Objective To investigate the sonographic features of metastatic carcinoma of the thyroid gland. Methods The ultrasonographic and histopathological data of 11 cases with metastatic carcinoma of thyroid gland were analyzed retrospectively. The ultrasonic types of metastatic carcinoma of the thyroid gland were classified according to the appearances of ultrasonography. In the 11 cases, there were 8 males and 3 females with a mean age of 62.3 ±6.3 years, aged from 49~73 years old. Results In 11 the cases, six patients had unilateral thyroid involvement and 5 had bilateral thyroid involvement. Five cases showed single nodule type (from lung in 2 cases, and from esophagus, kidney, and rectum 1 for each). The range of the largest diameter of lesions was from 3.0 to 5.6 cm (mean 3.9 cm). 4 cases showed multiple nodules type (from esophagus, kidney, rectum, and tongue 1 for each). The range of the largest diameter of lesions was from 1.5 to 3.8 cm (mean 2.5 cm). Two cases showed diffuse type (from lung and breast 1 for each). The single nodule and multiple nodules type presented as hypoechoic lesion with heterogeneous echo, irregular, ill defined contour, abundant flood and cervical lymph node enlargement, without halo, cystic degeneration and calcification. The diffuse type presented as hypoechoic lesion with diffused enlargement of the gland, heterogeneous echo, and abundant flood. All of them had cervical lymph node enlargement. Result The metastatic carcinoma of the thyroid gland has certain characteristics on ultrasonography. The ultrasonography is valuable in the diagnosis of the metastatic carcinoma of the thyroid gland when combining patient’s clinical history.

Objective To study the ultrasonographic features and their corresponding pathological appearances of primary thyroid lymphoma (PTL). Methods The ultrasonographic features of 29 cases with PTL were analyzed and compared with the result of pathology by using the color Doppler ultrasound scanner and the histological and immunohistochemical staining sections. In the 29 cases, there were 3 males and 26 females with a median age of 67 years old, which aged from 50 to 83 years. Results In 29 cases, 15 patients had bilateral thyroid involvement, 13 patients had unilateral thyroid involvement and 1 patient had isthmus involvement. The sonographic findings of primary thyroid lymphoma could be classified into:diffuse type (9/29), diffuse type with multiple nodular type (12/29), mass type (7/29), and multiple nodular type (1/29). In 29 cases, 21 cases (72.4%) have cervical lymph node enlargement. Each pathologic type of PLT had its specific sonographic appearances. The mucosa associated lymphoid tissue node extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma showed diffuse type on ultrasonography (3/4);The mixed type lymphoma showed diffuse type with multiple nodules (7/7);The diffuse large B-cell non Hodgkin’s lymphoma showed diversity on ultrasonography (5 cases of diffuse type, 4 cases of diffuse type with multiple nodules and 7 cases of mass type);And the full of T cell/tissue cells large B cell lymphoma showed diffuse type. Conclusions Different pathological types of PTL have their specific characteristics on sonography.

ObjectiveTo investigate the diagnostic value of endorectal ultrasonography in rectal tumors with sterile coupling gels filling the rectum.MethodsSixty patients with rectal tumors underwent endorectal ultrasonography with sterile coupling gels filling the rectum. The ultrasound findings were compared with histological diagnosis.ResultsThere were 8 patients with rectal adenoma, 40 patients with rectal cancer and 12 patients with rectal stromal tumors.The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy of endorectal ultrasonography for rectal tumors was 7.27%, 100%, 100%, 94.2%, 95.0%, respectively.ConclusionEndorectal ultrasonography with sterile coupling gels filling the rectum is a valuable diagnostic method for rectal tumors and to provide reference for clinical management.

Because of development and popularization of the ultrasound techniques, the detection rate of nodal thyroid has increased. Surgery is the long-established therapeutic option. However, due to the surgical trauma, compli-cations and the effect on quality of life, various minimally invasive treatments have been proposed and widely used. A large number of foreign studies have shown that ultrasound-guided percutaneous ethanol injection is a more commonly used minimally invasive way to treat benign pure cystic and predominantly cystic thyroid nodules. This article provides an up-to-date review of the overseas studies and summarized on percutaneous ethanol injection for the treatment of benign cystic thyroid nodules.

Objective To investigate the diagnostic value of ultrasound in thyroid cancer in children.Methods The ultrasonographic features of 27 patients with renal metastases confirmed by biopsy or surgical pathology or follow up were reviewed.Results A total 33 cases of the kidney were identified in the 27 patients.19 of these 33 cases were both unilateral and solitary;2 were unilateral and diffuse,and the rest 12 cases were bilateral and multiple.73.7％ (14/19) of solitary lesions were located at either pole of the kidneys.22 cases were detected by ultrasound and 11 cases were missed.The rate of missed diagnosis was 33.3％.The renal metastases were more often irregular shape(13/22),ill defined(15/22),exophytic(13/22),higher or close to the echo of the renal cortex(20/22),heterogenous(18/22),with or without cystic degeneration(12/22).There was no significant difference in the sonographic features of renal metastases derived from lung cancer and esophageal cancer.Conclusions In the detection and diagnosis of renal metastasis,ultrasound has certain limitations.Thus,as for the new renal lesion in patients with a history of primary tumor,we should be vigilant the possibility of metastasis.

Objective To investigate the value of ultrasonography in the diagnosis and differential diagno-sis of lymphoma and stromal tumor of the small intestine. Methods The clinical characteristics and ultrasound findings of 36 patients with small intestine lymphoma and 69 patients with small intestine stromal tumor confirmed pathologically in Cancer Hospital of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences between January 2009 and January 2016 were retrospectively analyzed and compared. Results There were statistically significant differences in echotexture,presence of echoless area,intratumoral gas,and ultrasonographic pattern between small intestine lymphoma and small intestine stromal tumor( all P ﹤0. 001 ),whereas no statistically significant difference in clinical characteristics,lesion size,contour,or lobulated mass. On ultrasound,small intestine lymphoma mainly demonstrated as infiltrative or mass-forming type,with homogeneous echotexture without cystic necrotic area;while small intestine stromal tumor demonstrated as mass-forming type with heterogeneous echotexture and cystic necrotic area. Conclusions Lymphoma and stromal tumor of the small intestine both have some characteristic ultrasound features,the difference between which may help in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of these two conditions.

Objective To investigate the value of ultrasonography (US) in estimating the risk of malignancy in small intestinal stromal tumors. Method The US features were evaluated retrospectively in 55 patients with patholog-ically and immunohistochemically confirmed small intestinal stromal tumors, who were divided into high-risk (n =44), moderate-risk (n = 3), and low-risk (n = 8) of malignancy groups based on mitotic activity, location and size of the tumors. The US features included tumor size, lobulation, heterogeneity, cystic change, hyperechoic foci, calcifica-tion and color Doppler flow. The correlation of US features with the risk of malignancy was evaluated using either Fisher ’s exact test or ANOVA. Result The maximum diameter of the tumors was 3.5 - 28.0 cm, and the mean di-ameters of tumors were 4.3 cm, 7.2 cm, 11.2 cm in low-, moderate-, and high-risk groups, respectively. The propor-tions of heterogeneity, lobulation, cystic change in low-risk group were less than that of moderate- and high-risk group (25% vs 100.0% vs 88.6%, 37.5% vs 100.0% vs 86.4%, and 25.0% vs 66.7% vs 81.8%), indicating a correla-tion with the risk of malignancy (P < 0.05). Tumor size, heterogeneity, lobulation and cystic changes differed signifi-cantly among groups (P < 0.05). Hyperechoic foci appeared more in moderate- (1/3, 33.3%) and high-risk group (8/44, 18.2%) than in low-risk group (0/8, 0); and abundant color signals were more frequent in high-risk group (17/44, 38.6%) than in intermediate-risk group (1/8, 12.5%) and low-risk group (0/8, 0), but without significant difference. Conclusion Certain US features are associated with increased risk of malignancy in small intestinal stromal tumors.

目的 探讨儿童甲状腺癌的超声特点及诊断价值.方法 回顾性分析44例经病理证实的儿童甲状腺癌超声表现.结果 儿童甲状腺癌声像图表现为3种类型:结节性病灶(77.3％)、结节性病灶合并腺叶弥漫性病变(6.8％)、腺叶弥漫性病变(15.9％).结节多表现为形态不规则(54.3％)、边界不清晰(63.0％)、周边无声晕(97.8％)、低回声(91.3％)、回声不均匀(82.6％)、内见微小钙化(82.6％)、以Ⅲ型血流为主(82.6％).微小钙化为儿童甲状腺癌最具特征声像图表现.结论 儿童甲状腺癌声像图典型,超声是其首选的有效影像学检查方法.

目的 探讨超声对原发性小肠淋巴瘤的诊断价值.方法 对29例原发性小肠淋巴瘤的声像图特征和病理结果进行对照分析.结果 单发13例,多发16例,位于回肠者最多.声像图分为4型:浸润型(5例)、肿块型(13例)、肠系膜型(2例)、混合型(8例);29例均为非霍奇金淋巴瘤,B细胞淋巴瘤26例,T细胞淋巴瘤3例.超声诊断准确度75.9％.结论 原发性小肠淋巴瘤超声表现具有一定特点,超声检查在其诊断中具有较高价值.