The work is devoted to studying the influence of the physiological state of inflorescences on the frequency of androclinic structures formation in the culture of isolated anthers of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) variety Irkutskaya. Changes in the content of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), abscisic acid (ABA), as well as jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) in flower tissues during low-temperature pretreatment (4°C in the dark for 7 and 14 days) of isolated shoots were studied using chromatographic mass spectrometry method. An increased content of JA and SA was detected in flowers from the lower part of the spike already under control conditions. A simultaneous increase in the content of IAA, ABA and JA in the middle part of the inflorescence was shown after 7 days of low-temperature exposure. Based on the obtained data, it was suggested that ABA and JA signaling systems were involved in the process of switching genes responsible for the reprogramming of microspores. It is likely that IAA was the key factor in stabilizing the ABA content, what prevented critical damage to anther tissues. An increase in the SA content throughout the entire period of low-temperature exposure indicates its role in reducing the efficiency of androgenesis in vitro after 14 days of exposure due to its negative effect on the biosynthesis of IAA and JA. In the first and second parts of the our cycle works, an increase in the content of unsaturated fatty acids and changes in respiration activity were revealed in the process of low-temperature pretreatment of donor spikes of winter wheat. To summarize all data we can approve that the changes occurred in the flowers of winter wheat during the period of low-temperature pretreatment could only partly be attributed to the acclimation and resistance phases of low-temperature hardening. Isolation of shoots led to a decrease in the level of water-soluble carbohydrates and a rapid onset of the exhaustion phase, what was probably the reason for the decrease in the efficiency of androgenesis with an increase in the period of low-temperature treatment.

Background. Soybean is the main supplier of complete vegetable protein and oil. Prior to the emergence of new early-ripening cultivars, this crop was not cultivated in Irkutsk Province. Its introduction into the area requires a detailed study of agricultural practices, primarily the choice of optimal sowing dates. Materials and methods. Soybean cv. ‘Barguzin’, late-ripening under the conditions of Irkutsk Province, and early-ripening accession 15 served as the research objects. Field studies were carried out in 2019–2021. There were four sowing dates, from the first ten-day period of May through the first ten-day period of June. Results and conclusion. Cv. ‘Barguzin’ appeared highly productive under the climate of Irkutsk Province (its average seed yield in 2019–2021 was 2.7 t/ha), but its productivity was significantly influenced by weather conditions and sowing dates (seed yields varied from 1.4 to 3.6 t/ha). The optimal sowing times for this cultivar are the first and second ten-day periods of May. Early-ripening accession 15 was characterized by more stable yield values in the studied years (average productivity was 2.4 t/ha, minimum 1.9 t/ha, and maximum 3.2 t/ha). The preferred sowing times for this accession are the second and third ten-day periods of May. The case study of two soybean genotypes differing in maturation schedules revealed the need for individual selection of sowing dates. It was shown that the early-ripening soybean genotype imposed less stringent requirements on the choice of sowing dates.

Changes in the fatty acid composition and content of lipid peroxidation products were studied in the tissues of winter wheat flowers (Triticum aestivum L.) variety Irkutskaya in the process of low-temperature pretreatment of isolated shoots. Compliance of the specified changes is shown as most and least effective for induced androgenesis in vitro periods of exposure. The distribution of fatty acids in the inflorescences of winter wheat was studied and differences in the content of these components were revealed depending on temperature and flowers location in different parts of the inflorescence. An increase in the content of α-linolenic acid in flower tissues was found during low-temperature treatment, which may indicate the possibility of hardening of isolated spikes in the absence of light. It has been established that the duration of cold exposure, the degree of development of flowers, and their metabolic activity determine the intensity of lipid peroxidation processes in the tissues of the spikes. It was found that the most favorable period of pretreatment of isolated shoots for androgenesis in vitro was accompanied by changes in the middle part of the spikes, characteristic of low-temperature hardening: an increase in the content unsaturated and reduced content of saturated fatty acids as well as lipid peroxidation (LPO) products.

The formation of the seasonal CO 2 flux depending on the species of cabbage crops used for short-term summer green manuring of the fallow field in the Baikal forest-steppe zone was studied. In field experiments on gray forest soil during the warm season, CO 2 emission rates per day were measured in options with white mustard ( Sinapis alba L.) and oil radish ( Raphanus sativus var. oleifera Metzg). The black follow served as the control. The total CO 2 flux from the soil was calculated by identifying different periods in the fallow treatment technology (before sowing green manure crops, vegetation, and the period after biomass plowing). An increase in the intensity of CO 2 release from the soil after the plowing of green mass was revealed. The enhancement of mineralization processes due to the newly received organic matter of mustard biomass was 27-100%, and radish - 48-142% in relation to the black fallow. The CO 2 emission data corresponded with the yield and quality indicators of the studied cabbage crops. It has been established that from the position of regulation of carbon dioxide fluxes, the use of white mustard for short-term green manure in the conditions of the region is more expedient than oil radish.

Winter rye has a high adaptive capacity to abiotic and biotic stressors compared to other winter crops (wheat, triticale, barley, and oats). High resistance of winter rye to adverse environmental factors and a wide range of its uses increase interest in this crop. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the adaptive capacity of population and hybrid varieties of winter rye and to identify varieties suitable for the soil and climate conditions of Eastern Siberia. A number of winter rye varieties of various geographical origins were tested during three field seasons. In all the field seasons, the population varieties (Tagna, Mininskaya, and Chulpan) were the most productive and most resistant to adverse environmental factors compared to the hybrid wheat (KWS Aviator, KWS Prommo, and KWS Ravo). Statistically significant (p < 0.001 in 2019/2020 and p < 0.001 in 2021/2022) differences in field survival and yield between the population and hybrid varieties were noted.

The work is devoted to studying the influence of the physiological state of inflorescences on the frequency of formation of androclinic structures in the culture of isolated anthers of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) variety Irkutskaya. Changes in respiratory activity, the content of nonstructural carbohydrates and H2O2 levels were studied in the tissues of flowers in the process of low-temperature pretreatment of isolated shoots. Differences in the physiological and biochemical parameters of flowers were revealed depending on the position in the inflorescence and the duration of temperature pretreatment. It has been shown that long-term isolation of winter wheat shoots leads to carbohydrate starvation, but it is accompanied by a decrease in respiratory activity and a decrease in the level of ROS in the tissues of the inflorescences only under the influence of low positive temperatures. The role of alternative cyanide-resistant oxidase and ROS as possible components of the physiological system for reprogramming the development of microspores from the gametophytic to the sporophytic path has been proposed.

In order to manage field crop production, reduce the negative impact of abiotic factors, and increase productivity and product quality, the modern agricultural industry uses chemical compounds analogous to endogenous phytohormones. Some of these substances are physiologically valuable due to their capability to improve the resistance of plants to adverse environmental factors. The increased interest in such preparations can be attributed to their low cost and effectiveness at low concentrations. The effect of a protatrane mixture (a, b, c) on changes in the physiological parameters (growth characteristics; water status) of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was studied at low concentrations (10−6 and 10−9 g/L) under chloride salinity conditions. The plants were grown under laboratory conditions in a CLF PlantClimatics chamber, in which untreated and chemically treated spring wheat seeds were evaluated for changes in morphological and physiological parameters under salt stress conditions (150 mM NaCl). The analysis of obtained data revealed that protatranes have a positive effect on the morphometric parameters and water status of plants under chloride salinity conditions. Thus, the examined substances decrease the inhibition of growth processes under chloride salinity conditions. The treatment of seeds with the studied substances increases the tissue water content while decreasing the osmotic potential drop in leaves and roots. Irrespective of the mix ratio, protatranes help to improve the plant water status and mitigate the negative effects of chloride salinity on plant growth.

Winter wheat is one of the main agricultural crops in the world. The constantly growing needs for food, as well as changing climatic conditions require modern breeding of new, more productive varieties with a high degree of cold, frost, drought and salt resistance,and resistance to pathogens and pests. Experimental haploidy can significantly reduce the time required for obtaining pure lines and new varieties. It is known that the physiological state of donor plants is very important for the effectiveness of androgenesis in vitro. In this work, we studied the features of flowers respiration in donor winter wheat plants used to isolate anthers and calli obtained in this culture. Winter wheat of Irkutskaya variety was used in the work. The plants were grown at the artificial climate station of Siberian Institute of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry SB RAS and in the field conditions of the Zalarinsky agroecological station. The plant material was selected at the booting stage. The initial medium was modified N6 containing sucrose (90 g/L), glycine (2 mg/L), 2,4-D (1 mg/L), and NAA (1 mg/L). The medium for regeneration was 190-2Cu with the addition of growth regulators 2,4-D (0.5 mg/L) and kinetin (0.5 mg/L). The oxygen uptake rate was measured at 26 ° C using an Oxyterm system (Han-satech Instruments, Great Britain). To determine the contribution of the main cytochrome and alternative cyanide-resistant pathways to respiration, an inhibitory assay was used. It was shown that opening of the flag leaf, as well as the procedure of anther isolation, led to an increase in the respiratory activity of winter wheat flowers, mainly due to the activation of the cytochrome pathway. At the same time, long-term low-temperature exposure contributed to the stabilization of respiration at the control level and did not cause changes in the activity of the alternative cyanide-resistant oxidase. The maximum respiratory activity was recorded in rhizogenic calli, while the respiratory activity of gemmorhizogenic calli was similar in respiration rate and contribution of the cytochrome and alternative pathways to the respiration of anther donor flowers.

The cold-resistant soybean cultivar of the northern ecotype Sayana was selected from the hybrid combination F4 L-2577 × Aldana according to the traits of cold and frost resistance and a reduced reaction for a length of a day. Additionally, the degree of cold resistance of this cultivar was evaluated by the cryosedimentation method. The cultivar Sayana belongs to a very early group of ripeness, which matures in 98 days at the latitude of Krasnodar (45°). In the competitive variety test in 2018–2020 its yield amounted to 1.19–2.10 t per ha. During the agroecological testing of the cultivar Sayana in Irkutsk region at a latitude of 53°, the duration of its vegetative period was 126–133 days with the average yield of 2.95 t per ha, which exceeded the standard cultivar Sibiryachka by 0.43 t per ha. The plant height of the cultivar Sayana at the latitude of Krasnodar was 77–88 cm, in the Irkutsk region at latitudes of 53°, it increased to 105–147 cm. The new soybean cultivar of the northern ecotype Sayana is highly resistant to low temperatures of air and soil during the seedling phase, and has increased productivity in long-day conditions of deficient heat supply and cold stress. This allows it to be cultivated as a main crop in the Central Chernozem, Northern Caucasian, Middle Volga, Lower Volga, Ural, West Siberian and East Siberian regions of the Russian Federation.

The focus of modern agricultural production on reducing greenhouse gas emissions requires attention to newly introduced farming practices, in particular from the standpoint of their influence on CO2 fluxes. Specific features of СО2 emission from soil as a result of short-term summer green manuring of fallow fields (during 35–40 days from sowing to plowing into the soil of Raphanus sativus var. oleifera Metzg) have been studied. This is a non-standard farming practice used in the forest-steppe zone of the Cis-Baikal Region. Changes in the seasonal dynamics of the CO2 emission relative to the traditional black fallow were studied in three-year (2015–2017) field experiments on gray forest silt loamy soil. An increase in the intensity of CO2 emission from the soil surface after the green mass is plowed into the soil was shown for two crop rotations. The total (May–September) CO2 efflux from the soil in the variant with green manure was 1.3–1.6 times higher than that from the traditionally cultivated soil in all years of the experiment. The intensity of mineralization processes on the plots with green manure enhanced by 38–131% in comparison with that in the black fallow. The loss of carbon reached 19–79% of the amount accumulated in the net primary production. The range of fluctuations in the total CO2 efflux from the soil depended on a combination of factors: hydrothermic conditions, the Corg and Ntot content in soil; the C-to-N ratio, the N and water contents in tissues of green manure, and the carbon stock in root and aboveground residues of the precursor. The correlation between the CO2 efflux and the studied factors weakened in the following sequence: qualitative characteristics of the green mass of oil radish > initial soil fertility > carbon pool in residues of the precursor. The results obtained indicate that the application of green manure to the fallow field increases the CO2 emission from gray forest soil during the warm season.

Haploid technologies are based on the regeneration of gamete cells to form whole plants. The main advantage of haploid technologies is the ability to quickly in one generation obtain homozygous plants with the required parameters. Nevertheless, the use of these technologies today is limited, what is associated with insufficient knowledge of the physiological and biochemical features of the application of this method. In this regard, this work is devoted to the study of the features of androgenesis in vitro in the culture of isolated anthers of winter wheat cultivar Irkutskaya and the determination of the methodological features of obtaining intact plants. In the autumn-winter period, donor plants were grown at the artificial climate station SIPPB SB RAS. In the spring-summer period, donor plants were grown in the field at the experimental plots of the Zalarinsky agroecological station (Tungui village). The plant material was selected at the booting stage. Anthers were isolated from 6-10 spikelets of the middle third of the spike. The features of androgenesis were assessed by the frequency of formation of calli and embryo-like structures to the total number of anthers and the frequency of formation of the total number of seedlings and the number of green seedlings to the number of embryo-like structures and calli. It was found that the optimal medium for the induction of androgenesis in the anther culture of this common wheat cultivar is the modification of medium N6 containing 9% sucrose, with the addition of glycine (2 mg/L), 2.4-D (1 mg/L) and NAA (1 mg/L). The maximum yield of embryoid-like structures was observed in the case of low-temperature pretreatment of donor plants at + 4 °C for 6-12 days. At the same time, the most intensive calli formation in the culture of isolated anthers occurred after 3-6 days of donor plant cold pretreatment. Regeneration of green plants took place on 190-2Cu medium with the addition of growth regulators (2.4-D, 0.5 mg/L; kinetin, 0.5 mg/L) with obligatory cold pretreatment of androclinic structures at +4 °C for 3-7 days. Obtained results indicate that low-temperature exposure at different stages, from pretreatment of donor ears to exposure to androclinic structures, is a key factor for winter wheat that promotes androgenesis in the culture of isolated anthers and the successful formation of intact plants.

The estimation of growing season length of soybean varieties and samples was carried out in the field conditions of the agro-ecological station of the Siberian Institute of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. Depending on the growing season length, the soybean sample 15 is the earliest; the growing season is 98 days. The varieties Lira, Voronezhskaya 31, Veras are late ripening in these conditions; the vegetation period is 125 days. To develop the DNA markers to identify promising early samples, the varieties Lira, Voronezhskaya 31, Veras and sample No. 15 were selected which are the most contrasting and can be used for whole transcriptome analysis of the genetic mechanisms determining soybean ripeness in a long day.

Changes in carbon balance during short-term green manure of a fallow in the conditions of the forest-steppe zone of the Baikal region are studied on the basis of the results of three-year field experiments. It was revealed that the introduction of green mass of oilseed radish (Raphanus sativus var. Oleifera Metzg) into gray forest soil at the end of the summer period significantly activates the processes of mineralization. The total CO2 emission from the soil surface in the variants with green manure increases by 1.3–1.6 times as compared with pure fallow. Compensation of gaseous carbon losses due to newly introduced organic matter is possible only at high yields of oilseed radish (3-5 tons of dry matter per ha) and hydrothermal conditions unfavourable for its mineralization. Under favourable conditions for the mineralization of fresh organic matter, a negative carbon balance is formed, but its value remains less deficient than in the variants of pure fallow. The data obtained allow us to recommend this technique of agriculture to reduce the share of net sources of carbon dioxide in the carbon balance.

A field experiment was conducted at an agro-ecological station (53 ° 33‘58.75 “N and 102 ° 35‘23.90” E) of the Siberian Institute of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry on gray forest medium loam soil. Winter rye (family 6) and winter triticale (No. 430-6002) were sown in 4 terms with a 10-day interval (10, 20, 30 August and 10 September) in three replications. The results of the two-year studies show that the winter crops included in the experiment had a higher (higher than 5 t/ha) and more stable yield between the years with the planting dates held on August 20, 30 and September 10 for rye and August 30 and September 10 for triticale. Earlier sowing time contributed to intensive tillering, strong growth, which led to the plant death and lower yields.

Аннотация: В работе было изучено влияние холодового закаливания и раззакаливания на синтез дегидринов в листьях и узлах кущения двух сортов озимой пшеницы (Triticum aestivum L.), отличающихся по морозоустойчивости.Выявлено, что используемые в работе сорта озимой пшеницы «Иркутская» и «Память» отличались по динамике накопления и содержания дегидринов в узлах кущения и листьях после разных этапов закаливания и при раззакаливании.Наряду с повышенной морозоустойчивостью озимой пшеницы сорта «Иркутская», способной перезимовывать в условиях резко-континентального климата Восточной Сибири, для данного сорта характерно более высокое содержание дегидринов в

When simulating the conditions for the spring renewal of the vegetation of winter triticale, it was shown that the consumption of carbohydrates and the content of dehydrins in the crowns did not depend on the level of moistening of the soil at which the plants were grown.At the initial stage of plant growth, the preservation of the dehydrins composition characteristic of wintering crowns was observed and a significant increase in the concentration of free proline.The deficiency of soil moisture during this period had a negative effect on the survival of plants.

Aim.The changes in expression of the HSP101, HSP60, and HSP17.8 genes in tissues of potato plants of varieties Lukyanovsky under in vitro heat treatment and infection with a ring rot pathogen Clavibacter michiganensis ssp.sepedonicus (Cms) were investigated.Methods.These changes were assessed at the transcript and protein levels.Results.It was shown that under heat treatment at 39 °C for 2 h, the maximum accumulation of HSP101 was observed.In control experiments, the plants of the two varieties showed neither synthesis of HSP101, HSP60 and HSP17.8 proteins nor expression of the HSP101, HSP60 and HSP17.8 genes.Infection without heat treatment induced HSP60 expression.Infection suppressed activation of HSP genes upon heat stress.Additionally, infection of potato plants by Cms caused an in crease in transcription of PR-2 and PR-4 genes.Conclusions.Potato plants under biotic and abiotic stress, both independently and combined, activate the expression of a wide range of the protective proteins, including HSP and PR families.