Применение пробиотиков позволяет нормализовать состав микрофлоры и снизить патогенную нагрузку в рубце, что приводит к улучшению зоотехнических показателей коров. Эксперимент проводили на 2 группах дойных коров в течение 90 суток. Животные контрольной группы получали основной рацион (ОР), а опытной — ОР и испытуемую кормовую добавку на основе штамма микроорганизма Bacillus sp. и органических кислот. При скармливании дойным коровам кормовой добавки отмечено увеличение, в среднем за опыт, среднесуточного удоя молока 4%-ной жирности на 2,3 кг и снижение содержания соматических клеток в молоке на 60% (P≤0,05). Результаты, полученные методом T-RFLP, показали, что важным эффектом от действия препарата явилось уменьшение в рубце числа клостридий на 4,4% по сравнению с контролем (Р≤0,05). Также в опытной группе наблюдалось увеличение содержания целлюлозолитических бактерий — лахноспир и руминококков в 1,5 и 4,2 раза соответственно по сравнению с контролем (P≤0,05). The use of probiotics allows to normalize the composition of microflora and reduce pathogenic microorganisms in the rumen, which leads to zootechnical indicators of cows improvement. The experiment was carried out on 2 groups of dairy cows for 90 days. Animals in the control group received the basic diet (BD), while the animals in the experimental group received the BD and a tested feed additive based on the strain Bacillus sp. and organic acids. When dairy cows were fed the feed additive, the average daily milk yield of 4% fat milk increased by 2.3 kg and somatic cell content in milk decreased by 60% (P≤0.05). The results obtained by the T-RFLP method showed that a significant effect of the probiotic was a 4.4% decrease in the number of clostridia in the rumen compared to the control group (P≤0.05). Additionally, an increase in cellulolytic bacteria — Lachnospira and Ruminococcus by 1.5 and 4.2 fold, respectively, was observed in the experimental group compared to the control (P≤0.05).

История сельского хозяйства включает в себя многолетний опыт применения биологических консервантов для силосования. Однако, учитывая различную эффективность препаратов, предлагаемых на рынке, а также инфляцию научного слова в угоду маркетинговым стратегиям, сложно найти действительно качественный и эффективный консервант. Кормовой потенциал, который заключается в питательности силоса и его гигиеническом статусе во многом определяет эффективность животноводческих хозяйств. Поэтому важно учитывать как можно больше факторов в цепочке производства кормов, влияющих на продуктивность и здоровье животных, особенно тех факторов, которые поддаются корректировке. Различную эффективность микробиологических препаратов можно отнести к подобным детерминантам. В статье дана оценка консервирующим способностям препаратов, которая выражена в степени подкисления и сохранении кормовой ценности. Полученные данные дают возможность установить опосредованную роль биологических консервантов в молочной продуктивности коров. Эксперименты проводили в 2019 году на базе СПК «Кобраловский» Ленинградской области. В траншеи закладывался силос из многолетних трав (смесь злаковых и бобовых культур). Во время закладки провяленная зелёная масса тщательно трамбовалась, после завершения трамбовки закрывалась плёнкой. Препараты вносились, исходя из рекомендаций производителей консервантов, с помощью насосно-дозирующего комплекса уборочного комбайна. Консерванты были представлены в сухой и жидкой форме. Через 30–35 дней, после окончания ферментации силоса, отбирали образцы готового корма для оценки биохимических показателей (питательности, содержания органических кислот). Готовый корм, заготовленный с биоконсервантом «Биотроф 2+», содержал сырого протеина на 24,3% больше, чем корм, заготовленный с английским препаратом, и на 31,6% больше по сравнению с препаратом шведского производства. Наблюдалось увеличение среднесуточного удоя молока 4% жирности у коров, которым скармливали силос, заготовленный с закваской «Биотроф 2+», на 5,1% в сравнении с группой коров, которым скармливали силос, заготовленный с английской закваской, и на 8,4% — с шведским консервантом. Bio-preservatives are widely used in agriculture for silage production. A large variety of preparations makes it difficult to select an effective preservative of high quality. Silage nutritional value and quality directly affect animal farming. Therefore, the more factors of forage production are considered the higher livestock productivity and health level. This article reports on preservative efficacy determined by acid composition and nutritional value. The obtained data demonstrated an indirect impact of bio-preservatives on milk productivity. The investigation took place at the SPK “Kobralovskiy” in the Leningrad region in 2019. Silage was composed of gramineous and legumes. Wilted green mass was thoroughly rammed and covered subsequently. Preparations were applied by a dosing complex of a harvesting machine according to manufacturer instructions. Liquid and dried preparations were used. Silage samples were tested 30–35 days post fermentation. Silage prepared by “Biotrof 2+” exceeded two foreign preservatives by 24.3 and 31.6% in crude protein. Feeding cows with “Biotrof 2+” silage increased the average daily yield of 4% milk by 5.1 and 8.4% compared to the preservatives made in England and Sweden, respectively.

The composition of plant and silage microflora affects the fermentation processes in the silage and its final quality.To date, reports about studying fodder plants and silage microbiota by means of molecular genetic methods are few and limited to descriptions of composition and function of some groups of microorganisms.Moreover, the NGS (next generation sequencing) data on diversity of epiphytic microflora and silage microbiocoenosis are not still reported.We first used this approach in studying phyllosphere and silage microbiom, and reported it to be rather rich in composition and abundance that is in contrast with conventional understanding.At that, the pathogenic and non-culturable microbes were detected in the microbiota, including specific inhabitants of mammalian gastrointestinal tract.So using NGS we examined the structure and diversity of bacterial community of Dactylis glomerata L. harvested plants and the biomass ensilaged with chemical preservative AIV 2000 Plus (KEMIRA OYJ Inc., Finland) composed of mixture of formic, propionic and benzoic acids.Assays were carried out on days 3, 7, 14 and 30 of ensilaging.The results showed that the bacterial community of silage from D. glomerata sharply differed from the composition of foliage microorganisms and varied greatly in the course of successive changes which occurred during maturation of silage preserved by mixture of organic acids.The composition of plant microorganisms and silage were found to be very various in contrast with a traditional view.Among foliar microorganisms of D. glomerata there were mostly the bacteria of phylum Proteobacteria (94.1 %), and in the silage the bacteria of phylums Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes were main representatives (up to 59.5 % and 74.9 %, respectively).In taxonomic diversity of the order Lactobacillales, mainly involved in ensilaging, there were genera Lactobacillus (up to 39.6%), Enterococcus (up to 36.36 %), Lactococcus (up to 14.4 %), Pediococcus (to 1.45 %) and the family Leuconostocaceae (to 3.52 %).Interestingly, in the silage there were the bacteria of phylum Bacteroidetes, families Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae and Selenomonadales considered the common inhabitants of the mammals' gastrointestinal tract, and also the uncultured and pathogenic microorganisms.Particularly, these were 15 genera of family Enterobacteriaceae, including genera Klebsiella, Salmonella, Yersinia, etc., among which the dangerous mammalian pathogens are frequent.On days 3 and 7, the phylum Bacteroidetes prevailed (59.53 and 48.91 %, respectively).On days 14 and 30, the phylum Firmicutes was dominant (up to 74.85 %) with the facultative aerobic bacteria of order Lactobacillales mostly found (up to 74.76 %).Using NGS, a total of 70 genera were attributed in the plant phyloshere, and in the silage there were 84 genera on day 3, 96 genera on day 7, 51 genera on day 14, and 69 genera on day 30.Classical microbiology methods are not enough to detect these bacteria among silage microbiota.

The presence of mycotoxins in the feeds is a big problem in the world.Result of improper silaging is the occurrence of mycotoxins, the metabolic products of molds.Today there is too little information on the accumulation of mycotoxins in silage during ensiling, and there is no answer to the question how to resolve this problem.This article includes results of mycotoxins' analysis (aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, T-2 toxin, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol) in the original forage plant material of cocksfoot Dactylis glomerata L. and in the silage at various stages of experimental ensilaging.Also the influence of biological preparations Biotrof and Biotrof-111 (Biotrof+ Ltd, Russia) and chemical preparations AIV 3 Plus and AIV 2000 Plus (KEMIRA OYJ, Finland) for the preservation of silage on reducing the amount of toxic fungal metabolites was investigated.Analysis of the amount of mycotoxins in the samples was performed by the enzyme immunoassay method using ELISA test kit AgraQuant TM (Romer Labs, Inc., Austria).Analysis of the accumulation of mycotoxins in feed plant material and silage showed that mycotoxins already occurred in forage plants as a result of fungal attacks during the growing season and later in the silages if conditions were suitable for mold growth.The biological preparations for ensiling effectively decrease the accumulation of mycotoxins in the silage compared to the variant without supplementation.At the end of silage storage the amount of aflatoxins in the variants with Biotrof and Biotrof-111 was lower by 17.7 and 9.1 %, respectively, compared to the control, with a decrease in the value of ochratoxin A by 21.4 and 34.9 %, T-2 toxin by 20.1 and 32.8 %, zearalenone by 17.7 and 10.4 %, and deoxynivalenol by 0.8 and 55.8 %, respectively.So far as in Russia no maximum permissible concentrations are specified for mycotoxins in silage, the values for feed grain of oats, wheat and barley taxonomically close to perennial cocksfoot grass were used for comparison (corn, one more cereal crop, is not a traditional forage plant in the North West region of Russia).The greatest deterrent effect on accumulation of mycotoxins had the preparation based on Bacillus subtilis.Chemical preparation decreased the accumulation of some mycotoxins in the storage silage.However, the silage' total toxicity in presence of the chemical preparation was quite high relatively the maximum permissible concentrations used in this study as the reference values.It significantly surpassed control in the second half of storage.As it is well known, due to changes in environmental conditions the production of mycotoxins by molds increases.In this regard, in our experiment, the influence of chemical preparation has become a stress factor that caused the active synthesis of mycotoxins by molds.

1. A method of producing a feed additive in the form of a bacterial preparation comprising the fact that the mother culture comprising synthesizing cellulase bacteria inoculated in an amount of 1-5% in a nutrient medium consisting of 5% of sunflower or soybean meal and 95% tap water, which pre-sterilized for 20 minutes at a pressure of 1 atm and pH of 6.8-7.0 and then cooled to a temperature of 35-40 ° C, then subjected to culturing in flasks or fermentors for 1 day, after which the resulting cultured bacterial manufactur vennuyu culture was mixed with sunflower, soybean meal or wheat bran in a ratio of from 1: 1 to 1: 2, then the resulting mixture was dried by passing dry air at a temperature of 40-60 ° C to a residual moisture 7-7,2%, and further dried drug is milled to a particle size of not more than 2 mm, characterized in that! as starting bacteria using bacteria with high, at least 20% higher than the control, cellulolytic activity and high probiotic activity, capable of lowering the concentration of pathogenic microorganisms in the gastrointestinal tract of animals and poultry to a titer of not more than 105 cfu / mg, the last previously selected for resistance to a mixture of garlic essential oil, eucalyptus, rosemary and thyme by seeding them on an agar medium containing in its composition a mixture of essential oils of said plants at a ratio of 1: 1: 1: 1 with the possibility th deviation of ± 5% and the total concentration of essential oils 0.2 to 20.0% by total weight of the mixture; for stock culture bacteria taken been accumulated with a titer of not less than 106 cfu / g; ! a breeding ground for cultivated bakter

Work is directed on creation of technological bases of process of waste recycling of the brewing industry, ensuring possibility of an effective utilisation of a beer pellet in animal industries irrespective of a season. Developed Open Companies «Biotrof» approaches to pellet salvaging are based on conservation of a crude pellet within several months with application of biopreservatives on the basis of lactic bacteria and nursing a received fodder product to a horned cattle with application of enzymatic probiotic for optimisation of diets. Process of salvaging of a beer pellet by microbiological processing is ecologically safe. Its introduction in agriculture will allow to increase profitability of production at the expense of reduction of volumes of expensive mixed fodders in diets of animals and receptions of an incremental product of animal industries.