The paper presents experimental data on the change in the winter wheat yield when using straw, green manure, and a biological preparation as a fertilizer in one field experiment and using different doses of zeolite and its modifications in another. It has been ascertained that organic and organo-mineral fertilization systems have a positive effect on the winter wheat grain yield. The application of straw, green manure, and a biological preparation in the technology of winter wheat cultivation made it possible to increase the yield of winter wheat by 7-13%. It is quite difficult to ensure the volume of the produce obtained at the level of mineral fertilizers using only the system of organic fertilizers. The latter is possible when applying a new generation of fertilizers based on high-silicon rocks in the technology of cultivating agricultural crops, which are natural environmentally friendly materials. The grain yield increased in the latter case by 7-56%.

The paper considers the issues of the influence of mineral fertilizers and zeolite-based fertilizers on soybean yielding capacity. The effect of fertilizers on the nitrogen-fixing capacity of soybean (number and mass of nodules), crop yield has been analyzed. The ecological evaluation of agricultural technologies has been presented.

Over the past 25 years, the influence of siliceous rocks (diatomite, zeolite, flask) on soil properties (typical chernozem, leached chernozem), yield and quality of agricultural crops (cereals, potatoes and vegetables, technical) when used both in pure form and together with mineral fertilizers and bird droppings has been studied. The possibility of creating new types of more effective fertilizers based on siliceous rocks by enriching them with elements or compounds (in particular amino acids) that most fully meet the requirements of crops has been studied. Studies have shown that the yield of grain crops when using diatomite as a fertilizer is little inferior to mineral fertilizers. Thus, the increase in grain yield of winter wheat on average over all the years of research reached 0.60–1.30, spring wheat – 0.15–0.67, barley – 0.50–0.93 t/ha. The increase in corn grain yield, depending on the dose of zeolite application, ranged from 0.93 (dose of 500 kg/ha) to 1.36 (dose of 2000 kg/ha) t/ha. Potatoes and vegetables (cucumbers, tomatoes, carrots, table beets), as well as industrial crops (sugar beet, sunflower) are highly responsive to the use of siliceous products as fertilizers. In particular, the yield of sugar beet root crops increased by 6.5 t/ha on average when diatomite was applied at a dose of 3 t/ha, and in some years – up to 8.6 t/ha. The increase in crop yield increased very significantly when combined with nitrogen fertilizers from N30 to N60 – by 11.3 and 12.5 t/ha. The high efficiency of silicon-containing rocks as fertilizers of agricultural crops is due to their complex influence on the fundamental properties of the soil: physical (structural condition, soil density, structure of the arable layer), biological (activity of soil microorganisms), chemical (nutritional regime, environmental safety), as well as on the protective properties of plants.

The paper contains the studies of the influence of diatomite (high-silica rock) in its pure form and diatomite-based organic-mineral fertilizer and chicken manure on the barley yield. It was found that these fertilizers contributed to an increase in the barley grain yield by 0.12 and 0.26 t/ha (depending on the dose) when using diatomite and by 0.5 and 0.73 t/ha – organic-mineral fertilizer. The organic-mineral fertilizer based on diatomite and chicken manure was superior in effectiveness to the mineral one (N 40 P 40 K 40 ).

The purpose of the work is to study the effect of zeolite siliceous rock and fertilizer based on it, enriched with amino acids, on agrophysical, biological, agrochemical properties of leached black soil and millet yield. The research was carried out on the experimental field of Ulyanovsk State Agrarian University named after P.A. Stolypin. The materials (objects) were zeolite from Yushanskoye deposit in Ulyanovsk region; zeolite enriched with amino acids; Saratovskoye 12 common millet. The scheme of the experiment included 4 variants: 1 - control, 2 - zeolite 500 kg/ha, 3 - zeolite enriched with amino acids, 500 kg/ha, 4 - N40P40K40. The area of the record plot was 20 m2 (2*10), fourfold repetition. The soil of the experimental field is leached black soil with low humus content (3.8-4.0%), high mobile phosphorus content (150 mg/kg by Chirikov), increased content of exchangeable potassium (89 mg/kg), a slightly acidic reaction of soil solution (pHKCl of 5.5 units). The experiments were carried out with strict adherence to all methodological requirements, analyzes were conducted according to relevant state standards. It was established that zeolite of Yushansky deposit of Ulyanovsk region and fertilizer based on it, enriched with amino acids, have a positive effect on leached black soil properties: agrophysical state of the arable layer improved (the content of agronomically valuable aggregates increased by 11.4-11.5%); overall biological activity increased (by 15-32%); the content of phosphorus available to plants increased by 27-38 mg/kg, potassium by 11-12 mg/kg, mineral forms of nitrogen by 13.1 and 8.9 mg/kg, silicon by 10.7 and 10.9 mg/kg of soil. The increase of millet grain yield in case of application of pure zeolite was 0.40 t/ha (16%), in case of zeolite enriched with amino acids - 0.93 t/ha (37%). The yield of millet in the variant with application of zeolite enriched with amino acids was not worse than in the variant with mineral fertilizers.

The work was carried out in 2019–2021 in the conditions of the forest-steppe of the Middle Volga region on leached heavy loamy black soil with a content of humus of 6.27%, 235–291 mg/kg of available phosphorus, 95–138 mg/kg of exchangeable potassiumin the arable layer, with a sum of absorbed bases of 39.7–42.2 mg-eq/100 g, pHkcl close to neutral (6.2 units). Crop rotation was seven-field grain-grass with the following alternation of crops: 1) pea - 2) winter wheat - intermediate sowing (mustard) - 3) winter wheat - 4) barley + perennial grasses - 5) perennial grasses 1 year– 6) perennial grasses 2 year– 7) spring wheat. The experiment was repeated three times, the placement of plots was systematic. The intensive technology included usage of calculated doses of mineral fertilizers, the treatment of crops with herbicides, usage of fungicides and insecticides, fertilization with nitrogen fertilizers and growth stimulators. As far asbiologized cultivation technology is concerned, all chemical agents were replaced by biological ones (fertilizers, plant protection). The research results showed that the technologies studied in the experiment had an unequal effect on soil properties, as well as on formation of productive moisture reserves in the arable layer of leached black soil. The yield of peain case ofbiologized cultivation technology over the years of research was at the level of 2.08 t/ha, which practically does not differ from the variant with intensive technology (2.17 t/ha): the difference between them was not significant. Cultivation of peas using biologized technology is the most cost-effective. Concurrently, the cost of grain varied from 4,563 to 5,705 rubles/ha, the profit per 1 ha was 10,307–13,754 rubles/ha, the profitability of production was 81–119% (average over 3 years, 105%), while it was 21-83% (average 57%)for intensive technology.

The paper presents results of thestudies on assessment of the role of organic substances created in crop rotation agrocenoses and used as fertilizer for agricultural crops (straw, green manure, crop- root residues). The studies were carried out in a five-field grain crop rotation with alternation: vetch-oat mixture as a green manure crop - winter wheat - millet - spring wheat - barley. The scheme of the experiment consisted of six variants with application of organic, organo-mineral and mineral fertilizers: 1. Control (green manure); 2. Straw of the forecrop; 3.Straw of the forecrop+ 10 kg of nitrogen (urea) per 1 ton of straw; 4.Straw of the forecrop+ Biocomposite-correctbiological preparation; 5.Biocomposite-correctbiopreparation; 6. NPK (doses of fertilizers for the planned yield of winter wheat 4.5 t/ha, millet 4.0 t/ha, spring wheat 4.0 t/ha, barley 4.0 t/ha). It was found that usage of straw as an organic fertilizer contributes to an increase of crop yields in the first year of application. Its effectiveness is greatly increased in combination with a nitrogen supplement and a biological product: the increase of grain yield was (depending on crops) from 0.19 to 0.51 t/ha. The amount of organic matter entering the soil per 1 hectare of crop rotation area in case of combined usage of green manure, straw and crop-root residues was 2 times higher than the control variant (green manure). Complete reproduction and preservation of humus content is possible in case of combined usage of green manure, straw, crop- root residues and biological preparations as organic fertilizers in order to improve the conditions of their decomposition.

The article presents results of the studies on effectiveness of zeolite application, both in pure form and enriched with amino acids and carbamide, in soybean cultivation technology of USKHI-6 variety on leached lack soil in the conditions of the Middle Volga region. Calculations of correlation coefficient of dependence of the leaf surface area and the accumulation of nodules on soybean roots showed that the closest relation between the traits is observed in the budding - flowering phase. It was noted that in the phases of germination and trifoliate leaves, the area of the leaf surface practically did not differ among the variants of the experiment. As far as subsequent phases of development (budding, flowering, seed filling) is concerned, the leaf area increased in the variants with zeolite application both in pure form and enriched with amino acids and carbamide compared with the control. For example, the leaf surface area increased by 10.1-11.5 thousand m2/ha in the variants with introduction of zeolite enriched with carbamide at a dose of 250 and 500 kg/ha, and by 16.3-17.2 thousand m2/ha in case of NPK application compared with the control. It influenced the crop yields. The application of pure zeolite contributed to an increase of soybean grain yield by 0.21-0.29 t/ha, whereas introduction of zeolite enriched with amino acids and carbamide as a fertilizer increased yield by 0.42-0.60 t/ha with improved product quality. The introduction of zeolite and fertilizers based on it into the soil led to a significant improvement of product quality: the amount of protein and fat increased in the grain. At the same time, these fertilizers had a greater impact on the protein content. Soybean cultivation using zeolite and fertilizers based on it is economically feasible: the highest conditional net income was observed in the variant with introduction of azophoska and zeolite enriched with carbamide at a dose of 250 kg/ha, which amounted to 66195 rubles/ha at a cost of 11200 t/rubles.

The purpose of the study is a search for local cheap sources of biophilic plant nutritional elements and a possibility of production of organomineral fertilizers based on them, which are agronomically effective, environmentally safe and economically feasible. To achieve this goal, field experiments were carried out on the basis of the experimental field of Ulyanovsk State Agrarian University named after P.A. Stolypin and SPK Kolkhoz named after Kalinin, Veshkaimsky district, Ulyanovsk region. The effectiveness of diatomite from Inza deposit and zeolite from the Maina deposit of Ulyanovsk region were studied in field experiments as fertilizers for vegetable crops and millet in pure form, as well as in combination with poultry manure. All experiments were conducted with strict compliance with methodological requirements; analyzes of soil and plant samples were carried out in accordance with relevant state standards. It was found that, high-siliceous rocks such as diatomite and zeolite are of great interest in Ulyanovsk region as sources of plant nutrients, and poultry manure is important agricultural waste. Studies showed that diatomite and zeolite significantly improve soil nutritional regime. Thus, introduction of diatomite into the soil as a fertilizer of millet at a dose of 3 t/ha led to an increase of mineral nitrogen in the arable layer of leached black soil by 1.9 mg/kg, available phosphorus by 7 mg, and potassium by 12 mg/kg of soil. Improvement of soil nutritional regime with introduction of siliceous rocks influenced millet yield: in case of diatomite application at a dose of 3 t/ha, the yield increase was 0.82 t/ha; zeolite at a dose of 0.5 t/ha - 0.33 t/ha ( 13 %). The effectiveness of siliceous rocks increased significantly when combined with poultry manure. Yield of cucumbers increased by 6.8 t/ha, tomatoes by 0.4 t/ha, carrots by 4.9 t/ha, table beetroot by 8.1 t/ha in case of diatomite application in combination with poultry manure compared to variant of its application in pure form.

Relevance. Modern agricultural production is characterized by an increase in anthropogenic impact on agrocenoses, which poses a threat to obtaining environmentally safe crop production. Among the toxicants, heavy metals are particularly dangerous, along with pesticides. Metals, including copper, which play a dual role in the “soil — plant” system, are absolutely necessary for plants and at the same time highly toxic when received in excess quantities, deserve special influence in this regard.Methods. The study of the amounts of copper was carried out in microfield experiments with artificial soil contamination with copper sulfate (CuSO4 · 5H2O) at the level of 2 MPC, 4 MPC and 10 MPC. The soil of the experimental field is medium-loamy leached chernozem, high-siliceous rock diatomite was used as a copper detoxifier at the rate of 5 t/ha. The experimental crop was spring wheat of the Margarita variety selected by the Ulyanovsk Research Institute of Agricultural Sciences. The repetition of the experiment is fourfold, the location of the plots is randomized, the accounting area of the plots is 1 m2.Results. The threshold value of copper, beyond which the biological activity of chernozems significantly decreases in the conditions of the Middle Volga region, is the level of pollution in the amount of more than 4 MPC. The introduction of diatomite into the soil in its pure form was accompanied by an increase in the activity of soil microorganisms, when combined with copper sulfate — a relative decrease. Artificial contamination with copper did not cause significant changes in the content of humus , phosphorus and potassium compounds in the arable layer. It is shown that the copper content in the soil at the level of 10 MPC led to a significant suppression of the activity of soil biota and a decrease in the yield of spring wheat by 0.58 t/ha, or by 29%.

The article is devoted to the study of the effect of fertilizer systems on soil fertility and winter wheat yield. The study was carried out on the experimental field of Ulyanovsk State Agrarian University named after P.A. Stolypin. The research materials were: straw; "Biocomposite-correct"biopreparation; zeolite; zeolite enriched with amino acids; Saratovskaya 17winter wheat variety. The scheme of the experiment included 8 variants: 1. Control; 2. Straw; 3. Straw+N10kg/t; 4. Straw + "Biocomposite-correct"; 5. "Biocomposite-correct"; 6. N64P32K54 (NPK); 7. Zeolite, 500 kg/ha; 8. Zeolite enriched with amino acids, 500 kg/ha. The area of the record plot is 20 m2 (2*10), the experiment is repeated four times. The soil of the experimental field is typical black soil. The experiments were carried out with strict observance of all methodological requirements, analyzes - according to the relevant state standards. It was found that mutual usage of straw and a biological product, as well as fertilizers based on zeolite, significantly improves physical (the structural coefficient increased by 0.3-2.1 units), biological (the degree of cellulose decomposition increased by 14-27 relative percent) and agrochemical (the content of mineral nitrogen increased up to 16% in the arable layer of the soil, available phosphorus compounds up to 23% and potassium up to 12%), the properties of the typical black soil. The yield of winter wheat was at the level of 6.08 t/ha , on average for 3 years,when zeolite enriched with amino acids was introduced into the soil, which is not inferior to the variant with mineral fertilizer. It is possible to increase soil fertility, as well as winter wheatyield, using biological farming techniques. Environmentally friendly farming, using mainly organic fertilizers and biological agents, will allow to abandon or reduce the dose of mineral fertilizers.

The paper presents results of studying the effectiveness of a complex of organic fertilizers (straw, green manure, biological product) in the technology of winter wheat cultivation. Experimental field studies were carried out on the experimental field of Ulyanovsk State Agrarian University in 2018 - 2020 in a five-field grain-green manure crop rotation: green manure fallow - winter wheat - millet - spring wheat - barley. The experiment scheme included 6 variants: 1. Control, 2. Forecrop straw (barley) + green manure (vetch-oat mixture), 3. Straw + 10 kg N / t straw + green manure, 4. Straw + biological product + green manure, 5. Biological product + green manure, 6.N64P32K54 (NPK). The experiment was carried out in a 4-fold repetition with a randomized placement of plots, the record area of which was 72 m2 (4x18), total - 120 m2 (6x20). Mineral fertilizers are calculated for the planned yield of winter wheat of 4.5 t / ha. “Biocomposite-correct” product produced by AO Shchelkovo Agrokhim was used as a biological fertilizer. The experiment focused on the change of soil agrochemical parameters (typical medium-thick medium-loamy black soil) depending on application of fertilizers, grain yield, its quality and environmental safety; economic assessment of winter wheat cultivation technology with application of fertilizers was conducted. A significant improvement of the soil nutrient regime was found in case of application of a complex of organic methods, which was slightly inferior to the variant with full fertilization. The yield increase of winter wheat grain in case of combined usage of straw, green manure and a biological product was 0.67 t / ha (control - 5.83 t / ha). The usage of a complex 80 of biological techniques for winter wheat cultivation is environmentally safe and cost effective.

Experimental field studies were carried out on the experimental field of Ulyanovsk State Agrarian University in 2018-2020. The experiment scheme in 2019 (laid in 2018) consisted of 4 variants: 1. Control (without fertilizers); 2. Zeolite in pure form, 500 kg / ha; 3. Organic mineral fertilizer, obtained by enriching zeolites with amino acids, 500 kg / ha; 4. Zeolite 500 kg / ha + N40 (carbamide at the dose of 40 kg of nitrogen per 1 ha). In 2020, the experiment was supplemented with four variants in order to identify more appropriate doses of fertilization (zeolite enriched with amino acids, 250 kg / ha; zeolite enriched with amino acids, 500 kg / ha; zeolite enriched with carbamide, 250 kg / ha; zeolite enriched with urea , 500 kg / ha). The experiments were carried out in 3-fold repetition with a randomized placement of plots. The effect of zeolite from Yushansk deposit of Ulyanovsk region and fertilizers based on it enriched with amino acids and urea were studied in the experiment, as well as their effect on general biological activity of leached black soil, on its agrochemical parameters, photosynthetic activity of soybean crops, yield and seed quality. A significant influence of experimental fertilizers on biological activity of the soil, improvement of nutrient regime, as well as the ability of zeolite to neutralize soil acidity was found. Improvement of the soil environment in case of application of zeolite enriched with amino acids and urea as a fertilizer contributed to an increase of soybean yields by 6-14% and by 12-31% to improvement of the product quality. With an increase of the dose of fertilizers, the yield of soybean seeds increased, but not proportionally.

The research was carried out on the experimental field of Ulyanovsk SAU named after P. A. Stolypin on a typical medium-loamy Chernozem with a humus content of 4.6 %, available phosphorus and potassium of 155 and 176 mg / kg, рНKCl 6,7 units. In the experiments winter wheat of Saratovskaya variety 17 was grown using zeolite from the Yushansky deposit in the Ulyanovsk region as a fertilizer and fertilizers based on it enriched with amino acids and urea. The scheme of experiment consisted of 4 variants: 1. Control (without fertilizers); 2.Pure zeolite 500 kg / ha; 3. Zeolite enriched with amino acids, 500 kg / ha; 4. Zeolite enriched with urea (at the rate of 40 kg a. r. per ha), 500 kg / ha. The accounting plot area is 20 m2, their placement is randomized, repetition is 4 times. The results of research have shown a positive effect of zeolite and fertilizers based on it on the activity of soil microorganisms, the nutritional regime of the soil, yield and product quality. It was found that when applying to the soil, the activity of soil microflora increases by 9-18 %, the content of mineral forms of nitrogen in the arable layer increases by 0.82-2.17 mg/kg, mobile phosphorus by 5-8 mg/kg, and exchange potassium by 5-6 mg/kg of soil. The latter was accompanied by an increase in yield of winter wheat grain: when applying zeolite in pure form by an average of 0.46 t/ha (12.1 %), zeolite enriched with amino acids by 1.17 t/ha (30 %), and zeolite enriched with urea by 1.35 t/ha (35 %).

Studies of effectiveness of zeolite in cultivation technology of corn in capacity of fertilizer were carried out on the base of field station of Ulyanovsk SAU in 2016-2018. Experimental design including 8 variants : 1. Control (without fertilizers); 2. Zeolite of Yushan field of Ulyanovsk region500 kg/ha; 3. Zeolite 2000 kg/ha; 4. N60P60K60 (NPK); 5. Zeolite 500 kg/ha + NPK; 6. Zeolite 2000 kg/ha + NPK; 7. Zeolite 500 kg/ha + N60 (carbamide); 8. Zeolite 2000 kg/ha + N60. Area of registration plot is 60 m2, their position is random, and replication is quadriple. Soil of field station is leached middle loams chernozem. It was established that zeolite is a boon to soil characteristics: physical, biological, chemical. Herewith plowing layer got effective structure for the given culture with density 1,10-1,13 g/cm3, activity of soil microflora increased and soil feeding schedule improved. Consequently corn kernels yield boosted: its raise when applying zeolite in pure form was 0,93 t/ha (dose 500 kg/ha) and 1,36 t/ha (dose 2000 kg/ha), against NPK respectively 2,43 and 2,7 t/ha. Corn kernels yield with co-use of zeolite 500 kg/ha together with nitrogen fertilizers predominate on 0,27 t/ha variant with mineral fertilizer N60P60K60.

Research on the effectiveness biomodified mineral fertilizers were carried out on the basis of Ulyanovsk SRIA – SamSC RAS branch during the rotation grain fallow five fields crop rotation: pure steam – winter wheat – spring wheat – barley – oats in 2013-2018. The field experiment scheme included options (except control): with the introduction of biologics BisolbiFit (introduction with seeds that were treated before sowing), azofoski N15P15K15, in pure form, modified with biopreparation azofoski in the same dose N15P15K15, half a dose of modified azofoski (N7, 5 P7, 5 K7, 5). The effectiveness of fertilizers and biopreparations in crop cultivation was studied on three backgrounds: natural (control), ammonium nitrate at a dose of 40 kg ai/ha (NH4NO3), and modified ammonium nitrate at a dose of 20 kg DW/ha. It was established that modification of azofoski with Bisolbifit biopreparation can significantly increase the coefficients of use of elements from it by plants. The latter allows to reduce the dose of fertilizer, without reducing the productivity of cultivated crops, twice. Long-term cultivation of crops using only mineral fertilizers and biological products led to a relative decrease in the humus content in the soil and its acidification. For 6 years, the content of humus in the arable layer of leached chernozem decreased by 0.12 %, and the acidity of the soil solution increased by 0.5 pHKCI units. In the conditions of the Volga forest-steppe, when cultivated on chernozems, the highest-yielding winter wheat is (up to 4.00 t / ha or more, in our experiments 3.88-4.80 t / ha). The average yield of spring wheat was 2.68-3.31 t / ha, spring barley 2.67-3.21 t / ha, oats 2.15-2.71 t / ha. The highest productivity of crop rotation was observed against a background with modified ammonium nitrate at a dose of 20 kg ai/ha (½NH4NO3) when applying modified azofoski (N15P15K15). Grain harvest for 2013-2018 in this variant was 13.36 t / ha, exceeding the control variant on this background by 1.31 t / ha.

ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТЬ МОДИФИЦИРОВАННЫХ УДОБРЕНИЙ ПРИ ВОЗДЕЛЫВАНИИ СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННЫХ КУЛЬТУР В СРЕДНЕМ ПОВОЛЖЬЕ Куликова Алевтина Христофоровна,1 доктор сельскохозяйственных наук, профессор, заведующая кафедрой «Почвоведение, агрохимия и агроэкология» Сайдяшева Галина Владимировна,2 кандидат сельскохозяйственных наук, зав.лабораторией агрохимии Лащенков Александр Николаевич,1 соискатель кафедры «Почвоведение, агрохимия и агроэкология» 1 ФГБОУ ВО Ульяновский ГАУ 2 Ульяновский НИИСХ -

В работе приведены результаты изучения эффективности фильтрационного осадка Ульяновского сахарного завода в качестве известкового материала для нейтрализации кислотности чернозёма выщелоченного.Исследования проведены на территории землепользования ООО «Хлебороб» МО Ульяновский район.Почва опытного поля -чернозём выщелоченный тяжелосуглинистый с показателями кислотности pH KCl 5,52 единиц, Нг 6,65 мг-экв/100г почвы.Схема опыта включала три варианта: 1. Контроль.2.Фильтрационный осадок в дозе 6,1 т/га, рассчитанной по гидролитической кислотности (Нг).3. Фильтрационный осадок в дозе 4,5 т/га, рассчитанной по обменной кислотности (pH KCl ).Повторность опыта 4-х кратная, общая площадь делянки -88 м 2 , учётная-54 м 2 , расположение их рендомизированное.В результате исследований установлено, что применение фильтрационного осадка Ульяновского сахарного завода в первый же год после известкования позволяет снизить кислотность почвы в зависимости от дозы внесения на 1,05-1,10 единиц pH KCl , на второй год-на 0,47-1,25 и на 3-й-на 0,52-0,77 единиц.Известкование почвы фильтрационным осадком значительно улучшало питательный (особенно азотный) режим чернозёма выщелоченного.В первый год применения более высокую урожайность ячменя обеспечила доза мелиоранта 4,5 т/га, на второй и третий годы наблюдали одинаковую прибавку урожайности зерна: озимой пшеницы -на 0,3 т/га (17 %), яровой пшеницы -0,5 т/га (11 %).