This study aims to address key technical issues in the segmentation of Cerebral MicroBleeds (CMBs) based on Low-Resolution (LR) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) data. There are two challenges in this task. First, the CMB lesions are typically small in size and easily confused with various mimics. Second, anisotropy becomes more prominent and adverse in LR MRI sequences than HR sequences. To address these issues, we propose a Progressive Learning based Knowledge Distillation method. This method progressively transfers knowledge from HR models to their LR counterparts, thereby minimizing the occurrence of false positives attributable to noise from Super-Resolution. To further eliminate the influence of anisotropy, an encoding-enhanced network, called E 2 U-Net, is proposed in this paper. It can effectively capture anisotropic information and mitigates potential feature loss. The experimental results on multiple publicly accessible CMBs datasets demonstrated the superiority of our proposed approach over existing deep-learning methods.

Post-stroke depression (POSD) is a common difficulty and most predominant emotional syndrome after stroke often consequences in poor outcomes. In the present investigation, we have designed and studied the neurologically active celastrol/minocycline encapsulated with macrophages-derived exosomes functionalized PLGA nanoformulations (CMC-EXPL) to achieve enhanced anti-inflammatory behaviour and anti-depressant like activity in a Rat model of POSD. The animal model of POSD was established through stimulating process with chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUM) stimulations after procedure of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Neuronal functions and Anti-inflammation behaviours were observed by histopathological (H&E) examination and Elisa analyses, respectively. The anti-depressive activity of the nanoformulations treated Rat models were evaluated by open-field and sucrose preference test methods. Microglial polarization was evaluated via flow-cytometry and qRT-PCR observations. The observed results exhibited that prepared nanoformulations reduced the POSD-stimulated depressive-like activities in rat models as well alleviated the neuronal damages and inflammatory responses in the cerebral hippocampus. Importantly, prepared CMC-EXPL nanoformulation effectively prevented the M1 pro-inflammatory polarization and indorsed M2 anti-inflammatory polarization, which indicates iNOS and CD86 levels significantly decreased and upsurged Arg-1 and CD206 levels. CMC-EXPL nanoformulation suggestively augmented anti-depressive activities and functional capability and also alleviated brain inflammation in POSD rats, demonstrating its therapeutic potential for POSD therapy.

Parkinson’s disease (PD), as a refractory neurological disorder with complex etiology, currently lacks effective therapeutic agents. Natural products (NPs), derived from plants, animals, or microbes, have shown promising effects in PD models through their antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties, as well as the enhancement of mitochondrial homeostasis and autophagy. The misfolding and deposition of α-Synuclein (α-Syn), due to abnormal overproduction and impaired clearance, being central to the death of dopamine (DA) neurons. Thus, inhibiting α-Syn misfolding and aggregation has become a critical focus in PD discovery. This review highlights NPs that can reduce α-Syn aggregation by preventing its overproduction and misfolding, emphasizing their potential as novel drugs or adjunctive therapies for PD treatment, thereby providing further insights for clinical translation.

Gliomas are typical malignant brain tumours affecting a wide population worldwide. Operation, as the common treatment for gliomas, is always accompanied by postoperative drug chemotherapy, but cannot cure patients. The main challenges are chemotherapeutic drugs have low blood-brain barrier passage rate and a lot of serious adverse effects, meanwhile, they have difficulty targeting glioma issues. Nowadays, the emergence of nanoparticles (NPs) drug delivery systems (NDDS) has provided a new promising approach for the treatment of gliomas owing to their excellent biodegradability, high stability, good biocompatibility, low toxicity, and minimal adverse effects. Herein, we reviewed the types and delivery mechanisms of NPs currently used in gliomas, including passive and active brain targeting drug delivery. In particular, we primarily focused on various hopeful types of NPs (such as liposome, chitosan, ferritin, graphene oxide, silica nanoparticle, nanogel, neutrophil, and adeno-associated virus), and discussed their advantages, disadvantages, and progress in preclinical trials. Moreover, we outlined the clinical trials of NPs applied in gliomas. According to this review, we provide an outlook of the prospects of NDDS for treating gliomas and summarise some methods that can enhance the targeting specificity and safety of NPs, like surface modification and conjugating ligands and peptides. Although there are still some limitations of these NPs, NDDS will offer the potential for curing glioma patients.

静脉溶栓是目前急性缺血性脑卒中(AIS)再灌注治疗的主要措施[1].阿替普酶(rt-PA)作为国际上唯一获批治疗AIS的静脉溶栓药物,可帮助恢复患者的脑血流灌注,并改善预后[2],然而其存在较高的致死性脑出血风险[3],使得人们对提高溶栓药物的疗效和安全性的要求日益突出.替奈普酶(TNK-tPA)作为新一代溶栓药物,相比rt-PA具有更高的纤维蛋白特异性和更长的半衰期,能数秒内推注给药,操作简便[4-5],有望成为更优的一线溶栓药物.本研究旨在比较两种溶栓药物短期内对神经功能及生活质量的改善作用,以及对凝血功能的影响,并探讨其与溶栓后颅内出血的潜在关系,报道如下.