The concept of a “system” is analyzed. The basic properties of systems are established. It is revealed that all its elements must be interrelated and be in interaction; the system interacts with the external environment as a whole, and division in it occurs from whole to parts. It is concluded that with respect to geographical objects, these requirements are too stringent, because then there arises the need for mandatory implementation of all conditions inherent in systems. And this is not always possible, because the realization of goals in accordance with which the object is formed may require consideration of independent factors. It is shown that not all geographical and related objects—sociogeographical and geoecological—meet the requirements on classical systems, because some (and sometimes all) of their components (or influencing factors) are not mutually dependent. A virtual example of a problem is given, namely, selection of the optimal location of an object out of several alternatives, consisting of several groups of factors, illustrating the absence of direct links between some of the components of the object. It is proposed to call such objects “nonsystem” objects. In contrast to systems, for them it is possible to form the structure from the bottom up, from particular to general, combining, if necessary, the components of the object into groups. This makes it possible to consistently complicate the object of research as necessary. At the same time, a number of factors, such as seasonal factors, can change their importance over time, which leads to the transition of objects from the “system” to the “nonsystem” state, and vice versa. Factors the influence of which is spatially limited can lead to similar consequences. A graphical interpretation of the concepts of “system” and “nonsystem object” provided in the form of oriented graphs, the edges of which represent groups of components (influencing factors). With such an approach, systems can be considered as a special case of objects in which all components are interrelated. At the same time, systems can be components of complex nonsystem objects.

Проанализировано понятие «система». Установлены основные свойства систем. Выявлено, что все ее элементы должны быть взаимосвязанными и находиться во взаимодействии, с внешней средой система взаимодействует как единое целое, а деление в ней происходит от целого к частям. Сделан вывод, что применительно к географическим объектам данные требования слишком жесткие, поскольку становится обязательным выполнение всех условий, свойственных системам. Это далеко не всегда возможно, поскольку для реализации целей, в соответствие с которыми формируется объект, может потребоваться учет независимых факторов. Показано, что не все географические и сопряженные с ними объекты - социально-географические и геоэкологические - соответствуют требованиям, предъявляемым к классическим системам, поскольку некоторые (а иногда и все) составляющие их компоненты (или влияющие факторы) не являются взаимно зависимыми. Приведен виртуальный пример задачи - выбора оптимального размещения объекта из нескольких альтернатив, состоящий из нескольких групп факторов, иллюстрирующий отсутствие прямых связей между некоторыми составляющими объекта. Такие объекты предложено называть несистемными. В отличие от систем, для них представляется возможным формировать структуру снизу вверх, от частного к общему, объединяя при необходимости составляющие объекта в группы, что позволяет последовательно усложнять объект исследования по мере необходимости. При этом ряд факторов, например, сезонных, могут изменять свою значимость со временем, что приводит к переходу объектов из состояния «система» в состояние «не-система» и наоборот. К аналогичным последствиям могут приводить факторы, влияние которых ограничено по пространству. Дана графическая интерпретация понятий «система» и «несистемный объект» в виде ориентированных графов, ребра которых представляют собой группы компонентов (влияющих факторов). При таком подходе системы могут рассматриваться как частный случай объектов, в которых все компоненты взаимосвязаны. В то же время системы могут быть составными частями сложных несистемных объектов. The concept of “system” is analyzed. The basic properties of systems are established. It was revealed that all its elements must be interconnected and be in interaction, the system interacts with the external environment as a whole, and the division in it occurs from the whole to the parts. It is concluded that in relation to geographical objects these requirements are too stringent, because then there arises a need for mandatory implementation of all the conditions inherent in the systems. And this is not always possible, because the realization of the goals, in accordance with which the object is formed, may require consideration of independent factors. It is shown that not all geographical and related objects - socio-geographical and geo-ecological - meet the requirements for classical systems, because some (and sometimes all) of their components (or influencing factors) are not mutually dependent. A virtual example of a problem is given, namely the selection of the optimal location of an object out of several alternatives, consisting of several groups of factors, illustrating the absence of direct links between some of the components of the object. It is proposed to call such objects “non-system” objects. In contrast to systems, for them it is possible to form the structure from the bottom up, from private to general, combining, if necessary, the components of the object into groups, which makes it possible to consistently complicate the object of research as necessary. At the same time, a number of factors, such as seasonal factors, can change their importance over time, which leads to the transition of objects from the “system” state to the “non-system” state, and vice versa. Factors, the influence of which is limited in space, can lead to similar consequences. A graphical interpretation of the concepts of “system” and “non-system object” in the form of oriented graphs, the edges of which represent groups of components (influencing factors) is provided. With such an approach, systems can be considered as a special case of objects in which all components are interrelated. At the same time, systems can be components of complex non-system objects.

а территории Арктикиимеется множество природных объектов, непосредственное антропогенное воздействие на которые прекратилось много лет назад. В то же время запросы практики часто требуют оценить текущее геоэкологическое состояние таких объектов без проведения инженерных изысканий. Авторы задались целью исследовать, на сколько, правомерными могут быть такие оценки. В качестве объекта исследования были выбраны устьевые области двух рек на о. Вайгач. Оценка степени их загрязнённости была проведена посредством экспертных технологий с последующим сравнением с результатами натурных наблюдений. Результаты экспертных оценок оказались более высокими, чем в реальности. Это может быть вызвано целым рядом причин, в том числе, ориентацией лишь на один показатель - загрязнение донных отложений. Требуется разработка специальных методов и апробация их на достаточном статистически значимом числе объектов, что вполне возможно.

ГЕОЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ ОПТИМИЗАЦИЯ ВЫБОРА ПЛОЩАДКИ ДЛЯ РАЗМЕЩЕНИЯ НЕФТЕХРАНИЛИЩА В ЗАПАДНОМ СЕКТОРЕ РОССИЙСКОЙ АРКТИКИ 1

The Severnaya Dvina River mouth is one of the most studied water objects in Russia. However, many problems still remain insufficiently understood and covered in the scientific literature, due to the exceptional complexity of natural processes that occur in branched tidal deltas. The authors systematize the problems that need to be solved and propose ways to implement. Environmental monitoring is singled out as a separate problem. It is concluded that it is necessary to develop an interdepartmental research program for the entire estuary region.

The results of four years of continuous investigations (from May 2015 through April 2019) of the elemental composition of the water of the Northern Dvina River are presented; the water sampling was performed monthly year around at two sites in the lower reaches. More than 50 major and trace elements were determined in filtered water (0.45-µm membrane filter) and in suspended matter on filters, as well as Corg on GF/F glass fiber filters. The ICP MS and AAS methods were applied. The most important outcome is that the average weighted concentrations of elements in the water discharge (dissolved forms) and in suspended matter discharge (suspended form) were obtained in contrast to most similar previous publications; the average weighted concentrations allowed us to consider these results to be the most close to real. The Corg and Fe concentrations in waters of the Northern Dvina River are three- to fivefold higher compared to the average concentrations of these elements in the rivers of the world. This has a natural explanation, which includes the features of the watershed basin (widespread distribution of wetlands). The presence or absence of a correlation between elements and organoferric colloids significantly determines their concentration. The average content of elements in riverine suspended matter is very similar to the global levels, except for organic carbon and P. The annual element discharge for every year of study and the four-year average for two forms of matter (dissolved and suspended) were calculated.

A volumetric model of accidental oil spills on the land surface was developed, based on numerical methods for solving hydrodynamic equations, and taking into account the processes of oil spreading over the surface, its filtration into the soil and evaporation into the atmosphere. Based on the results of calculations using the hydrodynamic model for the most probable scenarios of oil spills, it is possible to obtain an estimate of the spatial-temporal scale of the spill, which, together with data on the terrain and the presence of water bodies, is the input data for the expert model. Based on the joint use of the hydrodynamic model of the oil spill and expert technologies, the territory of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug and the South Khylchuyu-Varandey oil pipeline were zoned in more detail. It makes it possible to predict the scale and areas most susceptible to negative impact in the event of an accidental oil spill, and to make the necessary decisions for the location of the spill response facilities, as well as the facilities themselves, already at the stage of selection and design of the pipeline route.

Studies have been conducted to assess the functioning of the marginal filter in tidal estuaries of small rivers of the Arctic seas. For this, we used observational data in the White and Barents seas. When extensive tidal drains and thickets of halophytes exist in the mouths of small rivers, biogeochemical processes can differ markedly from the conditions described by the classical marginal filter theory. This is because it was developed based on the example of mouths of large rivers and does not take into account the specifics of ecosystems in the mouths of small rivers. They may change the spatial pattern of alternating turbid, chemical, and biological "traffic jams." Attention is drawn to marginal filters in the lagoon estuaries of Arctic rivers where aquatic macrophytes are present, which can impede the transport of insoluble matter released into the sea during the melting of permafrost and glaciers.

Based on point classifications, methods for geoecological zoning of water areas during dredging have been developed. Fourteen factors and quantitative indicators of their assessment are proposed characterizing the degree of negative influence of dredging on the ecological state of water areas. An expert assessment of the influencing factors significance was carried out. The weighting coefficients of the factors were calculated by the ranking method. Geoecological zoning of the seaport of Arkhangelsk water area in the Northern Dvina mouth area was carried out during dredging operations by means of a point-rating assessment of the water area. The areas most susceptible to the negative effect of dredging are those with the largest observed volumes of annual sediment accumulation (sea canals in the estuarine seashore zone (Mudyug canal)) and those with the highest level of pollution of waters and bottom soils (water areas with active harbour and other technogenic activities (Bakaritsa)). Delta areas, in particular the Maimaksan channel, have the most favorable conditions for dredging with the least possible negative impact on the ecological situation. With regard to the mentioned objects, a verbal-numerical scale of geoecological assessment has been compiled. The method can be recommended for use in all tidal estuaries of rivers in the Arctic seas.

Судоходные пути морского порта Архангельск существенно подвержены заносимости, что обязывает проводить ежегодные ремонтные дноуглубительные работы. При этом по акватории перемещаются большие объёмы грунта, содержащего в себе ряд загрязняющих веществ. По данным производственного экологического контроля получены медианные значения содержания тяжелых металлов, нефтепродуктов, взвешенных веществ в воде и донных отложениях до и после дноуглубительных работ. Отмечается прямая зависимость между объемами дноуглубления и содержанием кадмия в пробах воды и свинца в пробах грунта. После дноуглубления некоторое время наблюдается повышенное содержание взвешенных веществ в воде, содержание взвеси в воде коррелирует с объемами дноуглубления. Влияние дноуглубления охарактеризовано как краткосрочное, обозначены процессы, также влияющие на возможность вторичного загрязнения. Shipping lanes of the Arkhangelsk seaport are signifi cantly subject to drift, which obliges to carry out annual repair dredging operations. At the same time, large volumes of soil containing a number of pollutants move through the water area. According to industrial environmental control data, median values of heavy metals, petroleum products, and suspended substances in water and sediments before and after dredging were obtained. There is a direct relationship between the volume of dredging and the content of cadmium in water samples and lead in soil samples. After dredging for some time, there is an increased content of suspended substances in the water, the suspension content in the water correlates with the volume of dredging. The impact of dredging is described as short-term, and processes that also affect the possibility of secondary pollution are identifi ed.

The level of environmental impact from emergency oil spills in the Arctic region is wide variety even for small areas due to considerable heterogeneity of factors affecting the fate of spilled oil. Authors suggest a point rating classification model for assessment the hazard level of oil spills by means of the sum of products of the factor indicators and their weight coefficients. This paper investigates next factors: oil spreading assessment; number of water bodies that can be polluted; surface slope. Calculations performed for " Yuzhnoye Khylchuyu - Varandey" pipeline in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Russian Federation. Oil spreading assessment is calculated with hydrodynamic model considering type of soil (in this ease - various types of peat), soil permeability, soil humidity, oil viscosity, evaporation of oil and others. Number of water bodies is calculated by means of Earth satellite images, surface slope - by means of topographic map. The number of water bodies along this pipeline is 59, including 39 lakes and 20 rivers. Average surface slope for pipeline is low (1%), t his is not so significant for hazard level assessment. Authors determined that level of potential risk to the environment is significantly different depending on factor influence. Paper suggests five-step verbal-numeric rating scale for assessment. the hazard level, and pipeline zoning has been carried out on this basis.

 НАУКИ О ЗЕМЛЕ (25.00.00)  ОБЗОРЫ УДК 504:502 ЭКоЛоГИЧеСКаЯ СИТУаЦИЯ В УСТЬеВоЙ оБЛаСТИ РеКИ СеВеРНоЙ ДВИНЫ (БеЛое МоРе) 1 Котова е.И., 1 Коробов В.Б., 1 Шевченко В.П., 2 Иглин С.М. 1 Институт океанологии им.П.П.Ширшова РАН, Москва, e-mail:

The order of the environmental monitoring stations is very important for marine water areas that characterized by high indentation of the coastline, a significant number of islands and shallows. This article proposes a methodology in order to reduce the number of monitoring stations based on zoning of the water area followed by optimization of the research vessels route. The optimization was performed using the well-known traveling salesman problem algorithm, which was improved for this case. It is shown that this approach allows to reduce the time of one survey by 15–20% on the example of monitoring the oxygen saturation in the White Sea waters.

Abstract: pH is one of the most important parameters characterizing the state of water systems. The arithmetic mean values of samples are often used when averaging serial pH measurements in water bodies, as is usually done for other characteristics of the state of the natural environment (temperature, salinity, oxygen concentrations, suspended solids, etc.). However, in this case such an operation is illegal, since the addition of logarithms, which by definition are pH, is non-additive. The authors conducted a study to determine the extent to which pH variability in natural objects such an operation would not distort the results. For this, several samples of the pH index were generated in various ranges of its theoretically possible and natural variability. It was established that with pH variability of less than a unit characteristic of marine pH values, the statistical characteristics of the indicator and [H+ ] concentrations differ slightly, and the medians of the samples coincide. It is concluded that with such ranges characteristic of the waters of the oceans, there is no need to recalculate previously obtained results. However, for the estuaries of rivers flowing into tidal seas, as shown by field measurements, the pH variability in the mixing zone of sea and river waters is several times higher. Similar situations may occur when heavy precipitation falls on the water surface, as well as during floods. In these cases, a simple averaging of the pH values will no longer be correct. In such cases, the use of other averaging algorithms and the choice of stable statistical characteristics are required.

When assessing the cost of construction and operation of transport infrastructure in the early stages of the investment process, there is a problem in the formalization of some indicators of the factors influencing decision-making. The temporary impossibility to express them in monetary or comparable natural quantities leads to uncertainty in the ratio between these two groups of factors. On the example of one of the discussed objects of oil transport infrastructure in the territory of the Russian Arctic, quantitative estimates of such uncertainties are obtained, the value of which was very weighty and variable depending on the considered alternative. The authors propose an approach based on the vector representation of factors, fuzzy set theory and expert estimates, which allows developing a criterion of the limit value of uncertainty, allowing making management decisions in the problems of choice. The corresponding model giving the possibility of calculation of such criterion is constructed.

Sedimentation is one of the natural negative factors limiting navigation and obliging to regularly carry out dredging. The navigable channel of the seaport of Arkhangelsk is significantly exposed by sedimentation processes, the annual volume of repair dredging is on average 1 million m³, which leads to environmental problems and economic costs. One of the tools for studying the sedimentation processes is the analysis of bathymetry and grain-size distribution of alluvial soils. The paper presents a quantitative assessment of the volume of a storm and the seasonal sediment accumulating regions of the ship channel of the seaport of Arkhangelsk in the example Mudyug, Solombala channels and the waters of the Bakaritsa handling area according to the digital models of the bottom topography, received during the annual hydrographic work from 2004–2017. The analysis of the grain-size distribution of alluvial soils in the water area of the selected objects was performed. It is established that on average precipitates about 200 thousand m3 of alluvial soil deposits on the Mudyug canal for one storm period. In addition, by constructing a regression model (coefficient of determination R2 = 0,682), a direct relationship between wind speed and storm drift volumes on the Mudyug chanmel was found. It is revealed that the maximum layer of alluvial soils is 275 cm, 67 cm and 65 cm during the seasonal period for the Mudyug, Solombala channel and the Bakaritsa, respectively, which are essential for the safety of navigation. The possible reasons for the accumulation and sources of alluvial soils for each zone in the seaport of Arkhangelsk are shown.

Field investigations of recent years carried out in the tidal estuaries of the western sector of the Russian Arctic zone using modern hydrometric and analytical equipment made it possible to identify a number of regularities. Analysis of these patterns makes it possible to optimize the complex of engineering and ecological surveys conducted in tidal estuaries. The estuaries of small rivers flowing into the tidal seas of the Arctic Ocean have a very specific hydrological and hydro-chemical regime, characterized by a pronounced short-period variability of many parameters due to both tidal forces and solar radiation. Semidiurnal, diurnal and semi-monthly (spring-neap) cycles are reflected in the specific functioning of aquatic ecosystems. Field-studies of small estuaries of the White and Barents Seas show that the intra-season variability of hydrological and hydro-chemical indicators, formed under the influence of three main factors — tides, solar radiation and synoptic processes, is comparable to their seasonal fluctuations or even surpasses it. Tidal semidiurnal, diurnal and semi-monthly cycles are most clearly expressed in changes in water level, currents, salinity and concentration of soluble conservative impurities, with a significant difference between their river and marine background values. In the fluctuations of the suspended matter and insoluble substances concentration, the dominance of the over-harmonic with a period of 3–4 hours and synoptic disturbances with a period of 6–10 days can be observed. To estimate the short-period variability of the parameters under study, the most optimal variant of engineering-ecological surveys is the 14-day series of observations with different discreteness for the hydrological and hydro-chemical parameters of the water masses in the estuary. Under organizational, technical and financial constraints, it may be permissible to perform two series of daily observations with a discreteness of 1–2 hours during spring and neap tides, separated by a weekly interval. In exceptional cases in the hard-to-reach Arctic regions, 3-time observations can be performed during only the spring tidal cycle: high water, half-tide and low water.