Major advances in modernist poetics have long occurred through contact with experiments in the visual and plastic arts: one need only think of the “cubist” poetics of Guillaume Apollinaire, Max Jacob, Pierre Reverdy, and Gertrude Stein, of the New York School’s links to Abstract Expressionism, or, most recently, of conceptual writing’s regular citation of Brion Gysin’s claim

European Journal of PhilosophyVolume 23, Issue S1 p. e6-e8 REVIEW Spinoza's Metaphysics: Substance and Thought, by Yitzhak Y. Melamed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013, xxii + 232 pp. ISBN 978-0-19-539405-4 hb $74.00 A.D. Smith, A.D. Smith [email protected] University of WarwickSearch for more papers by this author A.D. Smith, A.D. Smith [email protected] University of WarwickSearch for more papers by this author First published: 20 April 2015 https://doi.org/10.1111/ejop.12112Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL No abstract is available for this article. Volume23, IssueS1Reviews SupplementMarch 2015Pages e6-e8 RelatedInformation

N and P fertilizers were applied at increasing rates in alternating directions crossed over (IRADCO) at right angles upon each other. One fertilizer was applied so that, in the contiguous strips, the rates increased in alternate directions. The second fertilizer was applied similarly but at right angles to and on top of the first fertilizer. This arrangement with the increasing-rate spreader available allowed 162 combinations of the two fertilizer elements in duplicate in each block. Two such blocks set at right angles to each other were considered to offer reasonable control of possible fertility gradients in the field. The main value of the design is that many fertilizer levels for the establishment of yield response surface functions can be acquired with less effort and in a fraction of the area required with plots of conventional size. The form of the yield response to fertilizer was adequately represented by regression models fitted to the data. The IRADCO design, involving both the field technique and regression modelling, can be used to determine the response to fertilizer levels by various crops at several locations.

A wooden shovel, dating from the Early Bronze Age, has survived in a remarkable state of preservation in the copper mines of Alderley Edge, Cheshire UK. Other historic timbers recovered from the mines, whilst still intact, have fared less well. An X-ray investigation into the distribution of minerals through the shovel using portable X-ray Fluorescence (PXRF) along with the use of synchrotron-based X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS) measurements of the copper and arsenic chemical speciations has provided clues to the methods by which metals from the mining environment have entered the wood of the shovel and ensured its survival. The distribution and nature of the minerals so determined suggest that the copper and arsenic, along with a significant lead content, entered the shovel during its original use in working mineral-rich deposits, rather than through the burial environment. The insights gained are expected to be applicable to other wooden artefacts recovered from ancient copper mines in other places.

Philosophy and Phenomenological ResearchVolume 80, Issue 2 p. 384-410 Disjunctivism and Illusion A. D. SMITH, A. D. SMITH Warwick UniversitySearch for more papers by this author A. D. SMITH, A. D. SMITH Warwick UniversitySearch for more papers by this author First published: 15 March 2010 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1933-1592.2010.00330.xCitations: 12Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume80, Issue2March 2010Pages 384-410 RelatedInformation

In investigating the impact of discharges from the nuclear industry on non-human biota, much attention has been given to biota in marine and terrestrial environments. Relatively little attention to date has been given to the exposure of biota to groundwater containing man-made radionuclides. This area of interest is growing especially in the field of nuclear waste repositories. A scoping assessment has been performed to determine the impacts due to radiological contamination on organisms living within or coming into contact with groundwater at the Sellafield site, UK. for time periods up to 2120, modelling of contaminant release from in-ground inventories and transport in groundwater was carried out using a relatively simple assessment methodology with the MONDRIAN modelling suite. Calculated equivalent dose rates to freshwater and marine biota were significantly higher at groundwater sites within the Sellafield boundary than at locations offsite. In general, the total weighted absorbed dose rates calculated in this scoping assessment were of no radiological significance in relation to the England and Wales Environment Agency freshwater ecosystem trigger level (40 µGy h-1 ). The one exception to this was for bacteria, although the calculated exposure rate is believed to be inconsequential due to the very small size of bacteria.

An assessment is made of Rudolf Otto's criticisms of Friedrich Schleiermacher's claim that religious feeling is to be interpreted as essentially involving a feeling of absolute dependence. Otto's criticisms are divided into two kinds. The first suggest that a feeling a dependence, even an absolute one, is the wrong sort of feeling to locate at the heart of religious consciousness. It is argued that this criticism is based on misinterpretations of Schleiermacher's view, which is in fact much closer to Otto's than the latter appreciated. The second kind of criticism suggests that the feeling of absolute dependence cannot play the foundational role assigned to it by Schleiermacher, since it is itself a secondary response. It is argued not only that Otto provides no justification for this criticism, but that Otto's own position is incoherent unless Schleiermacher's view is accepted.

It is argued that Husserl was an “externalist” in at least one sense. For it is argued that Husserl held that genuinely perceptual experiences—that is to say, experiences that are of some real object in the world—differ intrinsically, essentially and as a kind from any hallucinatory experiences. There is, therefore, no neutral “content” that such perceptual experiences share with hallucinations, differing from them only over whether some additional non-psychological condition holds or not. In short, it is argued that Husserl was a “disjunctivist”. In addition, it is argued that Husserl held that the individual object of any experience, perceptual or hallucinatory, is essential to and partly constitutive of that experience. The argument focuses on three aspects of Husserl’s thought: his account of intentional objects, his notion of horizon , and his account of reality .

This paper reports the results of an investigation into the mechanisms that have led to the build up of sulfuric acid in the timbers of the Mary Rose, with a particular focus on recently recovered timbers. Measurements have been made by sulfur and iron K-edge X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy (XANES), X-ray microscopy and by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Results from S K-edge XANES studies reveal that the concentration of highly oxidised S decreases with depth into the timber, from ∼15 at.% of S at the surface to negligible levels after approximately 50mm. Fe K-edge XANES reveals little variation with depth in which Fe3+ ions are dominant. This sheds some light on the sulfur oxidation path, and indicates Fe3+ ions are produced by the oxidation mechanisms that are currently underway. XRD studies have identified several mineral components that may form part of the oxidation chain. These are magnetite (Fe3O4), jarosite (KFe3(SO4)2(OH)6) and calcite (CaCO3).

Al K-edge (1561.1 eV) XANES and EXAFS spectra of unoxidized NaAlH4, a hydrogen storage material, have been recorded in He atmosphere in a special in situ low-energy cell. The XANES spectrum of NaAlH4 is reported and compared to that of oxidized NaAlH4, thus illustrating the power of XANES spectroscopy as a quick qualitative check of the NaAlH4. For the EXAFS data, reliable fits of the Al K-edge spectra could be obtained when all scattering contributions, i.e., Al−H, Al−Na, and Al−Al, were incorporated into the fit. The hydrogen atoms made a significant contribution to the Al K-edge EXAFS signal of NaAlH4, which stresses the importance of hydrogen scattering when analyzing EXAFS data of this metal hydride.

Luster is a golden metallic-like decoration produced on glazed ceramics since early Islamic times (Iraq, 9th AD). Luster is obtained by the reaction of a luster paint and the glaze surface over which it is applied. A temperature-resolved XRD experiment was designed to study the high temperature reactions in the luster paint while the luster layer is formed. The luster paint composition has been made based on the original luster paints found during the excavation of the 13th AD workshop site at Paterna (Valencia). The sulfo-reducing atmosphere created during the decomposition of cinnabar promotes the reduction of Cu 2+ containing compounds to Cu + and the presence of Hg vapours delays the precipitation of metal silver. Moreover, evidence of the formation of a melt in which the copper and silver-containing compounds dissolve has also been obtained. The thickness of the luster paint applied results in the formation of luster layers of different hues and colours. The use of a mixture of copper and silver paint results in the formation of dark-brown luster layer similar to the ones produced in early Islamic times in Iraq and showed also the characteristic blue iridescences.

This paper considers the claim that perceptual experience is "transparent", in the sense that nothing other than the apparent public objects of perception are available to introspection by the subject of such experience. I revive and strengthen the objection that blurred vision constitutes an insuperable objection to the claim, and counter recent responses to the general objection. Finally the bearing of this issue on representationalist accounts of the mind is considered.

In her careful consideration of my book, The Problem of Perception (henceforth, PP), Susanna Siegel highlights what she takes to be a number of shortcomings in the work. First, she suggests that a sense‐datum theorist has two options–what she calls the “complex sense‐data option” and the “two‐factor option”–that survive the argument of my book unscathed. I consider these two options in the first two sections of this reply. Secondly, she criticizes my suggestion that there are three and only three basic and independent sources of perceptual consciousness: an issue I take up in my third section. Thirdly, she expresses reservations about my response to the argument from hallucination. In particular, she argues that the phenomenological considerations on which I put so much weight cannot settle the fundamental issue here. I address this criticism in the fourth section of this reply. Finally, she spends a certain amount of time discussing the notion of a “veridicality‐rele‐vant property”, a topic to which I devote the concluding section of this reply.

A new method of ion‐exchange between raw compounds containing copper oxide and alkali glasses has been used to grow copper nanoparticles within a glass matrix, forming a metal–glass nanocomposite that is the structure on which both ancient and modern lustre glazes are based. When excited by X‐rays at 300 K, two dominant emission bands appear in the material in the visible region, peaking at 2.60 eV and 1.98 eV. Synchrotron radiation methods are deployed that enables the luminescence and structural properties of the nanocomposite to be interlinked. Standard Extended X‐ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) shows that both metallic copper and copper oxide local sites structure are present in the glass matrix, and the detailed atomic arrangement of each are derived; however, the method provides no information as to whether either structures are actually involved in the luminescence processes. In order to provide this direct link, Optically Detected X‐ray Absorption Spectroscopy (OD‐XAS) has been deployed, and this provides strong evidence that copper metal nanoparticles are responsible for the red emission. The method also shows that the X‐ray absorption processes of the metal particles and silicate lattice (that result in the red and blue emissions respectively) are distinctly different. This is the first report of OD‐XAS involving metallic nanoparticles, and opens the possibility of using the method more generally for metal nanoparticle research. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

Microprobe EXAFS analysis of lustre decoration from a late 13th century Hispano–Moresque potsherd has been used to examine the metallic oxide to metal ratios in different shaded copper lustre finishes. A single specimen from 13th century Paterna, exhibiting typical red and green colorations, is found to contain different copper/silver ratios depending on the color. EXAFS has been used to determine the local atomic environment of the copper and reveals a corresponding variation in the metal to oxide ratio of the copper content which is related to the visual effect.

European Journal of PhilosophyVolume 13, Issue 1 p. 70-88 Natural Kind Terms: A Neo-Lockean Theory A. D. Smith, A. D. Smith Department of Philosophy, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9RH, UK a.d.smith@sussex.ac.ukSearch for more papers by this author A. D. Smith, A. D. Smith Department of Philosophy, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9RH, UK a.d.smith@sussex.ac.ukSearch for more papers by this author First published: 23 March 2005 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0966-8373.2005.00222.xCitations: 1AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume13, Issue1April 2005Pages 70-88 RelatedInformation