Понятие инвариантов как устойчивых во времени пространственных структур в ландшафте предложено В.Б. Сочавой. Количественное выявление инвариантов стало возможным с накоплением многолетних рядов наблюдений состояний ландшафта посредством мультиспектральной съемки. Для территории ЦЛГПБЗ получено, что инварианты, выделяемые как параметры порядка, определяют общую надземную биомассу растительности, влагосодержание ландшафтного покрова и интенсивность биопродукционного процесса. Обобщение инвариантов отражения и рельефа позволяют выделить ландшафтные инварианты.

Использование серии ДДЗ позволяет выделить устойчивые состояния отражения геосистем за рассматриваемый временной промежуток, инварианты. Результатом их совместного обобщения с параметрами порядка (инвариантами) морфометрических характеристик рельефа, рассчитанных с учётом его иерархической организации, являются ландшафтные инварианты. Их автоматическая сегментация выделяет однородные относительно инвариантов отражения и рельефа пространственно-временные комплексы, таким образом, отображая ландшафтную организацию территории.

На основе метода главных компонент обобщено пространственно-временное варьирование энергетических характеристик горных лесных экосистем хребтаХорьдол-Сарьдаг (Северная Монголия), рассчитанных по 23 сценам съемки Landsat 8 за различные сезоны в период 2013-2021 г. Для каждой из энергетических переменных выделены ведущие факторы пространственно-временного варьирования - инварианты. Показано, что исследуемый ландшафт в основном пребывает в трех состояниях: летнем, зимнем и переходном, однако тепловое поле, фиксируемое сенсорами Landsat 8, практически не испытывает переходного состояния. Для полученных инвариантов осуществлено сравнение с характеристиками растительности и почв, измеренными в поле.

The use of the apparatus of nonadditive statistical mechanics for the evaluation of thermodynamic ecosystem variables based on multispectral measurements of reflected solar radiation is discussed. The parameter q is accepted corresponding to the conditions of the Förster’s maximum of organization. On the basis of remote information (Landsat) the entropy, Kullback information, Förster measure of organization, free energy, exergy, bound and internal energy, energy costs for evapotranspiration and photosynthesis for q-index values measured for each pixel of remote sensing scenes. It is shown that the seasonal dynamics of the q-index and the organization measures fully correspond to consequences that follow from the theory of open nonequilibrium systems, and thermodynamic variables reflect well the current state of ecosystems.

The coenotic diversity of forests of the model region in southwestern Moscow oblast with an area of 51 500 ha has been assessed using data from field studies, remote sensing (Landsat-5 TM, Landsat-8 OLI, and TIRS), and digital terrain models of the landscape. Forest communities are classified using two different methods: eco-phytocoenotic and eco-floristic. We recognize 15 eco-phytocoenotic syntaxa at the level of group associations and 9 eco-floristic syntaxa. The high accuracy of grouping of releves is supported statistically for each classification approach. The quality of classification is evaluated by stepwise discriminant analysis based on the representation and abundance of species. It is higher for eco-floristic syntaxa (87.1%) than for eco-phytocoenotic ones (78.9%). The adjustment of composition and names of syntaxa of eco-phytocoenotic classification ensure the compliance of typological and mapping units. The prediction quality of syntaxa recognized from pixel brightness and topographic variables is 78.6%. The quality of discriminant analysis of recognized syntaxa of the eco-phytocoenotic model show a lower accuracy of mapping model (69.7%). Large-scale maps of forest vegetation for the model region based on both classifications have been developed. It is shown that representations of eco-phytocoenotic units have a higher accuracy, as these units correspond to recent state of plant communities at their actual succession stage. On the other hand, eco-floristic units provide insight into the potential vegetation composition of a habitat. The large number of syntaxa of eco-floristic classification (associations and subassociations) made it possible to trace general patterns of vegetation on largescale maps. This feature could be more informative in medium- and small-scale mapping.

Vegetation cover changes are analyzed using data on differences in reflected solar radiation in spectral channels in two scenes of Landsat for March 1986 and March 2010, showing the balance between destruction and restoration of vegetation cover. Slight imbalance occurs as the result of the activity of beavers, leading to deforestation of floodplains of streams and small rivers. The differences in the rate of recovery of the forest clearings and the emergence of quasi-stable communities of small-leaved forests on previously cultivated lands, as well as the destruction of pine forests on bogs and forests adjacent to the bogs with an increase in the area of the bogs are shown.

Approaches to territory resources potential analysis are considered from positions of ecological economics. Ways of conserved territories including into regional monitoring and informational support system are discussed. Methodic of application of multiple accessible remote sensing data is proposed as well as technologies of data mathematical processing and field sample data collection. Technology is well developed for boreal zone of Russia.

На примере лесной куницы (Martes martes L., 1758) демонстрируются возможности применения дискриминантного анализа для оценки параметров экологической ниши через анализ зависимости встречи ее следов от форм рельефа и свойств среды, отображаемых через дистанционную информацию, и расчета ожидаемой вероятности встреч по территории Центрально-лесного биосферного заповедника и его буферной зоны. Анализ, проведенный отдельно для каждого из 11 месяцев трехлетних наблюдений, показал, что мера связи вида с условиями среды и характер размещения во многом определяются погодными условиями. При неблагоприятных условиях общая связь с условиями среды увеличивается. Показаны методы интеграции ежемесячных результатов анализа в общую карту типов местообитания. Отмечаются широкие возможности применения представленной технологии для исследования экологии популяций и решения соответствующих задач.

Methodological issues in the studies of spatial and temporal variations in the energy conversion are shown to be solvable on the basis of information thermodynamic approach using the remote sensing techniques. A possibility of evaluation of the main components of the energy balance of a biogeocenosis, considered as an open thermodynamic system maintaining its structure through the conversion of solar energy, is demonstrated by analysis of the southern taiga landscapes of Valdai Hills. Analysis of the ratio of thermodynamic variables for the different types of biogeocenosis shows that the energy flow absorbed by the surface, is being redistributed among balance components by various mechanisms, and it depends on the structure of the redistribution system expressed by the non-equilibrium. Non-equilibrium of the solar energy transformation is determined before all by the energy costs in the synthesis of biological products, and has a little impact on exergy of the solar radiation, i.e. the cost of energy to evaporation. Invariance of energy conversion by landscape as a whole and generalized types of biogeocenoses are estimated. The ability of the taiga landscapes to maintain energy absorbed invariants, exergy and temperatures forms a naturally determined series similar to a succession trend: meadows - falls - deciduous forests - coniferous forest. Anthropogenic objects are shown to possess the weakest autoregulation ability. Raised bogs keep high heating of the territory and preserve precipitation in the subsurface runoff, in contrast to the forests carrying out moisture transport from the soil into the atmosphere. The bog's ability to maintain the level of biological production is comparable to that of coniferous forests. The role of forest vegetation in climate regulation is estimated; it is shown that the absence of forests increases the surface temperature by VC.

A method is proposed for estimating the quality of animal habitats from field counts with positioning routes and tracks by means of GPS, multichannel Landsat data, digital elevation model, and discriminant analysis. The distribution of American and European minks is analyzed to demonstrate the principle of choosing an optimal method for analyzing the environmental characteristics that determine the distribution of species and for mapping and estimating the quality of habitats and the probability of track detection. The outlook and some problems of implementation of the proposed approach are discussed.