Purpose: to assess the reaction of multipolar retinal neurons to light irradiation depending on the intensity and duration of exposure. Material and methods. Outbred sexually mature white rats (n = 50, 100 eyes) weighing 180–200 g were exposed to continuous round-the-clock light (200, 3,500 lux; 1, 2, 7, 14, 30 days). The control group consisted of 25 non-irradiated animals (50 eyes). Using semifine sections, colored with toluidine blue, we counted the number of neurons in the ganglionic layer with karyopyknosis, focal and total chromatolysis. In the optic nerve, the percentage of degeneratively altered axons and the number of nerve fibers with deformation of the myelin sheath were calculated. Ultrastructural changes in neurons were studied using a JEM-100 CX-II electron microscope. Results. In the first days of the experiment (1, 2 days), reactive and destructive changes in organelles are observed in the perikaryons of multipolar retinal neurons. The granular endoplasmic reticulum becomes fragmented, loses part of its ribosomes, and vacuoles of varied sizes are formed from its cisterns. With an increase in the duration of exposure (7–30 days), degradation processes are increasing, all the more so after high-intensity (3,500 lux) light irradiation. The photodamage causes changes in all components of the optic nerve and is characterized by a destruction of organelles, a decrease in the number of elements of the cytoskeleton in the axon, and myelin sheath splitting. Conclusion. Changes in multipolar neurons of the retina after photodamage are primarily related to the content and distribution of the chromatophilic substance and depend on the intensity and duration of illumination.

Introduction. Oxidative stress is a non-specific pathogenetic link in inflammatory diseases of the oral mucosa, which has a destructive effect on its structure and function. In this regard, natural antioxidants such as (p-tyrosol) are of great interest to researchers. The purpose of this paper was to study the effect of p-tyrosol on the morphofunctional changes in the microcirculatory during experimental stomatitis. Materials and methods. The experiment was carried out on 72 Wistar rats with experimental stomatitis. The animals were divided into four groups, each including 18 subjects: the control (intact rats; group 1 with the burn and no treatment (group 2), with the burn and subsequent administration of p-tyrosol (group 3), and with the burn and subsequent administration of Lidocaine + Chamomile flower extract (group 4). Results. The animals of group 3 had the smallest values of the altered vessels, the precapillary diffusion index and the Kernogan index on days 3, 7, and 12. On the contrary, the numerical density of the unchanged arterioles, venules, and capillaries was the greatest. VEGF expression was detected in group 3 on days 7 and 12, and in group 4, on day 12, thus indicating a more intense angiogenesis. Conclusion. On the background of p-tyrosol administration, there is an increased blood supply in the treated area due to the following factors: a growing density of unchanged microvessels, the germination of the ves-sels in the treated area, and induced angiogenesis.

Aim. To study the response of retinal glial cells to constant irradiation of various intensity and to develop a mathematical model allowing to evaluate the dynamics of damage to radial glial cells and predict their photodamage depending on the duration and intensity of irradiation. Materials and methods. Outbred sexually mature white rats ( n = 50) weighing 180–200 g were exposed to constant round-the-clock light (200, 3,500 lux, days 1, 2, 7, 14, 30). The control group consisted of 25 non-irradiated animals. Using semi-thin sections stained with toluidine blue, we counted the number of pycnomorphic cells in the radial glial cells. Ultrastructural changes in the glial cells were studied using the JEM-100 CX-II electron microscope. Results. The study showed that after photodamage, oligodendrocytes and astrocytes were mainly characterized by mitochondrial swelling and expansion of endoplasmic reticulum cisterns. Microglial cells at the late stage of the experiment (day 30) were localized in the inner layers of the retina; their density depended on the intensity of irradiation. The earliest (days 1, 2) changes in the radial glial cells were noted in the subretinal space and were manifested by proliferation of scleral processes and phagocytosis of dead sensorineural cell fragments. The intensification of destructive changes in the radial glial cells led to disturbances in neuron – glia interactions in the retina and a decrease in regeneration of retinal neurons (day 7–14). The developed mathematical model allowed to assess the dynamics of damage to the radial glial cells in the retina and to predict photodamage depending on the duration and intensity of irradiation. Conclusion. Glial responses in the retina after photodamage depend on the intensity and duration of light exposure. As the duration of irradiation increases, degenerative changes in glial cells intensify and are more pronounced after high (3,500 lux) irradiation intensity.

The aim. To conduct a comparative analysis of clinical and anamnestic data in women of reproductive age after ovarian cyst surgery and with occult premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) to predict a poor ovarian response to stimulation. Materials and methods. We conducted a retrospective study of medical records of women (aged 18–40 years) with infertility at the Assisted Reproductive Technology Center of Siberian State Medical University from 2017 to 2020. The main group consisted of 84 patients who underwent ovarian cyst surgery. The comparison group consisted of 33 patients with biochemical signs of POI (follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) 10–12 mMU / ml) who did not undergo ovarian cyst surgery. Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH), FSH, estradiol, the antral follicle count (AFC), and the ovarian response to stimulation were compared. Results. A correlation was established between AFC and a poor ovarian response both in the main group ( r = –0.7; p = 0.004) and in the comparison group ( r = –0.620; p = 0.000) in women under 35 years of age. A correlation was found between the concentration of estradiol and a poor ovarian response in the comparison group in women over 35 years of age ( r = –0.707; p = 0.001). A moderate negative correlation between AMH and a poor ovarian response was revealed only in the main group of women under the age of 35 years ( r = –0.589; p = 0.021). A moderate negative correlation between AMH and a poor ovarian response was revealed in the comparison group in women under the age of 35 years ( r = –0.648; p = 0.000), a weak negative correlation was found for women at the age of 35 years ( r = –0.500; p = 0.004). In both groups, the level of FSH did not determine the ovarian response to stimulation. Conclusion. The determination of AFC and AMH is more significant in predicting a poor ovarian response in women after ovarian surgery and in women with occult signs of POI under the age of 35 years, compared with FSH. In the group of women over 35 years with occult signs of POI, the concentration of estradiol may matter in predicting a poor ovarian response, which requires further research.

This review deals with the current state of affairs in the diagnosis of cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions. Transformation of classifications of cervical pathologies is considered. The role of cytological (liquid-based and conventional cytology), molecular biological (Digene Hybrid Capture test), immunohistochemical (p16INK4α, Ki-67), and histologic methods in the diagnosis of cervical lesions is discussed. Particular attention is paid to the diagnosis of human papillomavirus infection. Performance indicators of screening programs based on primary determination of human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA in comparison with common cytological methods are presented. Tropism of HPV to various parts of the cervix, which predisposes to the formation of deep multifocal lesions, as well as the influence of the physical status of HPV on the treatment strategy and risks of relapse are considered.

In order to verify the assumption that changes in the content of osmiophilic bodies (OB) in pinealo-cytes in rats are a morphological marker not only of shifts in secretory activity and calcification of the pineal gland res.ponding to round the clock lighting, but also reflect violations of pineal biorhythm, by methods of light and transmission electron microscopy, microrentgenospectral analysis in an experiment on rats, exposed to 48-hour exposure to bright light, the numerical density of single and grouped OB, their chemical composition was estimated. It is concluded that the grouped OB with the material of disposed mitochondria and calcifications are a residual manifestation of desynchronosis. Their con-tent increases at an earlier time after exposure than the total content of various types of OB.

Morphofunctional changes in microvasculature play an important role in the nerve cell plasticity, the ability to change their functional state under the influence of various factors. The aim of the research was to study the morphology of the microvasculature vessels, surrounding neurons and glia cells in the primary visual cortex of 3- and 18-month-old rats in norm and under stress caused by high-intensity twenty-four-hour light exposure, as well as under correction. Materials and Methods. The experiments were carried out on 60 Wistar male rats, aged 3- and 18-months. The authors used light and electron microscopy, and morphometry to evaluate: capillary surface area and density, surface area of altered vessels (due to stasis, sludge of formed elements and thrombosis) and unchanged ones, as well as the morphology of the surrounding cells. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used for multiple comparisons within age groups, while Mann-Whitney test was used for pair comparison. Results. The authors observed different capillary reactions to light exposure in 3- and 18-month-old rats. It resulted in an increase of capillary density in 3-month-old rats and in a decrease of capillary density in 18-month-old rats (p≤0.05). Destructive changes in neurons and glia cells were more evident in 18-month-old rats. P-tyrosol administration in 3- and 18-month-old rats with light exposure led to an increase in capillary density (p≤0.05). Under correction, young rats also demonstrated an increase in the capillary surface area, and the number of glia cells and capillaries by 1 neuron (p≤0.05). Conclusion Thus, p-tyrosol improved microvascularization in the primary visual cortex under high-intensity long-term light exposure. Keywords: microcirculation, p-tyrosol, stress, primary visual cortex. Морфофункциональные изменения микроциркуляторного русла играют важную роль в пластичности нервных клеток, их способности менять свое функциональное состояние при воздействии различных факторов. Целью исследования являлось изучение морфологии сосудов микроциркуляторного русла и окружающих их нейронов и глиоцитов в первичной зрительной коре 3- и 18-месячных крыс в норме и при стрессе, вызванном высокоинтенсивным круглосуточным световым воздействием, а также в условиях коррекции. Материалы и методы. Эксперименты выполнены на 60 крысах-самцах линии «Вистар». Возраст – 3 и 18 мес. Методами световой и электронной микроскопии, морфометрии оценивали удельную площадь и численную плотность капилляров, удельную площадь измененных (со стазом, сладжем форменных элементов и тромбозом) и неизмененных сосудов, а также морфологию клеток, их окружающих. Для множественных сравнений внутри возрастных групп использовали критерий Крускала–Уоллиса, для парных – Манна–Уитни. Результаты. У 3- и 18-месячных крыс обнаружена различная реакция капилляров на световое воздействие, что выражалось в увеличении численной плотности капилляров у 3-месячных крыс и снижении – у 18-месячных (р≤0,05). Деструктивные изменения нейронов и глиоцитов более выражены у 18-месячных крыс. Коррекция п-тирозолом у 3- и 18-месячных крыс со световым воздействием приводила к увеличению численной плотности капилляров (р≤0,05). У молодых крыс при коррекции также отмечалось увеличение удельной площади капилляров, количества глиоцитов и капилляров на 1 нейрон (р≤0,05). Заключение. Применение п-тирозола улучшало состояние микроваскуляризации в первичной зрительной коре в условиях высокоинтенсивного длительного светового воздействия. Ключевые слова: микроциркуляция, п-тирозол, стресс, первичная зрительная кора.

In order to verify the assumption about the lunaphase nature of changes in pineal cells of melatonin-synthesizing mitochondria and pineal calcifcation in 150 Wistar rats, during the synodic month after decapitation under ether anesthesia, the pineal gland was taken, which was fixed in a mixture of para-formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde, post-fxed OsO4, dehydrated, and enclosed in a mixture of EPON-Araldite. To exclude diferences related to overpopulation stress, age, gender, season of the year and time of day, males weighing 180-200 g were kept in cells for 29 days with a constant daily photophase and removed from the experiment daily at the same time of day. Ultra-thin sections of the pineal gland were contrasted with uranyl acetate and lead citrate, examined in a transmission microscope. The spe-cifc volume of mitochondria in the cytoplasm of pinealocytes was calculated by applying a test system to electronic micrographs. The Mann-Whitney U-test was used to assess the signifcance of lunaphase diferences at a signifcance level of p<0.05. Changes in the value of the morphometric index in all types of pinealocytes showed an infradian rhythm. In the main hormone-producing pinealocytes with numerous mitochondria, secretory granules and synaptic bands in the cytoplasm, the value of the studied morphometric index reached its maximum at the new moon. In light pinealocytes with calci-fed osmiophilic bodies, the specifc volume of mitochondria decreased to a minimum in the frst quar-ter of the month. In dark pinealocytes that do not contain secretory granules in the cytoplasm, the specific volume of mitochondria was lowest during the full moon. Calcination of mitochondria in pinealo-cytes and the formation of osmophilic bodies with grains of brain sand were more frequent in the frst quarter. Calcination of collagen fbers in the pineal gland stroma, degenerative changes in pineal cells, apoptosis and pinealocytophagia - during the full moon and the last quarter. The conclusion is made about mainly fne-dispersed deposition of calcifcations in the pineal gland in rats, their rhythmic char-acter associated with lunaphase shifts in the functional state of the pineal gland.

Морфометрическая характеристика влияния пренатальной алкоголизации на сосуды микроциркуляторного русла и нейроны головного мозга человека

The numerical density of secretory granules dense-core vesicles (DCV) in the cytoplasm of pinealocytes of the pineal gland was estimated by transmission electron microscopy in male white mice and Wistar rats. The 3-day biorhythm and lunaphase changes in the DCV content in the perikaryon and the processes of pinealocytes, which are manifested significantly in different seasons of the year, are established. The three-day biorhythm in adult male mice in comparison with younger male rats is not expressed uniformly in different phases of the moon. The in-phase manifestation of infradian biorhythms in different species of animals during the year with an unchanged daily photophase indicates the existence of common external synchronizers for mammals of these biorhythms that are not associated with the light/dark cycle.

An experiment using 20 white male Wistar rats has shown that exposure to 3500 lux of light for 7 days causes morphological changes in the II, IV, and V layers of the primary visual cortex. This was seen in an increased percentage of reversibly and irreversibly altered neurons, mainly in the fourth layer of 18-month-old rats (p ≤ 0.05). In response to light exposure, the percentage of hyperchromic wrinkled neurons in 18‑month-old rats rises to 6% (5; 8.5), the percentage of neurons with total chromatolysis rises to 10% (8.5; 14) compared to a 1% (0.5; 14) and 6% (5; 8) rise in 3-month-old rats respectively (p ≤ 0.05). The neural damage leads to a glial reaction reflected in an increased percentage of glia with signs of edema and swelling, hyperchromia without the nucleus and cytoplasm shrinkage (p ≤ 0.05), neuronophagia, and also the intrusion of the glia cells into the neuron cytoplasm for the initiation of intracellular reparation. The destructive changes are characterized by the gliacyte hyperchromia with the shrinkage of the nucleus and cytoplasm. The percentage of these gliacytes increases significantly in 18-month-old rats under the light exposure compared to the indices in young animals (p ≤ 0.05).

Objectives.Structural changes of the inner nuclear and ganglion cell layers of the retina in white mongrel male rats (n = 60) were studied with the combined effects of ionizing radiation at a dose of 5, 10, 15 Gr and light (3500 Lux, 48 h).Results.The study showed that the reactions of neurons of the inner nuclear and ganglionic layers after the X-ray and combined layers depended on the dose, such changes as vacuolization and destruction of organelles occurred and are most pronounced when combined with ionizing radiation at a dose of 15 Gr and light.An analysis of the number of hyperchromic neurons of the internal nuclear and ganglionic layers showed that after the end of exposure to ionizing radiation at doses of 10, 15 Gr, the amount of hyperchromic cells was much larger than the control values (p <0.05).After the end of the combined irradiation of ionizing radiation at a dose of 10, 15 Gr and high-intensity light, this index decreased, that indicated the failure of compensatory and adaptive mechanisms with an increase in the radiation dose and the intensification of the destruction processes.

The purpose of the study is to investigate the effectiveness of the use of n-tyrosol (extract of rhodiola rosea) in the form of gel on the mucous membrane of the lip in rats with experimental stomatitis.Materials and methods. The experiments were carried out on 54 white male rats weighing 220–280 g. The animals were divided into three groups: control, experimental for comparison and experimental main. When modeling chemical stomatitis in rats by applying 5% solution of caustic sodium to the mucous membrane of the lip, the development of inflammation was observed. The local application of the gel based on n-tyrosol was carried out three times a day for 12 days.Histological and macroscopic examination was performed on the 3rd, 7th and 12th days. The extent of damage was recorded by measuring the area of the lesion in square millimeters (mm2 ). At the same time a control material was taken and was fixed in formalin, embedded into paraffin, stained with hematoxylin and eosin by Van Gieson. Specific areas of dense unformed connective tissue, lymphomonocytic infiltration, granulation tissue were determined in the lesion and surrounding tissues; the numerical density of the vessels was determined in 1 mm2 . The data obtained during the study of the dynamics of healing were averaged in the groups mentioned above and subjected to statistical processing using nonparametric (Mann–Whitney and Wilcoxon) methods using the computer program Statistica 8.0.Results. On the 12th day, the area of the lesions was more than twice as large as the surface of burn surfaces, on which the gel with n-tyrosol was used. The use of n-tyrosine-based gel applications reduced by half the specific area of lymphomonocytic infiltration in the surrounding tissues and in the lesion itself, and promoted a more rapid maturation of the connective tissue. Quantitative analysis revealed that the use of the gel with n-tyrosol stimulated the proliferation of granulation and connective tissue, as well as the growth of newly formed vessels in the burn area. Thus, topical application of the n-tyrosine-based gel helped to reduce the inflammatory response and stimulated the regeneration process.

Aim. To study the morphofunctional state of ovaries after the introduction of recombinant FSH. Materials and methods. Two groups of mature female Wistar rats were used in the study. The experimental group consisted of 35 rats with a model of follicular ovarian cysts, while 25 rats were in the control group. Rats were taken out of the experiment on days 3, 7, 15, 30 and 60. Paraffin slides of ovaries were stained with hematoxylin and eosin by Van Gieson. Histological and morphometric investigations were performed. Results. On day 7 of FSH administration, the maximum increase in the size of the ovaries was observed due to the formation of single-cell follicular cysts. Rats in the experimental group showed a marked decrease in the number of growing follicles on day 7 and 15. The increase in atretic bodies and follicles in comparison with the control group was observed on day 7 and lasted until the end of the experiment. Additionally, on day 7 of the experiment, hyperemia and vasoconstriction were noted. The number of yellow bodies decreased during the experiment, and an increase in collagen formation occurred starting from day 15 of the experiment. Conclusion. The introduction of follicle-stimulating hormone for 7 days leads to disruption of folliculogenesis, strengthening of atresia in the ovaries, and the formation of functional cysts.

On the original experimental model of autoimmune oo phoritis the stages of formation and extent of destruction to structural elements of the ovary were studied, using histological and histochemical methods, the content antiovarian antibodies in the serum of experimental animals by enzyme immunoassay was determined. Autoimmune oophoritis is the step-wise character, with a gradual increase in the pathological process, which is manifested in the growth of mononuclear infiltration, restructuring steroid-producing structures, destruction of oocytes.

С помощью методов световой и электронной микроскопии изучены структурные изменения гематоретинального барьера у белых беспородных крыс-самцов (n = 40) при комбинированном воздействии ионизирующей радиации в дозе 10, 15 Гр и света (3500 лк, 48 ч). Реакции гематоретинального барьера при облучении ионизирующей радиацией и их комбинацией со светом сходны, но носят дозовую зависимость и наиболее выражены при комбинированном воздействии ионизирующей радиацией в дозе 15 Гр и света. Изменения характеризуются появлением дегенеративно измененных пигментоэпителиоцитов, снижением толщины пигментного эпителия, стазом и сладжем форменных элементов, деструкцией эндотелия и сужением просвета капилляров хориоидеи. Анализ изменений толщины пигментного эпителия показал, что после окончания воздействия ионизирующей радиации в дозе 10, 15 Гр данный показатель в 1,5 раза превышает контрольные значения и достоверно не отличается друг от друга после окончания комбинированного воздействия ионизирующей радиации в дозе 10 Гр и света. После окончания комбинированного воздействия ионизирующей радиации в дозе 15 Гр и света толщина пигментоэпителиоцитов в 1,25 раза меньше таковой в серии с изолированным рентгеновским воздействием в дозе 15 Гр.

We found that some morphological properties of the pineal gland and submandibular salivary gland of mice are significantly distinct at the new and full moon. We suppose that the differences are initiated by the displacements of the electron-dense concretions in the secretory vesicles of pinealocytes. This presumably occurs under the influence of the gravitational field, which periodically changes during different phases of the moon. It seems that the pinealocyte is both an endocrine and gravisensory cell. A periodic secretion of the pineal gland probably stimulates, in a lunaphasic mode, the neuroendocrine system that, in turn, periodically exerts influence on different organs of the body. The observed effect probably serves, within the lifelong clock of a brain, to control development and aging in time.

С помощью методов электронной микроскопии проведён анализ пинеалоцитов с признаками секреторной активности в шишковидной железе крыс и полёвок, подвергнутых стрессу. Крыс длительно освещали ярким светом. Полёвок содержали совместно, моделируя высокую численную плотность популяции. Через 24 часа после прекращения воздействия у гипериллюминированных крыс и у совместно содержавшихся в течение двух месяцев полёвок проявлялись характерные для гиперфункции шишковидной железы ультраструктурные изменения пинеалоцитов. Сделано предположение, что удалённые от ядра стопки Гольджи, цистерны и осмиофильные тельца с зёрнами электронно-плотного материала, гигантские извитые и ковшеобразные митохондрии, синаптические ленты и сферы, секреторные везикулы, компоненты цитоскелета задействованы в секреторном процессе и являются морфологическими маркёрами сдвига функционального состояния пинеалоцитов в сторону активизации.

С помощью методов световой и электронной микроскопии изучали сосудистые изменения хориоретинального комплекса при световом воздействии интенсивностью 6000 лк на 40 белых беспородных крысах-самцах. Забор материала производили на 1, 7, 14, 30 сутки после освещения. В аналогичные сроки забирали материал у контрольной группы, которую содержали в идентичных условиях вивария. Морфологические изменения эндотелиоцитов хориокапилляров характеризовались отеком цитоплазмы, вакуолизацией органелл, разволокнением базальной мембраны. Часть эндотелиоцитов подвергалась деструктивным изменениям, что усиливало нарушения гемодинамики. Так, удельная площадь сосудов хориоидеи со стазом, сладжем и тромбозом на 7-е сутки достоверно увеличивалась в 16 раз по сравнению с контролем (р < 0,05), площадь открытых сосудов снижалась в 4,3 раза (контроль 36 ± 0,69; р < 0,05). Прогрессирующее снижение удельной площади функционирующих сосудов приводило к нарушению перфузии и ишемии наружных слоев сетчатки, что сопровождалось их очаговым выпадением и стимулировало неоангиогенез, вызвавший вторичные дегенеративные изменения сетчатки.