The natural and “man-made” space environment generates serious risks for the implementation of space missions, both automatic and human. The main natural and technogenic risk factors that limit or pose a threat to the implementation of space-based automatic and manned space missions in the near-Earth space are cosmic radiation and space debris. In the upper layers of the atmosphere, natural transient electromagnetic phenomena associated with significant energy release are also risk factors for suborbital flights. It is planned to create a system of spacecraft in the proposed “Universat-SOCRAT” project that makes it possible, in a mode close to real-time, to determine the radiation conditions in a significant part of the area of trapped radiation, up to the orbits of global navigation satellite systems or the geostationary orbit. It is also planned to create a space segment of monitoring space debris and electromagnetic transients in the upper atmosphere. Monitoring of space debris will allow all-weather and global tracking of near-Earth objects and, thereby, increase the efficiency of analyzing data and making necessary decisions. In some cases it will improve the accuracy of determining the coordinates of objects for their subsequent cataloging. Successful realization of the project will make it possible to create a space system for monitoring and preventing space hazards for both ongoing and planned space missions for the first time in the world.

The concept of a multi-functional astronomical complex as applied to robotic astronomy networks and systems is formulated. The practical realization of this concept in the MASTER global network of robotic telescopes of Moscow State University is described. The dynamically integrated MASTER database, which transforms a network of robotic telescopes into a robotic network, is described. Real, multi-channel astronomical observations obtained on the MASTER global network are used to show the effective application of this concept. The MASTER global network is continuously participating in multi-wavelength and multi-channel observations aimed at studying astrophysical sources located in extreme conditions, including the sources of gravitational waves registered by the LIGO/VIRGO detectors, of high-energy neutrinos detected by IceCube and ANTARES, and of fast radio bursts (FRBs) and gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). The MASTER network provided the most extensive survey of the first error field for the LIGO gravitational-wave outburst GW 150914 (5000 square degrees) and carried out the first independent localization of the gravitational-wave event GW170817. TheMASTER network has also discovered more than 1600 optical transients with various physical natures. Data obtained with the MASTER network have been used to provide pointing information to major ground-based and space-based telescopes.

В настоящее время в НИИЯФ МГУ в кооперации с другими организациями ведется подготовка космических экспериментов на борту спутника Ломоносов. Основная задача этой миссии - исследование экстремальных астрофизических явлений, таких, как космические гамма-всплески и космические лучи предельно-высоких энергий. Эти явления связаны с процессами, происходившими в ранней Вселенной в очень удаленных астрофизических объектах, поэтому они могут дать информацию о первых стадиях эволюции Вселенной. В настоящей статье рассматриваются основные характеристики научного оборудования спутника Ломоносов.

Одной из задач комплекса научной аппаратуры спутника Ломоносов, разрабатываемого учеными Московского государственного университета имени М.В. Ломоносова, является исследование собственного излучения (prompt emission) космических гамма-всплесков. В настоящей статье описаны монитор гамма-всплесков в гамма-диапазоне (прибор БДРГ) и широкопольные оптические камеры (прибор ШОК), предназначенные дла обнаружения как собственного излучения гамма-всплесков, так и предвестников.

s of the Workshop “Gamma-Ray Bursts: Probing the Science, Progenitors and their Environment” Cosmic gamma-ray bursts and soft gamma-repeaters studies with Ioffe Institute Konus experiments R.L. Aptekar, S.V. Golenetskii, D.D. Frederiks, E.P. Mazets, V.D. Pal’shin Ioffe Institute, Saint-Petersburg, Russia aptekar@mail.ioffe.ru The short review of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) and soft gamma repeaters (SGRs) studies performed for many years by Ioffe Institute is presented. An important breakthrough in GRBs studies became available owing to four Konus experiments carried out by Ioffe Institute onboard the Venera 11 to 14 interplanetary missions from 1978 to 1983. The various observational properties of GRBs were firstly obtained and new rare astrophysical objects was discovered late named soft gammarepeaters. The joint Russian-American Konus-Wind experiment, which has already been operating for more than 17 years, provides important and often unique data regarding GRB characteristics in 20 keV 15 MeV energy range. These investigations were complemented by several Konus and Helicon experiments onboard Russian near the Earth spacecraft. A short description of future Konus-UF experiment in the frame Spektr-UF project is also given. Nuclear Gamma-Ray Astronomy – the next step Peter von Ballmoos Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, Toulouse, France pvb@irap.omp.eu Despite having studied the nuclear gamma-ray sky for almost five decades with balloon and satellite experiments, many fundamental questions still wait for answers from gamma-ray observation : How do supernovae explode? What is the origin of Galactic cosmic rays? How are particles accelerated to extreme energies in the strongest magnetic fields? Also, the origin and propagation of the galactic positrons has remained as enigmatic as ever. Setting out from what we presently know about the gamma-ray sky, requirements for future space-based telescope are drawn up, and a scenario for a DUAL mission is outlined. The DUAL mission concept is composed of an All-Sky Compton Imager (ASCI), and two optical modules, the Laue-Lens Optic (LLO) and the Coded-Mask Optic (CMO). The ASCI serves dual roles simultaneously, both as an optimal focal-plane sensor for deep observations with the optical modules and as a sensitive true all-sky telescope in its own right for all-sky surveys and monitoring. For the first time in this energy range, DUAL features gamma-ray polarimetry. Broadband spectroscopy combined with measurement of the polarization of the gamma-rays emitted during the prompt Gamma-Ray Burst emission will be crucial diagnostics for solving the prompt emission mechanism issue. DUAL will provide the long awaited leap of a factor of 30, both for the 56Co and 56Ni (812 keV) lines of SN Ia, during focused pointings (10^6 sec) of its Laue lens, and for the long-lived radioactivity, e+eannihilation radiation, nuclear excitation lines, etc. during its all-sky survey, through a very deep exposure (~10^10 cm2 s) of every source in the entire sky!

We present the results of observations obtained using the MASTER robotic telescope in 2005–2006, including the earliest observations of the optical emission of the gamma-ray bursts GRB 050824 and GRB 060926. Together with later observations, these data yield the brightness-variation law t −0.55±0.05 for GRB 050824. An optical flare was detected in GRB 060926—a brightness enhancement that repeated the behavior observed in the X-ray variations. The spectrum of GRB 060926 is found to be F E ∼ E −β , where β = 1.0 ± 0.2. Limits on the optical brightnesses of 26 gamma-ray bursts have been derived, 9 of these for the first time. Data for more than 90% of the accessible sky down to 19 m were taken and reduced in real time during the survey. A database has been composed based on these data. Limits have been placed on the rate of optical flares that are not associated with detected gamma-ray bursts, and on the opening angle for the beams of gamma-ray bursts. Three new supernovae have been discovered: SN 2005bv (type Ia)—the first to be discovered on Russian territory, SN 2005ee—one of the most powerful type II supernovae known, and SN 2006ak (type Ia). We have obtained an image of SN 2006X during the growth stage and a light curve that fully describes the brightness maximum and exponential decay. A new method for searching for optical transients of gamma-ray bursts detected using triangulation from various spacecraft is proposed and tested.

Выделен особый класс сверхновых типа Ia, который не подвержен эффектам обычного и дополнительного внутригалактического серого поглощения и химической эволюции. Анализ диаграмм Хаббла, построенных для этих сверхновых, подтверждает ускоренное расширение Вселенной безотносительно химической эволюции и возможного серого поглощения в галактиках.