A Post-silicon validation, which identifies problems which pre-silicon simulations may neglect, is a key step in the creation of chips. This article explores the effects of real-world factors on system performance, including production unpredictability, temperature and power fluctuations, and environmental conditions. Special focus is given to the clock and thermal throttling mechanisms of PCIe devices, which are crucial for managing power efficiency, temperature regulation, and performance. The research additionally examines the interplay between high-performance components and low-speed peripherals to enhance system functionality, including the influence of technologies such as fabric sync and PTM In further addressing the complex nature of core-level throttling in multicore CPUs and emphasizing the need for stable and effectiveness in practical applications, the study introduces the STAT approach, which is meant to maintain verification fidelity in PCIe Gen5 (32 GT/s) environments. Experiments on an Intel Xeon platform show that the STAT framework falls localized thermal hotspot by 30% and unpredictable throttling events by 50%. These findings showed that in thermally bound 32 GT/s systems, proactive scheduling and synchronous fabric scaling work together to reduce operational uncertainty and detect critical timing anomalies.

This study investigates the operating principles and design of an electro-optic directional coupler (EODC) based on the electro-optic effect for optical logic applications. A comprehensive theoretical framework is presented, incorporating the fundamental mathematical relationships and coupled-mode analysis requires to characterize the switching activity of proposed optical logic devices. Utilizing this methodology, several optical digital logic circuits have been designed and analyzed, including Inverter (NOT), XOR/XNOR, OR/NOR, and NAND/AND gates. Extending this work, the integrated operation of these fundamental gates has also been investigated to realize an optical AND-OR-Inverter (AOI) cell. The proposed EODC is based on a GaAlAs material platform and employs a 3μ m × 3μ m modulator structure with a coupling length of 1 cm . At an operating wavelength of 900 nm , efficient switching is achieved under an applied electric field of approximately 3× 10^4 V/cm, resulting in a refractive-index change of approximately n≅ 1× 10^-4 . In addition to logic implementation, the performance of the proposed structure has been evaluated in terms of extinction ratio, contrast ratio, and amplitude modulation characteristics. The obtained results confirm that electro-optically controlled directional couplers can effectively perform optical signal processing and serve as promising building blocks for future optical computing and high-speed digital photonic systems.

The concept of optical switching utilizing directional couplers and the electro-optic effect has been leveraged to design various sequential circuits. By applying an appropriate voltage to the core of the couplers, switching of optical pulse signals is achieved through optical tunneling phenomena. This paper presents a comprehensive mathematical analysis of electro-optic effect-based switching, demonstrating its efficacy through 3-D MATLAB simulations of the optical switch layout. A clocked D flip-flop, incorporating an optical delay unit, is examined using 3-D numerical simulations, illustrating the spatial propagation of optical pulses and providing time domain plots for verification. Employing the proposed clocked D flip-flop as a basic module, optically clocked ripple up/down-counters are implemented. Additionally, the design and analysis of an optical 4-bit shift register are discussed, showcasing its ability to effectively shift pulses via 3-D simulations of optical field propagation and time domain plots. This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the extinction ratio, contrast ratio, and amplitude modulation characteristics of the proposed optical code converter circuit. These findings offer an effective methodology for implementing both basic sequential models and complex optical circuits.

The integrity of a signal through a via depends upon the electrical characteristics of the substrate and the filler materials in 2.5D/3D VLSI chip. Through-glass-vias (TGVs) provide a vertical interconnection through the glass interposer. The present paper suggests a differential multibit TGV wherein glass is used as substrate material filled with carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Glass offers higher electrical resistivity. The proposed structure of cylindrical TGV is such that one layer of multiwalled CNTs (MWCNTs) is added on the periphery and single walled CNTs (SWCNTs) are filled in the core. The behavior of the proposed structure at high frequencies is studied by computing its effective complex conductivity. The modeling of electrical equivalent model of TGVs is the same as that of the transmission line model of electrical circuits wherein the parasitics of the circuit such as resistance, capacitance, conductance, and inductance are distributed throughout the path. These frequency-dependent parasitics are determined using the partial-element equivalent circuit (PEEC) technique and validated with ABCD matrix technique for different geometrical parameters. The conductivity, resistance, capacitance, and inductance offered by the TGV are studied. It is further analyzed that increasing the number of conducting channels increases conductivity. The proposed structure provides less resistance, making it a more efficient design.

This work presents the design and performance analysis of a high-performance optical 3 bit Gray-code counter that employs electro-optic modulation using GaAlAs directional couplers. The developed system comprises a mix of T-flip flops and directional couplers for optical logic operations and state transitions. The miniaturized layout design leverages the electro-optical concept to modulate signals with sufficient efficiency, resulting in an all-photonic synchronous counter. The functioning of the structure is fully explained using K-map-based Boolean logic synthesis to generate the required conditions for the flip flops used in the system. The suggested device configuration consists of GaAlAs material designed with a 3µm×3µm modulator. The coupling length (LC) of the device is set at LC=1cm. The EODC achieves optimal switching at a light wavelength of 900nm by inducing a refractive index shift (Δn) of approximately Δn≅1×10-4. The required electric field magnitude of approximately 3×104V/cm to perform optical switching is transformed into a voltage of 10 V placed across the electrodes of the EODC along the 3 µm channel. The counter operation is established using simulation results, including 3D MATLAB simulations and temporal simulations of counter state changes. This work presents a comprehensive analysis of the extinction ratio, contrast ratio, and amplitude modulation characteristics of the proposed optical 3 bit Gray-code converter circuit. These findings have gained wide appeal due to their low circuit complexity and faster circuit design compared to electrical circuits.

An efficient ultrafast all-optical arbitrary bit sequence generator (ABSG) with combined combinational and sequential logic capability embedded in a single structure is proposed in this manuscript. The essence of the present design lies in the fact that the design employs methods of ultrafast all-optical switching, which is achieved in an optimised micro-ring resonator (MRR) circuit using GaAs–AlGaAs non-linear material that is excited using an optical pumping technique. One of the important aspects of the proposed work is the utilisation of the inherent characteristics of MRR for designing the all-optical ABSG circuit. Such a method makes the design uniquely different and considerably easier to integrate with very large-scale integrated optics. The switching characteristics of MRR as well as the functionalities of the suggested all-optical ABSG are numerically modelled and verified through MATLAB simulations. The manuscript also covers a detail analysis of performance affecting parameters of the MRR unit, such as ring radius and coupling coefficients, to obtain their optimum values. The performance of the proposed ABSG is also estimated with the help of contrast ratio, extinction ratio, and amplitude modulation. These results confirm the potential of the proposed architecture as a scalable, energy-efficient building block for high-performance future high-speed photonic computing and communication systems.

The Controller Area Network (CAN) protocol is a foundational communication standard in automotive, industrial, and embedded systems, where reliability is paramount due to safety-critical requirements. This article presents a comprehensive survey of verification methodologies for the CAN protocol, including simulation-based testing, formal verification, hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) testing, and emulation. Each approach is evaluated in terms of its strengths, limitations, and commonly used tools, offering insights into their effectiveness in ensuring protocol compliance. The study also outlines key challenges, recent technological advancements, and potential future directions to support informed decision-making in CAN verification efforts. Furthermore, simulation-based validation of core CAN components—specifically the Controller, Transceiver, and Arbitration units—was conducted. Results demonstrated correct behavior in data transmission, reception, and arbitration processes, reinforcing simulation as a reliable strategy for CAN protocol verification.

This study presents an emerging Microring Resonator (MRR) structure designed to enable multiple logic operations. Beginning with an exploration of the switching dynamics of the MRR and culminating in logic realization, the unit MRR is demonstrated as a switch within a cascading framework. This approach encompasses several methodologies for implementing fundamental optical logic operations, supported by mathematical and parameter analysis of individual MRR. The comparative advantages of using high-speed optical logic components in modern optical communication systems are discussed. In addition, this work investigates how miniaturization of such devices can play an important role in the development of logic modules included in optical arithmetic logic units (ALUs) of future optical microprocessor designs. The performance of the suggested designs is evaluated using simulation data produced using MATLAB.

This paper aims to propose a new all-optical implementation of Fredkin gate using micro-ring resonator (MRR) based logical switches. The proposed all-optical Fredkin gate scheme employs only five MRRs connected in a parallel branch topology, therefore found very compact and ultrafast as compared to many previously reported designs. The presented gate enjoys all-optical operation with no requirement for an additional wavelength converter. A detailed discussion of the alloptical switching mechanism of MRR has been presented and the logical behavior of the presented Fredkin gate has been demonstrated by using MATLAB simulations.

The utilization of optical directional couplers has emerged as a viable alternative to conventional systems for the execution of error detection using optical signals. The proposed circuit efficiently converts 4-bit binary input signals to gray code representation in the optical domain, reducing errors during transmission and computation. An even/odd parity checker module is also included in the circuit, which improves data integrity and detects single-bit errors in transmitted data. The theoretical basis for the electro-optic effect and its use in directional couplers (EODC) for optical signal transmission inside the proposed circuit. The framework for sophisticated efficient photonic circuit designs with improved error detection and correction capabilities is laid by using EODC, which simplify design and enable seamless integration with existing optical communication technologies. The proposed device layout is made of GaAlAs material produced from a 3μ m× 3um modulator. The coupling length (L_C) of the device is set to L_C=1 cm . The EODC performs perfect switching with a light wavelength of 900 nm by creating a refractive index change (Δ n) of approximately Δ n≅ 1×10^-4 . An electric field magnitude of approximately 3×10^4 V/cm is required to achieve this switching, which corresponds to a voltage of 10 V applied across the electrodes of an EODC over a 3 μm channel.

the descriptive paper proposes the scheme for the conveying half subtractor, that has been implemented by using 2-to-4-line decoder. This paper also expresses switching phenomenon allied with all optical micro ring resonator and shed some light in the basic working mechanism of MRR with promising results obtained by using simulating software application MATLAB. Mathematical equation that has been used for the construction and output calculation of MRR structure. In theoretical tactic GaAs-AlGaAs material is considered for the construction of MRR, which provides additional advantages over Silicon Nitride and other similar material. The proposed circuit of the half-subtractor comprises of only five MRR out of which 3 MRR is used for decoder purpose and rest 2 MRR are used to get the final output. The usages of all-optical nonlinear property enable the high-speed switching action without compromising other factors. The acquired simulated output has been confirmed by considering truth table.

The purpose of this research paper is to present a new all-optical scheme to implement the logical behavior of generalized [Formula: see text]th-order (2[Formula: see text]:1) multiplexer logic. The proposed all-optical design is based on micro-ring resonator (MRR)-based all-optical switches and constructed by using “2[Formula: see text]-2” MRR structures, arranged in a series “[Formula: see text]” stage architecture. The presented configuration enjoys advantageous features like compact-sized systematic structure and ultra-fast speed. To validate the logical behavior of the proposed [Formula: see text]th-order multiplexer, a second-order (2 2 :1) multiplexer is derived (from the proposed scheme) and discussed. Further, the usability of the presented all-optical multiplexer is demonstrated by developing an all-optical reconfigurable logic gate that can be reconfigured to perform various logic operations. To verify the logical behavior of MRR-based all-optical switch and presented all-optical multiplexer logic, numerical simulations through MATLAB software have been performed. The reported reconfigurable logic structure is also simulated in the MATLAB environment to validate the desired behavior.

The proposed paper portrays the feasible enactment of all optical based demultiplexer logical functionality using the non-linearity switching of micro ring resonator and its respective application based other circuit designing. The conferred theoretical method exploits the single ring MRR structure which is GaAs-AlGaAs based. The 1-to-4-line demultiplexer circuit designed using just three MRR structure cascaded together to acquire the desired outcome. This gets possible by the usages of high-speed optical switching property of MRR. This leads to advance-grade data processing, higher bandwidth operation, size compactness. The detailed mathematical modeling of demultiplexer has been discussed thoroughly. And the resultant graphical output is accomplished using the MATLAB simulation program. The procured output is then verified using the conventional truth-table.

In this paper, we have proposed the precise model of coaxial TGVs (CTGVs) which consists of ground-signal signal-ground (GSSG) TGVs. An equivalent electrical model of CTGVs is established and the partial element equivalent circuit (PEEC) technique is used to extract the frequency-dependent impedance parameters. In CTGVs, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and copper is used as filler material in inner and outer layer. Resistance and inductance of CTGVs is calculated using the PEEC technique for different filler materials. The insertion loss (S21) of CTGVs is determined using the HFSS simulations and is compared analytically in differential mode configurations. S21 is calculated for various geometrical parameters of MWCNT-based CTGVs such as diameter of TGV, pitch between CTGV pair, as well as material properties such as permittivity of SiO2 and benzocyclobutene (BCB) polymers. It is established that MWCNT based CTGV shows improved insertion loss because the conductivity of MWCNT is higher in comparison to copper.

The all-optical switching phenomena in the non-linear directional coupler using cross-phase modulation (XPM) effect have been proposed. It is designed to generate an all-optical XOR functionality, considering the XOR logic gates as a basic module the design and analysis of an efficient all-optical 4-bit binary to gray code converter and 4-bit even parity checker circuit is proposed. The design methodology includes the switching of a weak continuous-wave (CW) signal, which is controlled by the combination of two controlled pump signals. In this paper, mathematical analysis of the coupled mode theory associated with optical directional couplers has been discussed. The switching characteristics of XPM effect based All-optical directional couplers have been examined for appropriate values of the controlled pump signals. Appropriate values of extinction ratio and corresponding controlled pump signal levels are investigated for an efficient generation of XOR logic gates. Further, the detailed analysis of layout generation and design aspects of All-optical 4-bit binary to gray code converter and 4-bit even parity checker circuits have been carried out. The proposed methodology is verified by the appropriate simulation results, which include the transmittivity, extinction ratio (Xratio) curve variation and dynamic time domain plot associated with proposed units.

This research investigates the application of an electro-optic effect-driven directional coupler in the design of an optical binary-coded decimal (BCD) to excess-3 code converter circuit. The work explores electro-optic modulation in GaAlAs 3 mu m x 3 mu m modulators with directional couplers. A theoretical study and practical validation demonstrate that achieving 100% modulation requires minimal changes in the refractive index difference (Delta n(g)). For a 1 cm length GaAlAs modulator with a directional coupler configuration, a fluctuation of approximately Delta n(g )approximate to 1 x 10(-4) can entirely switch light of a 900 nm vacuum wavelength from one waveguide to another. The required electric field is expected to be roughly 3x10(4) V/cm equivalent to a voltage of 10 V across the 3 mu m thick channel, as derived from the coupled wave theory. This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the extinction ratio, contrast ratio, and amplitude modulation characteristics of the proposed optical code converter circuit. These findings illustrate that electro-optic effect-driven directional couplers can efficiently process signals, paving the way for advances in optical computing and digital electronics.

The paper describes the design and implementation of optical data transmission circuits using an innovative approach based on the electro-optic effect in a directional coupler (EODC). Optical multiplexers (MUX), demultiplexers (DEMUX), encoders, decoders, and priority encoders are all included in the proposed circuit design to enable efficient and reliable data transfer. Electro-optic effect in a directional coupler have been analysed theoretically and numerically, including the detailed mathematics of coupled wave theory. The proposed device is made of GaAlAs material produced from a 3 mu m x 3 mu m modulator. The appropriate vale of coupling length(Lc), light wavelength, refractive index change(An), electric field magnitude and other parameters are considered for an efficient generation of fundamental logic gates. The design process and the simulation results provide in-depth analysis, highlighting the feasibility and utility of our approach in enhancing the performance of optical data transmission devices.

In this paper, a computationally efficient matrix rational approximation (MRA) technique is developed to analyze the electrical behaviour of through packaging vias in glass interposer (TGVs). Using MRA technique, the electrical behaviour of TGVs utilizing differential multi-bit configuration, filled with composite copper-mixed carbon nanotube bundle (Cu-mCNTB), is investigated. A temperature-dependent π-type equivalent circuit of such differential multi-bit (DM) composite TGVs is developed using partial-element equivalent-circuit technique. The effective complex conductivity of Cu-mCNTB is also derived by appropriately considering the effects of temperature-dependent mean free path in CNTs. The frequency dependent differential- and common-mode impedances are obtained up to 100 GHz through PEEC technique. It is analyzed that composite DM-TGVs outperform silicon via counterparts in terms of reduced insertion loss using proposed MRA technique and verified through high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS). The transient analysis including crosstalk-induced propagation delay, peak crosstalk, and peak timing of coupled Cu-mCNTB/composite DM-TGVs is determined through the proposed MRA model, which exhibits error within 1% compared to the SPICE. The robustness of proposed model is examined under a wide variety of test cases including the proposed 5-Cu-mCNTB composite TGV array. For the transient analysis, the CPU runtime using the MRA model is 18.57 × faster than the SPICE. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, it is for the first time that temperature-dependent modeling and crosstalk analysis of coupled TGV structures is reported using MRA technique.

The design of an all-optical sequential circuit is one of the significant features of high-speed and fast-switching communication systems. Combinational and sequential logic circuits are both included in a real-world digital system. Thus, we cannot undervalue the significance of sequential logic circuits. Implementation of all-optical sequential circuits includes some great returns e.g. compact design, signal security, low electromagnetic interference, and larger bandwidth, etc. Here this paper displays the efficient application of micro-ring resonators to implement shift registers in the optical domain. The projected design is based on the Delay flip-flop which works on the principle of MRR switching activity. The necessary MATLAB simulated output of the suggested design is included in the study.