Over the past decade, digital technologies have spurred the development of the medical industry through various innovations in the field of detection, prevention and treatment of diseases. The importance of the process of training future doctors and raising the level of knowledge of healthcare professionals is beyond doubt. The classical academic system already now cannot fully provide a medical student with the proper level of knowledge and practical skills. The Z-generation of young people (Zoomers-generation, born from 1997 to 2012) has entered the system of medical education.

In modern society, life expectancy is steadily increasing, at the same time, the number of medial femoral fractures is increasing. The bone-beam system of the proximal epiphysis of the femur has areas of different density throughout, however, these differences are most clearly observed in the neck. The aim of the stidy was to build a two-dimensional parametric model of the human femoral neck to study its bone and beam structure. Material and methods. The study was carried out on 50 macerated femurs and 10 radiographs of human hip joints from the collection of the department of anatomy of I.P. Pavlov Ryazan State Medical University. All bones were without signs of bone pathology and had no growth zones. Age and gender determination was not performed. The material was photographed in frontal projection, then the photographs were transferred to a personal computer and measurements were taken in the Autodesk AutoCAD LT 2012 Commercial New SLM ML03 program. Using a mathematical model, the femoral neck was divided into three figures: "head–neck", "true neck", "neck–trochanteric region". We also measured the angles of the beginning of the increase in the diameter of the femoral neck: to the head (angles α1 and α2); and to the trochanteric region (angles β1 and β2), the angle γ, which characterizes the direction of a number of bundles of the arch system of the proximal epiphysis of the femur, was separately identified. Results. The “true neck” perimeter area was 213.23 [194.31; 250.51] mm2, which occupies 20% in the structure of the integral figure, and the parameters of the “neck–head” and “neck–trochanteric region” perimeters were 355.47 [ 321.47; 420.57] mm2 – 33% and 511.65 [447.11; 583.19] mm2 – 47%, respectively. The median values of the angle α1 were 34.24 [29.38; 40.45]°, angle α2 – 27.27 [22.30; 31.48] °, angle γ – 51.32[46.71; 55.39]°, while the angles β1 and β2 are 39.95 [35.39;42.93]° and 28.65 [25.70; 31.61] ° respectively. Conclusion. The proposed two-dimensional parametric model with the division of the neck into a number of figures makes it possible to mathematically evaluate the position, direction, and distribution of bone-beam structures in the proximal epiphysis.

ЦЕЛЬ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ Демонстрация на основе параметрической модели проксимального эпифиза бедренной кости человека модульности строения ее шейки и выявление связи отдельных модулей с размерами головки и большого вертела. МАТЕРИАЛ И МЕТОДЫ В работе использованы 53 мацерированные бедренные кости человека из остеологической коллекции кафедры анатомии ФГБОУ ВО РязГМУ Минздрава России без разделения по полу и стороне тела. Все кости принадлежали людям среднего и пожилого возраста и не имели выраженной костной патологии. Кости фотографировали в стандартной укладке с масштабной линейкой в переднезадней проекции. Изображения переносили в персональный компьютер и обрабатывали в программе AutoCAD 2019. Все кости были разделены на 4 группы по длине эпифиза: 80—85, 85—90, 90—95 и 95—100 мм. Получали параметрическую модель шейки, состоящую из 3 модулей, и подсчитывали их площади. РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ Предложенная модель позволила, используя стандартные точки, выделить в шейке бедренной кости три модуля: проксимальный, промежуточный и дистальный, каждый из которых увеличивался при удлинении проксимального эпифиза. Средний прирост площади всей шейки бедренной кости составил 29,5% при удлинении эпифиза с 80 до 100 мм. При этом каждый модуль сохранял свой удельный вес в структуре общей площади шейки во всех исследуемых группах. ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ Исследование показало, что предложенные ориентиры для построения модели шейки бедренной кости человека позволяют выделить в ней 3 модуля, каждый из которых характеризуется определенными значениями своей площади, при этом с увеличением размеров проксимального эпифиза соотношение площадей модулей достоверно не изменяется. Предложенная параметрическая модель модульного строения шейки бедренной кости может быть интересна исследователям в различных областях медицины, так как с ее помощью можно не только изучать особенности нормальной анатомии, течения патологических процессов в проксимальном эпифизе, но и предотвращать их.

Aim of study. To specify the peculiarities in spatial arrangement of arterial branches in the area of anterior perforated substance. Material and methods. The work was carried out using brain material of 25 people of both genders from the archive of the Department of Anatomy at the FSBEI HE Ryazan State Medical University MOH RF. In order to verify the arteries before formaldehyde fi xation of brain, their injection with gelatine solution was performed. Th e peculiarities in origin of central arteries from the internal carotid artery, middle cerebral artery, anterior cerebral artery as well as their calibres and quantity were examined. Results. The study has shown that the spatial arrangement of the perforating arteries in the anterior perforated substance depends on the particular site of origin. Th e origins of arterial branches flowing through the anterior perforated substance are the internal carotid artery, anterior cerebral artery, middle cerebral artery and anterior choroidal artery. Perforating branches originating from the internal carotid artery were registered in both hemispheres in 98 % of the cases. Unilateral (left ) absence of branches originating from the C4 segment was only noted in one case. The largest quantity of arteries originated from M1 segment of the middle cerebral artery. Th erewith, the majority of the branches belonged to the lateral group exceeding the quantity of such branches in the medial group by 2.3 times on average. Th ereat, the quantity of branches in each group showed no valid diff erence in relation to the side of the body. Conclusion. Knowledge of the anatomy of the anterior perforated substance, the peculiarities in spatial arrangement of the branches of middle cerebral artery and the anterior choroidal artery is important and is of interest for clinicians from the perspective of diagnosis and timely treatment of cerebral tumours and aneurisms of its arterial ring

Distance learning does not completely replace live learning, but it does have its advantages. Gamification always involves making a deliberate decision, motivates, activates attention, memorization, interest, perception and thinking.

The study of the anatomical structure of the human frontal sinus is highly important for modern fundamental and clinical medicine in terms of surgical approaches to the paranasal sinuses and cranial cavity, as well as due to the need to restore it after surgeries. This research was performed using the skulls from our university’s collection and their radiographs in the frontal and lateral projections. The study aimed to discover a significant correlation between the shape and size of the supraorbital margin of the frontal bone and the frontal sinus. Using sufficient cranial and radiological material, we showed a significant correlation between the structural features of the frontal sinus and the spatial location of the supraorbital margin in middle-aged people. The study was performed using the method of digital photometry: quantitative characteristics and spatial location of the supraorbital margin were determined, relative to the standard parameters of the orbit. Further, these parameters were evaluated and a classification was developed using the curvature index (CI) introduced by the authors. Three variants of spatial location of the supraorbital margin were singled out: CI less than 30 minor curvature, CI 30-45 average curvature, and CI more than 45 large curvature. Having studied the skulls and their radiographs, we found that the greater the curvature of the supraorbital margin, the more pronounced the frontal sinus.

For description of individual variability of the frontal bone supraorbital margin the craniometric study of the Ryazan region inhabitants’ skulls was conducted. Using digital photometry method the determination of quantitative characteristics and the spatial position of the supraorbital margin relatively to standard parameters of the orbit was performed. Some indicators of the orbit sizes have been studied. The classification, reflecting the degree of supraorbital margin’s arc curvature, has been developed, based on curvature coefficient (CC), suggested by the authors. Three Options for the spatial arrangement of frontal bone’s supraorbital margin were identified, according to CC: less than 30 - a slightly curved arc; 30-45 - moderate curved and more than 45 - strongly curved. Reliable moderate force correlation between values of the CC and the superior face index has been determined.