Storage is an important process involved in the postharvest treatment of grain-oilseed and is necessary for maintaining high quality and ensuring the long-term supply of these commodities in the food industry. Proper storage practices help prevent spoilage, maintain nutritional value, and preserve marketable quality. It is of great interest for storage to investigate flow, heat and mass transfer processes, and quality change for optimizing the operation parameters and ensuring the quality of grain-oilseed. This review discusses the mathematical models developed and applied to describe the physical field, biological field, and quality change during the storage of grain-oilseed. The advantages, drawbacks, and industrial relevance of the existing mathematical models were also critically evaluated, and an organic system was constructed by correlating them. Finally, the future research trends of the mathematical models toward the development of multifield coupling models based on biological fields to control quality were presented to provide a reference for further directions on the application of numerical simulations in this area. Meanwhile, artificial intelligence (AI) can greatly enhance our understanding of the coupling relationships within grain-oilseed storage. AI's strengths in both qualitative and quantitative analysis, as well as its effectiveness, make it an invaluable tool for this purpose.

结合标准体系的概念,对散粮集装箱运输标准体系进行定义.通过系统考虑散粮集装箱运输关键控制环节、运输特点以及未来发展,参考标准体系构建的通用框架结构,从功能序列、运输环节和专业门类3个维度构建散粮集装箱运输标准体系的框架结构.并基于此三维框架结构,阐述了以基础综合、技术、设备设施、管理与服务、质量安全为核心的重点标准内容.

The aim of the study was to improve the yield of rapeseed meal protein and lower the content of glucosinolate by optimizing the alkali-extraction and acid-precipitation process, and the bioactivities were also explored. And single factor experiment and response surface analysis were used. The results showed that the optimal conditions were as follows, liquid-solid ratio 1:40 g/mL, pH13.1, temperature 46 ℃ and extraction time 82 min. Under these conditions, the average yield of protein and glucosinolate content were 8.78% and 1.65%. And then pH4.0 was used for protein precipitation, while the sediments and supernatant were processed by vacuum freeze-drying and spray-drying respectively and correspondingly two sorts of protein extractions, rapeseed meal precipitated protein and rapeseed meal acid soluble protein. Furthermore, SDS-PAGE analysis showed their main components were cruciferin (Mw 31 kDa、14~22 kDa) and napin (Mw<14.4 kDa), respectively. And the crude protein of rapeseed meal precipitated protein (78.10%±0.53%). What’s more, both two protein extraction processed the ability of scavenging ABTS free radicals and inhibiting effects on S. aureus, and the EC50 of the two extractions were 1.372 mg/mL and 0.438 mg/mL. Overall, this study might provide a theoretical basis for expending the application of rapeseed meal protein in the future.

总结了目前国内外港口、粮库、大中型粮食企业和小型粮食企业散粮集装箱运输中的装卸设备及相关技术,分析了我国集装箱散粮装卸过程中仍需解决的问题,比如专用集装箱研发、装卸机械缺乏、相关标准缺乏等,探讨了我国散粮集装箱运输装卸技术的发展方向,以期促进集装箱散粮运输装卸技术的进一步完善提升.

针对不同含水率的玉米烘干过程中烘干温度和烘干时间影响玉米品质的问题,本研究选取玉米的电导率、脂肪酸值、淀粉得率为玉米品质关键指标,研究了烘干温度、烘干时间、玉米初始含水率3个因素对玉米品质的影响.为使实验数据具有实际参考价值,烘干过程模拟实际烘干作业工艺,采用烘干-缓苏-烘干-缓苏-烘干-缓苏的方式.在单因素实验基础上,采用响应面分析法对玉米烘干参数进行分析、优化.实验表明:响应面分析所得模型预测误差小于10％,可以用于指导生产实践;影响玉米品质的显著性顺序为烘干温度＞烘干时间＞初始含水率;通过选取电导率差值最小值、脂肪酸值最低值和淀粉得率的最高值,得出在不同含水率情况下的最优烘干参数组合,如:初始含水率为21％时,单次烘干时间7.7 min,烘干温度49.4℃.

Heat generation is inevitable during grain storage, i.e., temperature would raise in grain bulk mainly caused by environment and microbiology. However, grain usually has great thermal resistance, the inner grain bulk temperature would raise quickly caused by microbiology when mold appeared and propagated. Temperature has a direct relation with the grain quality, and generally used as a key index to monitor stored grain. Quickly and visual methods to show and predict the temperature of inner grain bulk would improve stored grain security. In this study, grain storage test was carried out in a house (4 m x 4 m x 7 m) with 30,000 kg corn (14.0%, wb). During the whole experiment, the mold analysis was carried out by detecting fungal spore. Heat transfer in the bulk corn during microbial heating was analyzed through cloud image created by MATLAB. Temperature changes of vertical and horizontal sections in the bulk corn were drawn to be cloud image. Areas of the six sections and bulk volume with a temperature over 25 degrees C were calculated at different times. Then the relationships between the areas, volume and temperature difference were established. The results showed that under the action of microorganism, the center of bulk corn formed quickly high-temperature zone. The heat transfer distance (equivalent radius r) in the vertical and horizontal sections was a function of temperature difference backward difference T , which showed an obvious linear relationship during high-temperature zone development. The volume of the high-temperature zone was a cubic polynomial function of temperature difference backward difference T . This study provides a new method for predicting the development of microbiological heating in grain storage and lays a foundation for research on stored grain automatic management.

Northeast area is the main producing region and the most important outflow area of grain in China.In the process of grain transported from Northeast China Region,restricted by factors such as storage conditions,facilities and equipment,transportation pattern,quality monitoring and ecological area change,there are some grain quality problems such as higher losses of raw grain,grain damage,insect pest development,surface dew,local fever,decline of storage quality and taste quality,and even mildew.In order to promoting the technology application and provide technical reference for quality assurance transportation in China,it is suggested to promote the technical application of grain classification and classification,quality detection,green storage technology,the logistics facilities in grain transportation channels,improvement of‘Four Deconcentrations’ transportation rate and container transportation,the grain logistics information service,food consumption and processing demand production and marketing docking,grain quality monitoring and traceability etc.Strengthen the construction of quality-oriented circulation standard system to provide technical reference for quality-oriented grain transportation in China.

冀州地区新收玉米果穗水分可高达30％,多采用马路晾晒方式,受天气影响程度大.典型钢网式农户储粮仓已在东北地区得到较好应用,为考察该类型储粮仓在冀州地区的适用性及其最佳装粮厚度,本试验以JSWD-120钢网仓(4×1.5×2 m)为基本仓,装粮厚度分别设置为0.8、1.0及1.2 m,玉米果穗从当年10月中旬仓储至来年4月上旬,并实时监测其水分、脂肪酸值、粗淀粉等品质变化.结果发现6个月试验期后,装粮厚度1.2 m这一侧仓内玉米质量较优,其水分可降至安全水分14.05％±0.001％、脂肪酸值仅为(51.59±0.007)mgKOH/100g、粗淀粉含量为(68.66±0.171)g/100g,其中直链淀粉占比约20.65％,且未检出脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇与赭曲霉毒素A等毒素.试验为农户钢网仓的向南推广及优化提供了一定试验依据.

基于6省120个农业经营主体的监测调查数据实证分析2020年我国粮食初加工机械化水平情况.研究结果表明:调查省份的粮食初加工机械化水平为56.95％,高于我国农产品的总体初加工机械化水平(2019年为37.58％);在三大主要粮食作物之中,水稻初加工机械化水平最高约为68.55％,小麦初加工机械化水平次之约为57.40％、玉米初加工机械化水平最低约为49.35％;在初加工的三大作业环节之中,粮食脱出处理环节机械化水平最高已达96.61％,脱出环节已基本实现机械化,粮食清选处理机械化水平略低为36.06％、粮食保质处理机械化水平最低为35.06％;各品种和各环节发展不平衡的问题还比较突出,从品种角度来看短板在玉米,从环节角度来看短板在机械保质处理.研究为分析和判断我国粮食初加工机械化水平和趋势提供了依据.

As a by-product of rapeseed oil extraction, rapeseed meal is rich in protein and balanced in amino acid composition, which is a high-quality plant protein resource, however, it is commonly used for animal feed resulted in a lower economic benefit. Rapeseed protein extracted from rapeseed meal has been documented in excellent functional properties including emulsifying properties, gelling ability and so on. Its biological activities such as antihypertensive activity and antioxidant properties are also reported. At present, rapeseed protein has generally recognized as safe status and approved for food use in the European Union and FDA. In the current article, the different methods to extract rapeseed protein from rapeseed meal, the functional properties and the application statue in food industry are reviewed to provide theoretical basis and technical support for the further development and rational application of rapeseed meal protein.

针对中国农民专业合作社粮食产后收储过程存在的损失率高、能耗高、技术不匹配等现状,该研究结合实地调研资料和数据,运用文献研究和工程技术集成法等构建了农民合作社粮食收储技术集成方案,并利用层次分析法等构建了粮食收储技术模式评价体系;考虑经营主体、粮食种类、全环节等因素,从模式内涵、适宜范围、模式方案等进行设计,分别构建了东北玉米清洁能源机械干燥模式、中原两熟区绿色能源自然干燥模式、南方稻谷机械化干燥分类收储模式.以辽宁省某农民专业合作社收储模式为例,优化后其评价值从中等级跃升到优等级别,实际运行结果显示:收储环节的损失率由初始的9％降低到5％左右,玉米霉变率从4％～8％降低到2％以内,干燥能耗降低30％以上.表明用构建的收储模式来指导特定区域农民合作社粮食收储技术方案优化改造是可行的,可以为促进中国粮食产后减损保质、农民增收等提供参考.

粮食事关国运民生,粮食安全是国家安全的重要基础,标准则是保障粮食安全的重要手段.从玉米全产业链角度出发,以玉米收获、暂存、预处理、烘干、储藏及加工等各环节为模块,对我国玉米产业现行标准进行了系统梳理,旨在厘清各环节的标准概况与特点及不同环节的差异化需求,重点对各环节玉米质量指标的选择及阈值等进行了分析探讨,旨在明晰各标准间的衔接性及存在问题,并提出相应的解决方法,以期对我国玉米全产业链标准体系的发展和完善提供一定的基础依据.

Container transportation has become an important part of the new modern grain logistics system in China, which is convenient, efficient and flexible. Based on the analysis of domestic and foreign bulk grain container transportation and standards, this paper discussed the construction of the standard system of bulk grain container transportation, put forward the construction objectives, principles and ideas, designed the framework, and analyzed the various elements, in order to provide reference for solving the existing problems of bulk grain container transportation and lay a foundation for ensuring grain security in China.

以京农科728玉米籽粒为研究对象,测定不同储藏温度(15、20、25、35、45℃)、湿度(40％ ～55％、75％、80％ ～ 90％)模拟储藏条件下小尺度高水分玉米籽粒的湿基水分、黄度、色差、粗淀粉含量及oα-淀粉酶变化规律及其淀粉颗粒显微结构.结果 表明,低温、高温低湿对玉米籽粒的霉变有一定的抑制作用;储藏过程中高水分玉米的水分、色差和黄度三者之间高度相关,且储藏环境湿度越高,三者之间的线性相关性越显著;此外,高水分玉米籽粒的品质变化受到储藏湿度的影响明显大于储藏温度对其的影响,譬如35℃-RH=80％～90％条件下的玉米籽粒在储藏第4天后即发生霉变,而35℃-RH=40％ ～55％、20℃-RH=75％、15℃-RH=75％等条件下的玉米籽粒可完好储藏至180 d,其中15℃和20℃条件下的玉米籽粒水分可达15％.

面对目前我国农村地区土地规模化飞速蓬勃发展的局面,针对我国广大农村地区土地规模化经营的主要类型和发展趋势开展研究,分析我国土地规模化发展的进程和政策,认为1995—2008年是稳步发展阶段,2008—2014年是快速发展阶段,2014年至今是飞速发展阶段.研究了入股、 流转和托管这3种主要的土地规模化发展类型的不同内涵和特点,发现土地经营的规模要适度,不宜无限扩大,认为入股类型土地规模一般不宜超过133.3 hm2(约2000亩),流转类型土地规模一般不宜超过666.7 hm2(约1万亩),托管类型土地规模一般不宜超过6666.7 hm2(约10万亩).目前我国不同地区之间发展不平衡,研究发现全程托管将是未来发展的主要趋势,同时土地流转和土地托管在相当长一段时间内将共存.

粮食安全是关系国民经济发展和社会稳定的全局性国家战略问题.面对我国粮食收购量、库存量“双高叠加”态势持续发展,着力化解粮食供求结构性矛盾,提升粮食产业市场竞争力,是当前粮食工作的主要内容.在农业供给侧结构性改革、粮食收储政策演变及粮食产后服务中心建设的背景下,玉米主产区内新型经营主体的粮食收储运行为也发生了变化.本文以吉林省四平市公主岭市万欣农业合作社为例,梳理分析其玉米收储模式的演变及原因,旨在为研究构建农业合作社粮食产后“全程不落地”收储技术模式提供依据.

面对我国环境污染和大气防治的严峻形势,在农产品产地干燥方面,空气源热泵干燥技术和设备开始逐步取代燃煤式热风烘房.简述了热泵干燥技术的工作原理,根据我国热泵干燥技术和设备应用于农产品产后处理的技术特点,分为热泵加热干燥设备和热泵除湿于燥设备.分析了热泵干燥技术应用于农产品产后处理的优缺点和推广优势,并就热泵干燥技术产地应用存在的问题和今后的发展方向进行了阐述.空气源热泵干燥技术和设备由于节能环保等优点,未来具有广阔的应用和发展前景.

Pulse combustion technology used in biomass burning,can not only improve the combustion efficiency of biomass,but also reduce air pollution.The theoretical and experimental of the biomass fuel and pulse combustor design based on the problem of the two technologies.the analysis of the dimension,the structure of the furnace/feeding equipment/furnace comb,cleaning,slagging-break,was concluded it can burn stabilize and sustained,the temperature can be kept at 800~1 000℃,also avoid the pellet coagulation and slag in high temperature.

The invention discloses a biomass fuel pulse combustion hot blast device and a use method thereof. The biomass fuel pulse combustion hot blast device adopts the technical scheme by including a base (20), wherein a Rijke pulse combustor main body is mounted on the base (20); the Rijke pulse combustor main body includes a furnace chamber barrel body (16), a lower air pipe (4) and an upper air outlet pipe (9) from bottom to top; a grate (17) is mounted at the L position x=(0.12 to 0.26) away from the lower end of the Rijke pulse combustor main body; a rotary distributing rod (6) is arranged on the grate (17); and a feeding device including a feeding and speed regulating motor (7) and a spiral feeder (8) is arranged on the side wall of the furnace chamber barrel body (16). When the biomass fuel pulse combustion hot blast device is in use, the temperature in the combustion chamber is kept between 800 to 950 degrees. The biomass fuel pulse combustion hot blast device and the use method thereof solve the problems of insufficient combustion, caking and slag bonding during the biomass fuel combusting process, and provide a heat source with simple structure, efficiency in combustion and low manufacturing and use costs for drying agricultural products and the like.