The presented scientific and analytical material presents the experience of training specialists who improve their qualifications in the field of sanitary parasitology for the subsequent application of the knowledge gained in practice in ensuring the epidemiological well-being of the state and the effective assessment of parasitic pollution of environmental objects.

В связи с развитием медицинских технологий все большую актуальность приобретает разработка методов длительной консервации цельной микробиоты кишечника человека, которые бы обеспечивали высокую сохранность, как в отношении видового состава, так и в отношении количественного паритета составляющих микробиоценоз бактерий. Исследовано влияние 5- и 10%-х растворов диметилсульфоксида, глицерина, этиленгликоля, желатина, полиэтиленгликоля, поливинилового спирта, фетальной сыворотки коров, а также фетальной сыворотки в комбинации с 5% диметилсульфоксида на выживаемость кишечной микробиоты человека в процессе криоконсервации в жидком азоте (минус 196 С, хранение до 7 суток). Наиболее высокие показатели выживаемости бактерий при криоконсервации достигнуты при использовании криозащитной смеси на основе фетальной сыворотки коров и 5%-го диметилсульфоксида: от 81 до 87% жизнеспособных клеток по данным флуоресцентного теста LIVE/DEAD при показателе интактной микробиоты, равном 88-90%. Эффективность выбранного криозащитного состава подтверждена также методом микробиологического культивирования в экспериментах по криоконсервации отдельных штаммов - характерных представителей микробиоты кишечника человека.

Due to advances in medical technologies, it is an important problem to develop methods that allow safe and efficient long-term preservation of the human gut microbiota without substantially altering the abundance of the species and quantitative balance of components in the microbial community. The effects were studied of 5 and 10% solutions of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), glycerol, ethylene glycol, gelatin, polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and fetal bovine serum (FBS) used alone or in combination with 5% DMSO, on the survival rates of human gut microbiota during cryopreservation in liquid nitrogen (storage at –196°C for up to 7 days). The highest survival rates of bacteria during cryopreservation were obtained with a cryoprotective mixture based on FBS and 5% DMSO: the viability was 81–87% by the LIVE/DEAD fluorescence viability assay and the intact microbiota index was 88–90%. The efficiency of the selected cryoprotectant composition was confirmed in microbiological cultures in experiments on cryopreservation of individual strains common to the human gut microbiota.

A comparative analysis of the survival rate of the human gut microbiota after low-temperature preservation under the protection of penetrating (dimethylsulfoxide and glycerol), nonpenetrating (gelatin) and gas (helium) protectors was performed. Increased resistance of intestinal bacteria to the effect of low temperatures was revealed. A significant portion of the bacteria (50.0 ± 3.0%) remained viable after freezing in liquid nitrogen without the cryoprotector(s). The greatest survival was achieved under the protection of 5% dimethylsulfoxide (86.0 ± 4.0%), 5% glycerol (82.0 ± 5.2%), and 10% gelatin (75.0 ± 5.0%). The combination of cell-penetrating (dimethylsulfoxide and glycerol) and nonpenetrating (gelatin) protectors did not lead to a synergistic effect. The use of atmospheric helium for cryoprotection of heterogeneous human gut microbiota did not increase its survival, even in combination with such powerful protectors as dimethylsulfoxide and glycerol, which indicates the need to optimize cryoprotection media, in particular, for strict anaerobes.

Introduction. The purpose of our work was to justify the need to improve the legislative, regulatory and methodological framework and preventative measures in relation to the spread of parasitic infections in the provision of medical care. There is a wide range of pathogens of parasitic infestations that are transmitted to humans through various medical manipulations and interventions carried out in various medical institutions. Contaminated care items and furnishings, medical instruments and equipment, solutions for infusion therapy, medical personnel’s clothing and hands, reusable medical products, drinking water, bedding, suture and dressing materials can serve as a major factor in the spread of parasitic infections in the provision of medical care. Purpose of research is the study of the structure and SMP of parasitic origin, circulating on the objects of the production environment in multi-profile medical and preventive institutions of stationary type in order to prevent the occurrence of their spread within medical institutions. Material and methods. The material for the study was flushes taken from the production environment in 3 multi-profile treatment and prevention institutions of inpatient type: a multi-specialty hospital, a maternity hospital and a hospital specializing in the treatment of patients with intestinal diseases for the eggs of worms and cysts of pathogenic protozoa. Results. During the 2-year monitoring of medical preventive institutions, a landscape of parasitic contamination was found to be obtained from the flushes taken from the production environment objects in the premises surveyed as part of the research work. Discussions. In the course of research, the risk of developing ISMP of parasitic origin was found to be determined by the degree of epidemiological safety of the hospital environment, the number and invasiveness of treatment and diagnostic manipulations and various medical technologies. Conclusion. It is necessary to conduct an expert assessment of regulatory and methodological documents in the field of epidemiological surveillance and sanitary and hygienic measures for the prevention of medical aid related infections of parasitic origin, to optimize the regulatory and methodological base, to develop a number of preventive measures aimed at stopping the spread of parasitic infections in the medical network.

Introduction. Helicobacter pylori (Hр) is considered usually as one of the factors in the development of gastritis, peptic ulcer, and gastric cancer, and at the same time as protection from asthma, diabetes type II, and obesity. This study was carried out with a goal to evaluate possible linkage between the levels of circulating anti-Hp antibodies and inflammatory markers - IL-6, IL-8 and malonic dialdehyde (MDA) - in cross-sectional study of Moscow adults. Material and Methods. Serum samples of Moscow working-aged residents (both gender, N=252) were used for evaluation of antibodies to lysate Hp antigen/recombinant CagA and cytokines IL-6, IL-8 with corresponding ELISA kits. MDA was determined by reaction with thiobarbituric acid. Results. Standard correlation analysis didn’t reveal any significant association between the levels of circulating antibodies against the applied commercial antigens and the levels of IL-6, IL-8 and MDA. Nevertheless, two parallel branches of the experimental points in seropositive area of anti-CagA/IL-8 scatterplot (but not for IL-6 and MDA variables) were clearly seen and correspond to two maximums at bimodal anti-CagA distribution. The data obtained are consistent with typical for CagA outstrip in IL-8 induction and testify the existence of two human genotypes having ~2-fold difference in antibody response but the same reactivity of CagA - IL-8 axis. Since CagA-positive IL-8 levels are of one order with CagA-negative ones (from another organs) and signs of concomitant oxidative stress were not revealed, the data obtained can be interpreted equally as early pathologic or actual symbiotic events. Conclusion. Quantitative assessment of circulating anti-Hp antibodies, together with more detail mathematical analysis, will increase contributions of population studies to investigation of equilibrium between Hp and human organisms.

Introduction. The paper presents the results of the evaluation of the safety and efficiency of using UV irradiators-recirculators of a closed type, used for disinfecting air in the premises of medical facilities. Material and methods. The studies included three types of UV irradiators-recirculators of the closed type of various brands. The safety assessment included: 1) ultraviolet radiation measurements; 2) the influence of devices on chemical pollution of indoor air; 3) the impact on the natural gas composition and microclimate; 4) measurement of ozone concentrations; 5) measurement of electromagnetic radiation; 6) measurements of sound levels. Evaluation of the effectiveness of disinfection was performed on the total microbial number; the content of mold fungi and coliphages per 1 m3 of air. Results. A safety assessment of the operation of closed-type ultraviolet irradiators-recirculators showed the devices under study, equipped with zone-free mercury lamps to be not sources of ozone and nitrogen dioxide emission into the air. However, from the bodies of two of the investigated devices, UV radiation with a wavelength of 200-280 nm was detected. It is established that UV irradiators-recirculators of the closed type can be sources of increased noise and electromagnetic radiation. The intensity of these factors inside of premises depends on the distance to the operating device. It is established the safe operating distance of such devices. It has been revealed that long-term operation of closed-type UV irradiators-recirculators can give rise elevation of the ambient air temperature and an increase in the concentration of saturated and acyclic hydrocarbons in the air. As a result of the evaluation of the disinfecting effect of the studied UV irradiators-recirculators, a different degree of effectiveness of their influence on the bacterial and fungal flora was established. Conclusion. The necessity of developing a methodological document regulating the procedure and scope of research in assessing the safety and efficiency of using UV irradiators-recirculators of a closed type for disinfecting air in medical institutions in the presence of people is substantiated.

Aim. The present article examines key methods of microbiota correction (antibiotic therapy; pro-, pre- and metabiotic therapy; faecal microbiota transplantation) used in treating inflammatory bowel disease, as well as compares the clinical trial results of these methods.Key findings. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an umbrella term used to describe a group of chronic diseases of unknown aetiology. In the past, bacteriological methods based on the isolation of a pure bacterial culture were used to determine the microbiota composition. However, such methods did not provide complete information on the microbiota composition. In recent years, preference has been given to more accurate and faster molecular genetic methods allowing a more detailed study of the key mechanisms by which microbiota affects the intestine in Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), as well as of the effect of microbial metabolites on their pathogenesis. The article provides an overview of main microbiota metabolites and their role in regulating the intestinal barrier function. One of the current issues consists in the development of personalised approaches to therapy and remission maintenance in IBD, including via methods for correcting the microbial composition: probiotic, prebiotic and metabiotic therapy, as well as faecal microbiota transplantation.Conclusion. The use of probiotics, prebiotics, and metabiotics can enhance the effectiveness of therapeutic regimens and significantly improve the quality of life of patients with chronic IBD. The use of antibiotics and faecal microbiota transplantation in treating IBD is the subject of extensive discussion and debate. The safety of these methods has not been confirmed so far; therefore, it is vital to continue studying their influence on the clinical condition of patients.

Introduction. There was presented data from the field observation of surface waters and wastewater on indices of viral pollution. Material and Methods. To detect the presence of viruses, we examined samples as following: waters of the rivers of the Central European region of Russia; wastewater of the cities of this region; wastewater after treatment at three aeration stations. Eluates were examined for viruses on 2 transplantable RD and Hep-2 cell lines recommended by WHO, as well as on BGM culture. In addition, in the majority of samples, RNA of entero-, noro-, astro-, rotaviruses, hepatitis A viruses (HAV) was detected in RT-PCR and adenovirus DNA in PCR. The output of viruses in cell cultures was carried out in 3 passages, and the determination of RNA and DNA of viruses - in 2 replications. All samples were also examined for coliphages, as indirect indices of viral contamination. Results. It was revealed that coliphages were detected in surface water in 94% of samples, viruses on tissue RD, Hep-2 and BGM cell lines were detected in 35% of samples. The percentage of detection of RNA entero-, rota-, noro-, astroviruses, HAV and adenovirus DNA ranged from 10 to 70%. Discussion. Studies conducted at three aeration stations showed an increase in viral contamination of water in water bodies after the discharge of wastewater into them. Conclusion. Wastewater, both untreated and after biological treatment and disinfection, is contaminated with viruses and when discharged into surface water bodies creates a high risk to public health. In order to preserve the water resources of Russia, modern methods of cleaning and disinfecting wastewater should be modernized with the development of individual schemes taking into account the data of sanitary and virological control of discharged wastewater and the standards specified in the documents of water sanitary legislation.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has increasing socio-medical and economic significance for humans. Although the aetiopathogenesis of IBD is not fully established, it is believed that the imbalance of intestinal microbiota of the gastrointestinal tract and modification of the intestinal immune system are the most important triggering mechanisms of risk, development and progression of IBD, their relapses and activation. Epidemiological, microbiological and immunological studies have identified some pathogenic and commensal intestinal bacteria that can induce disturbances of local immune responses and predispose the risk of IBD. The review deals with the mechanism of participation of commensal intestinal anaerobic gram-negative Akkermansia muciniphila in the destruction and metabolism of the intestinal mucosa and modulation of epigenetic mechanisms, physiological, metabolic, immune and signal functions associated with the development of IBD. The use and limitations of these living bacterial commensals and their low molecular weight components and metabolites in the prevention and treatment of IBD are discussed. Challenges, limitations and potential improvement strategies using some commensal anaerobic bacteria and fecal microbiota transplantation in IBD are also considered.

The most abundant protozoan Blastocystis spp. from human and animal intestines is one of the poor-studied pathogens causing the occurrence of a protozoal infection of the human gastrointestinal tract. In Russia, no Blastocyst invasion is recorded and neither included in the forms of state statistical reporting. The manifestations of the epidemic process of blastocyst can be judged based on a small number of studies. Analysis of clinical observations and literature data indicates a variety of forms, localization, and nature of the infection manifestation. This article is devoted to substantiating the need to detect blastocysts in environmental objects (water, soil, surfaces) as potential risk factors for the occurrence of a protozoal infection. At the same time, the studies both of the survival duration in the external environment and influence of various factors the Blastocystis survival have both the theoretical and practical importance. This information can be used in problems of epidemiology and epizootiology, for developing new methods for Blastocystis elimination, and identifying ways of spreading these parasites. Infection risk factors are sanitary and hygienic problems of environmental objects (geographical, environmental and social factors), profession features, contact with animals, use of contaminated water and food, immigration and travel to tropical countries, as well as people with weakened immune status.

The modern development of parasitological science and practice is integrated into the process of legal regulation of the protection of human rights and health and the environment. Russian Federation Government Enactment No. 761 dated September 28; 2009, determines a provision on examining the legal acts establishing the sanitary and epidemiological requirements for their compliance with the standards, recommendations, and other documents of international organiza- tions, including the World Health Organization [10]. The authors carried out a detailed analysis ofthe status of law enforce- ment practice in ensuring the safety of water to be free from parasites, the most studied and proven in international and national law. Factorization of national statutes on safe drinking water and water in the water sources identified legal in- consistencies in both different legal acts of the Russian Federation and their compliance with the WHO recommendations [12]. Ways to overcome legal and methodological conflicts and those to provide mechanisis of legal regulation in this area were defined. It is noted that the decision is a complex process that involves various levels of a structure of legislative initiatives and the professional public; however,,the end result is focused on the dynamic integration of national law in ensuring the parasitic safety of the environment in the unified field of international law.

It was found that the determining factor influencing the epidemic process in bacterial enteric infections transmitted by water, are the sanitary – hygienic conditions of the population's living on the given territory. In 2006–2015, there was carried out the monitoring of the bacterial contamination of the household-drinking water supply, water sources, recreation areas and municipal improvement in the town of Azov, Rostov region. Using the mark estimation of risk, there was revealed the most unfavourable factor by the degree of the potential danger of the epidemic — the poor quality of drinking water by bacteriological parameters and a high degree of bacterial contamination of water sources, including pathogenic microorganisms.

The increasing chemicalization of production and life leads to the pollution of water bodies by chemicals, the effect of which on the micro - and macro - organisms is poorly understood. This section of the study in sanitary bacteriology is becoming ever more topical and is an important task of modern hygienic science. One of complicacies of the study of the problem is related with the fact that the presence of only experimental data fails to be sufficient, as the impact of any given chemical substance on different bacteria in the experiment does not mean that under natural conditions, similar results will be obtained. One reason for this may be the inhibitory effect of the given chemical on biological properties of bacteria, while in field conditions in the water several chemicals interacting with each other can exist. In this regard, the aim of the work was to assess the indicator value of sanitary and microbiological indices of epidemic hazard of water use in conditions of chemical pollution of surface water bodies.