The peculiarities of the influence of cytokines and metabolites of the systemic inflammatory reaction and stress-implementing and nutritional factors contributing to the transformation of the phenotype of the resident intestinal microflora with an increase in its virulence are described. From the perspective of expression of genes and conformations of proteins and phospholipids, the influence of temperature as a signaling factor in increasing the virulence of the intestinal microbiome is considered. Evolutionarily formed mechanisms of expression of the maximum pathogenic phenotype of microorganisms and, thus, achieving an increase in their biomass and maximum dissemination through the microorganism compartments increase the probability of the transmission of commensals to another biotope, i.e., increases the probability of their survival after the death of the host organism. To prevent bacterial translocation after the relief of critical conditions, early enteral administration of β-glucans in food mixtures, iron excretion, and relief of inorganic phosphate deficiency, including by induction of alkaline phosphatase synthesis, are substantiated.

The characteristics of the biology of influenza viruses and coronavirus that determine the implementation of the infectious process are presented. With provision for pathogenesis of infection possible effects of serine proteinase inhibitors, heparin, and inhibitors of heparan sulfate receptors in the prevention of cell contamination by viruses are examined. It has been determined that chelators of metals of variable valency and antioxidants should be used for the reduction of replicative activity of viruses and anti-inflammatory therapy. The possibility of a pH-dependent impairment of glycosylation of cellular and viral proteins was traced for chloroquine and its derivatives. The use of low-toxicity drugs as part of adjunct therapy increases the effectiveness of synthetic antiviral drugs and interferons and ensures the safety of baseline therapy.

The biology features of influenza viruses and coronaviruses that determine the implementation of the infectious process are described Taking into account the pathogenesis of infection, the possible effects of serine proteinase blockers, heparin and heparan sulfate receptor blockers in the prevention of cell contamination by viruses are considered The necessity of using chelators of metals of variable valency and antioxidants to reduce the replicative activity of viruses and anti-inflammatory therapy is determined The possibility of a pH-dependent violation of the glycosylation of cellular and viral proteins is traced for chloroquine and its derivatives The use of low-toxic registered drugs as part of adjuvant therapy increases the effectiveness of antiviral synthetic drugs and interferons, ensures the safety of the use of basic therapy Изложены особенности биологии вирусов гриппа и коронавирусов, определяющие реализацию инфекционного процесса С учетом патогенеза инфекции рассмотрены возможные эффекты блокаторов сериновых протеиназ, гепарина и блокаторов гепарансульфатных рецепторов в профилактике контаминации клеток вирусами Определена необходимость применения хелаторов металлов переменной валентности и антиоксидантов для снижения репликативной активности вирусов и противовоспалительной терапии Возможность pH-зависимого нарушения гликозилирования клеточных и вирусных белков прослежена для хлорохина и его производных Применение низкотоксичных лекарственных средств в составе вспомогательной терапии повышает эффективность противовирусных синтетических препаратов и интерферонов, обеспечивает безопасность применения средств базисной терапии

The current work assesses the efficacy of a course of intramuscular administration of dexamethasone at doses of 1 or 4 mg/kg when modelling sulphur mustard aerosol inhalation injury. To this end, the average lethal doses, the median death time and the protection coefficients were calculated for rats with sulphur mustard inhalation injury induced by a micro-sprayer. In the treatment regimen used, dexamethasone showed low levels of efficacy, possibly due to its pleiotropic effect on the immune system.

The current work assesses the efficacy of a course of intramuscular administration of dexamethasone at doses of 1 or 4 mg/kg when modelling sulphur mustard aerosol inhalation injury. To this end, the average lethal doses, the median death time and the protection coefficients were calculated for rats with sulphur mustard inhalation injury induced by a micro-sprayer. In the treatment regimen used, dexamethasone showed low levels of efficacy, possibly due to its pleiotropic effect on the immune system.

The present work describes the currently existing experimental models of sulphur mustard gas inhalation injury. These models were analysed in terms of their suitability for the development of medical protective equipment. It is proposed to use micro-sprayers, which provide the possibility of transferring mustard gas from a liquid state to an aerosol form while exhibiting an increased ergonomic simplicity and safety.

Pulmonotoxicants are the substances causing structural and functional disorders of respiratory system. The main sources of pulmonotoxicants in the environment are thermal decomposition of synthetic polymeric materials in fires. The possibility of formation of pulmonotoxicants during the combustion of synthetic polymers of different composition with regard to the conditions of combustion (temperature, time, sufficient oxygen) was analyzed. The risk of lung damage has been considered taking into account the duration of exposure to the toxicant. In addition to general toxic carbon monoxide and cyanide, the products of thermal destruction of halogen-containing and nitrogen-containing substances pose a great danger in case of fire due to their high pulmonotoxicity. The lung damage risk is considered with account for toxicants exposure duration. The pulmonotoxicants classification has been proposed according to their hazard in relation to their concentration in the air. Main mechanisms of effect of pulmonotoxicants formed during the pyrolysis of various polymeric synthetic materials have been proposed. The description of clinical manifestations as the result of intoxication with these materials under various toxodoses effect has been shown. The hazardous risk spectrum has changed depending on the toxic exposure duration that determines the variance of treatment approaches: from possible etiotropic treatment to pathogenetic therapy of toxic pulmonary edema.

Описаны эффекты статинов, опосредованные преимущественно ингибированием 3-гидрокси-3-ме-тилглутарил-кофермент А-редуктазы. Блокирование синтеза мевалоната приводит к снижению продукции как холестерина, так и изопреноидов, участвующих в посттрансляционной модификации множества участников внутриклеточной трансдукции. Именно статин-зависимое модулирование (изо)пренилирования клеточных белков определяет многообразие биологических эффектов препаратов этой группы. В качестве природных продуцентов различных статинов выступают представители микофлоры. В связи с этим допустимо предположение о наличии в составе кишечного микробиома человека мутуалистического микобиома, вырабатывающего в норме ингибиторы ГМГ-КоА-редук-тазы. Дефицит этих естественных ингибиторов, прошедших длительный отбор и лишенных недостатков известных статинов, нарушает гомеостатирование липидного обмена при дисбиотических состояниях, что позволяет рассматривать дисбактериоз в качестве патогенетического фактора атеросклероза.

Present condition and perspective of development of self-care decontamination products. This work provides data describing the current state and perspectives of development of self-care decontamination products for neutralization and removal of poisonous and highly toxic biologic and radioactive agents from open human body surfaces and close- fitting cloth. The history of self-care decontamination products creation in Russia and foreign countries is represented. The detailed performance characteristics of the developed individual anti-gas kits IPP-3, IPP-51, IPP-8, IPP-10, IPP-11, which were accepted to the Army and the Navy supply in the 1920-1930s, during the Great Patriotic war, in post-war period and now, are given. The individual anti-gas kits RSDL, M291, M295 and MKI for government-issue equipment of North Atlantic nations' armies are described in detail. It was showed that the general limitation both of the native and foreign anti-gas kit models is the poor efficacy against exposure of vesicants from the group of blister warfare agents. The most perspective research guidelines in creation of new self-care decontamination products. are validated.