[Ln·DOTA]- complexes, and systems derived therefrom, are commonly used in MRI and optical bioimaging. These lanthanide(III) complexes are chiral and, in solution, they are present in eight forms, two sets of four uncapped and four capped forms. Each set of four consist of two sets of enatiomers, with the ligand backbone in either a square antiprismatic, SAP, or twisted square antiprismatic geometry, TSAP. This complex speciation is found in laboratory samples. To investigate speciation in biological media, when Ln·DOTA-like complexes interact with chiral biomolecules, six Eu·DOTA-monoamide complexes were prepared and investigated using 1D and 2D 1H NMR. To emulate the chirality of biological media, the amide pendant arm was modified with one or two chiral centers. It was known that a chiral center on the DOTA scaffold significantly influences the properties of the system. Here, it was found that chirality much further away from the metal changes the available conformational space, and that both chiral centers and cis/trans isomerism are important, a fact that, for the optically pure materials, led to the conclusion that sixteen forms had to be considered, instead of the eight forms necessary for DOTA. The results reported here clearly demonstrate the diverse speciation that must be considered when correlating an observation to a structure of a lanthanide(III) complex.

Despite progress in computer automated solutions, constitutional isomer verification by NMR using one- and two-dimensional data sets is still, in the main, a manual, user-intensive activity that is challenging for a number of reasons. These include the problem of simultaneously keeping track of the information from a number of separate NMR experiments and the difficulty of another researcher subsequently verifying the assignments made without having to independently repeat the whole analysis. This paper describes a graphical interactive approach that overcomes some of these problems. By using concepts used to visualise graph networks, we have been able to represent the NMR data in a manner that highlights directly the link between the different NMR experiments and the molecule of interest. Furthermore, by making the graph networks interactive, a user can easily validate and correct the assignment and understand the decisions made in arriving at the solution. We have developed a usable proof-of-concept computer program, 'simpleNMR', written in Python to illustrate the ideas and approach.

Oligosaccharides have been playing an important role in biological systems. Synthesis of oligosaccharides requires the protection from hydroxyl groups present in the corresponding monosaccharide units. The existing methods of protection have drawbacks, including formation of anomeric mixtures, change in hydrophilicity or lipophilicity and solubility of the products, participation of the protecting groups in the reactions of the core of monosaccharide units, problems associated with chemoselectivity, regioselectivity and overall stereochemical outcomes of reactions. Additionally, there has been a spectral overlap of these protecting groups with carbohydrate core, which yielded more complex spectra. Therefore, the identification and synthesis of suitable alternative protecting groups have received attention in the oligosaccharide synthesis. The objective of the present study was to synthesize various fluorinated benzyl ethers of methyl-α-D-mannopyronoside and to evaluate these ethers as the alternative protecting groups for enhancing NMR resolution in the oligosaccharide synthesis. Various fluorinated benzyl ethers of methyl-α-D-mannopyronoside were prepared through the reaction of methyl-α-D-mannopyronoside with various fluorinated benzyl bromides by using Williamson ether synthesis method. Spectral analysis of these fluorinated benzyl ethers showed that the peaks of methylene carbons shifted to a value of 10-20 parts per million (ppm) to a high field region in the 13C NMR, compared to the non-fluorinated benzyl ether. As a result, the spectral complexity decreased and enhanced the spectral resolution. In this study, we concluded that fluorinated benzyl ethers could be a suitable alternative to the non-fluorinated benzyl ethers to protect the hydroxyl groups of monosaccharides in the synthesis of oligosaccharides.

Halide recognition by supramolecular receptors and coordination complexes in water is a long-standing challenge. In this work, we report chloride binding in water and in competing media by pre-organised binuclear kinetically inert lanthanide complexes, bridged by flexible -(CH2)2- and -(CH2)3- spacers, forming [Ln2(DO3A)2C-2] and [Ln2(DO3A)2C-3], respectively. These hydrophilic, neutral lanthanide coordination complexes are shown to bind chloride with apparent association constants of up to 105 M-1 in water and in buffered systems. Hydroxide bridging was observed in these complexes at basic pH, which was proven to be overcome by chloride. Thus, these lanthanide complexes show promise towards chloride recognition in biology and beyond. The results described here have clearly identified a new area of anion coordination chemistry that is ripe for detailed exploration.

The development of synthetic receptors for the selective binding and discrimination of anions in water requires an understanding of how anions interact with these synthetic receptors. Molecules designed to differentiate nucleoside phosphate anions (e.g. ATP, ADP, GTP, GDP, UDP) under physiological conditions could underpin exciting new sensing tools for biomedical research and drug discovery, but it is very challenging due to the similarities in anion structure, size and charge. We present a series of lanthanide-based anion receptors and establish key structural elements that impact on nucleoside phosphate anion binding and sensing. Structural evidence of anion binding using X-ray crystallographic and NMR data, supported by DFT calculations indicate the binding modes between the lanthanide complexes and certain phosphoanions, revealing a bidentate (α-, γ-) binding mode to ATP. We further use four of the receptors to allow discrimination of eight nucleoside phosphate anions in the first array-based assay using lanthanide complexes, taking advantage of the multiple emission bands and long emission lifetimes associated with luminescent lanthanide complexes.

PSYCOSY is an f1 broadband homonuclear decoupled version of the COSY nuclear magnetic resonance pulse sequence. Here, we investigate by a combination of experimental measurements, spatially distributed spin dynamics simulations, and analytical predictions the coherence evolution delay necessary in PSYCOSY experiments to ensure intensity discrimination in favour of the correlations typically arising from short range (nJ, n ≤ 3) 1H–1H couplings and show that, in general, a coherence evolution delay of around 35 ms is optimum.

Sodium salts of the algal uronic-acids, d-mannuronic acid (HManA) and l-guluronic acid (HGulA) have been isolated and characterised in solution by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. A suite of recently-described NMR experiments (including pure shift and compressive sampling techniques) were used to provide confident assignments of the pyranose forms of the two uronic acids at various pD values (from 7.5 to 1.4). The resulting high resolution spectra were used to determine several previously unknown parameters for the two acids, including their pKa values, the position of their isomeric equilibria, and their propensity to form furanurono-6,3-lactones. For each of the three parameters, comparisons are drawn with the behaviour of the related D-glucuronic (HGlcA) and D-galacturonic acids (HGalA), which have been previously studied extensively. This paper demonstrates how these new NMR spectroscopic techniques can be applied to better understand the properties of polyuronides and uronide-rich macroalgal biomass.

A novel PtIV azido triazolato complex exists as an equilibrium between two species in d3-MeCN and evolves azide radicals (but not hydroxide radicals) when irradiated with visible light.

Analysis of metabolites in biofluids using nuclear magnetic resonance often requires the suppression of obscuring signals arising from water and macromolecules. This paper analyses the limitations of the pulse sequence most commonly used to achieve such suppression (presat-CPMG) and proposes new pulse sequences that do not share those limitations. The utility of these improved pulse sequences is demonstrated in a metabolomic study of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients.

Recent developments in data sampling and processing techniques have made it possible to acquire 2‐dimensional NMR spectra of small molecules at digital resolutions in both dimensions approaching the intrinsic limitations of the equipment and sample on a realistic timescale. These developments offer the possibility of enormously increased effective resolution (peak dispersion) and the ability to effectively study samples where peak overlap was previously a limiting factor. Examples of such spectra have been produced for a number of 2‐dimensional techniques including TOCSY and HSQC. In this paper, we investigate some of the problems in applying such techniques to COSY spectra and suggest a modification to the classic experiment that alleviates some of these problems.

Historically, the resolution of multidimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) has been orders of magnitude lower than the intrinsic resolution that NMR spectrometers are capable of producing. The slowness of Nyquist sampling as well as the existence of signals as multiplets instead of singlets have been two of the main reasons for this underperformance. Fortunately, two compressive techniques have appeared that can overcome these limitations. Compressive sensing, also known as compressed sampling (CS), avoids the first limitation by exploiting the compressibility of typical NMR spectra, thus allowing sampling at sub‐Nyquist rates, and pure shift techniques eliminate the second issue “compressing” multiplets into singlets. This paper explores the possibilities and challenges presented by this combination (compressed NMR). First, a description of the CS framework is given, followed by a description of the importance of combining it with the right pure shift experiment. Second, examples of compressed NMR spectra and how they can be combined with covariance methods will be shown.

The degree of aggregation of neutral, 9-coordinate rare earth coordination complexes has been shown to affect their ligand field, as revealed by diffusion-ordered NMR spectroscopy (DOSY-NMR) measurements on Y(III) complexes, paramagnetic NMR analyses of Yb and Tb analogues and emission spectral studies with the Eu-III systems. In non-polar media a lipophilic tris-isopropyl complex, [Ln.L-2] tends to aggregate in chloroform and dichloromethane giving rise to oligomers, whereas in acetic and trifluoroacetic acid the more polar parent complex, [Ln.L-1], also aggregates, profoundly affecting the pseudocontact shift and the form of the Eu emission spectrum. Such behaviour has important implications in the design of responsive spectral probes.

The cover picture shows the antenna effect, in which a chromophore excited state can sensitize the lanthanide-centered emission by energy transfer via a Dexter mechanism. The dimmer terbium and ytterbium ions show that light hitting the antenna cannot sensitize the emission of these, while the bright red europium can be sensitized by the antenna. In our paper we show that sensitized lanthanide luminescence can only occur if the antenna and the lanthanide ion can collide, and that collisions can be prevented by steric congestion. Details are discussed in the article by T. J. Sørensen, S. Faulkner et al. on page 2165 ff (DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201700027). For more on the story behind the cover research, see the Cover Profile (DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201700299).

Three molecular structures, each containing three different lanthanide(III) centres, have been prepared by coupling three kinetically inert lanthanide(III) complexes in an Ugi reaction. These 2 kDa molecules were purified by dialysis and characterised by NMR and luminescence techniques. The photophysical properties of these heterotrimetallic complexes were investigated and are discussed by comparison with simpler, but related, heterodimetallic compounds. It was found that an aminonaphthalene unit inhibits the sensitisation of terbium, and that the spatial arrangement of the chromophores and lanthanide(III) centres in these molecules inhibits the efficient sensitisation of europium. We conclude that the intramolecular collisions required for efficient Dexter energy transfer from the sensitiser to the lanthanide(III) centre can be prevented by steric congestion.

Cyanide ions are shown to interact with lanthanide complexes of phenacylDO3A derivatives in aqueous solution, giving rise to changes in the luminescence and NMR spectra. These changes are the consequence of cyanohydrin formation, which is favored by the coordination of the phenacyl carbonyl group to the lanthanide center. These complexes display minimal affinity for fluoride and can detect cyanide at concentrations less than 1 μm. By contrast, lanthanide complexes with DOTAM derivatives display no affinity for cyanide in water, but respond to changes in fluoride concentration.

Fluoride binding by a series of europium and ytterbium complexes of DOTA-tetraamide ligands derived from primary, secondary and tertiary amides has been studied by NMR and luminescence spectroscopies. In all the systems studied, fluoride binding results in a change in the nature of the magnetic anisotropy at the metal centre from an easy axis, to an easy plane anisotropy. This results in reversal of the peaks in the NMR spectra, and in changes to the fine structure of the luminescence spectra. Furthermore, changes to the periphery of the binding cavity are implicated in determining the affinity constant for fluoride. There are clear differences in the entropic contribution to the free energy of activation between systems with benzylic amides and those with methylamides.

Salicylsalicylic acid ("Salsalate") is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with anti-rheumatic properties, whose amorphous form offers the potential for enhanced dissolution rates and improved bioavailability compared with its crystalline counterpart. It has been reported to form a stable glassy phase on heating and rapid quenching. A number of the existing studies of the solid-state structure of salsalate and of its thermal decomposition contain information that is difficult to reconcile. In this article, we review much of the existing literature in light of our own recent studies using solution-state nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectrometry, and solid-state infrared spectroscopy, and conclude that much of the literature data relating to melting and the glassy state is questionable due to failure to take into account the effects of thermal decomposition.

The synergic use of pure shift NMR techniques and compressive sensing (compressed NMR) allows the recording of two-dimensional NMR spectra with much higher dispersion (effective resolution) than can be achieved using conventional techniques.

A europium complex derived from NP-(DO3A)(2) exhibits pH-dependent europium-centred luminescence following excitation of the nitrophenolate chromophore. Such behaviour is not observed with an analogous mononuclear complex, suggesting coordination of both lanthanide ions to the phenolate oxygen in the emissive species.