretory neurons took place at days 10-30, while those ones in SON--at days 30-180. The results obtained suggest that the range of plasticity in PVN neurons in animals exposed to continuous bright light is larger than that in SON neurons.

Changes in pinealocytes (PC) were analysed using quantitative electron microscopy in 240 adult male rats from first minutes up to 180 days after their continuous exposure to bright light (CLE) for 48 hours, X-ray irradiation (XRI) or their combination (CE). After CLE early changes of PC included the reduction of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), Golgi complex and synaptic ribbons. At 24 hours and 10 days PC secretory activity was increased, while their ultrastructural organization was normalized by 30-180 days. 10 days after XRI degenerative changes were detected in PC that included dilation, fragmentation and vacuolization of RER cisterns, mitochondrial swelling, appearance of large vacuoles and osmiophilic inclusions, increase in lysosome content. Volume density of mitochondria and RER was lower, while that of Golgi complex was higher than in control. PC ultrastructure was restored 30-180 days after XRI. Following CE, the changes in PC ultrastructural organization were more significant at all time interval studied than after the action of single factors. The results obtained indicate that CLE increased the extent of postradiation changes in PC ultrastructural organization during the early time intervals after XRI and at the peak of radiation sickness development.

This investigation was aimed at the evaluation of radiomodifying effect of round-the-clock light exposure on the salivary glands. The changes of morphometric parameters of granular duct epitheliocytes and acinar cells in rat submandibular glands were analyzed by means of light and electron microscopy after 48 h of light exposure by 3500-lux cool white fluorescent lamps, single 5 Gy whole-body X-irradiation and their combination. Early changes of granular duct epitheliocytes after light and combined exposure were more significant in comparison with those on acinar cells. On the 10-th day after combined irradiation reduction of nucleoli and endoplasmatic reticulum in the duct cells was more pronounced as compared with similar period following light and X-ray irradiation. Long-term morphological changes in the glands after X-ray and combined irradiation were similar. It is concluded that radiation and round-the-clock light exposure act synergistically.