BACKGROUND:Motives underlying addictions have been widely studied, using validated tools such as the Gambling Motives Questionnaire (GMQ) (Stewart and Zack, 2008). Nevertheless, subsequent studies have suggested the need to extend this model. The present paper aimed to identify potential additional factors, such as escapism, omnipotence, pleasure and financial motives, in addition to the social, enhancement and coping aspects already included. METHODS:A total of 40 motivational items (adding 25 additional items to the original GMQ items) were analysed within two datasets. Sample 1 was a player panel from a gambling service provider (N = 1829; mean age: 42.4 [SD = 13.3]; Females: 30 % [n = 548]), while Sample 2 consisted of a nationally representative sample of the Hungarian population (N = 437; mean age: 42.9 [SD = 13.55]; Females: 49.2 % [N = 215]). RESULTS:Exploratory Factor Analysis on Sample 1 identified four factors (including a total of 27 items): coping/escapism, social motives, enhancement/pleasure, and financial motives. The four-factor structure was confirmed on Sample 2 with confirmatory factor analysis showing adequate model fit (CFI = 0.987; TLI = 0.986; RMSEA[CI] = 0.047 [0.041-0.052]); however, high inter-factor correlations were evident in the general population sample. A shorter, 14-item version of the scale was also suggested. CONCLUSIONS:Although the newly identified motives overlap with the original ones, the content of the factors enables the inclusion of certain aspects, like escapism within the coping factor, that proved to be the most important in relation to other potentially addictive behaviours. This suggests that examining the role of motives in gambling may be crucial in differentiating between problem gambling and recreational gambling.

Introduction: Young adulthood is considered a critical period in terms of non-medical use of sedatives/hypnotics (NMUSH) as well as different types of behavioral addictions (BAs). However, the relationship between these behaviors has received scarce attention among young adult samples. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the association between NMUSH and symptoms of distinct BAs among young adults. Materials and methods: Analyses were conducted based on the data of two large sample studies (including a representative sample) carried out with young adult samples. The following BAs were assessed: problematic internet use, problematic video gaming, problematic social media use, problem gambling, exercise addiction, eating disorders, compulsive buying behavior, problematic mobile phone use, work addiction, and hair pulling. Symptoms of distinct BAs were analyzed in three groups formed based on the NMUSH: non-users, lifetime users, and current users. Results: The symptoms of problematic internet use, problematic social media use, problem gambling, exercise addiction, eating disorders, compulsive buying behavior and work addiction were significantly more severe among lifetime and/or current non-medical sedative and hypnotic users, compared to the non-user participants. The symptoms of problematic mobile phone use were the most severe in the non-user group. Conclusions: The results suggest co-occurrence between NMUSH and distinct BAs among young adults. These findings draw attention to the need for preventive interventions for this high-risk population.

Online activities and problematic online behaviors have recently emerged as important research topics. However, only a few studies have explored the possible associations between these behaviors and morningness-eveningness. The authors examined whether eveningness predicts these distinct problematic online behaviors differently and directly or via mediators. The associations between eveningness and three different problematic online behaviors (problematic Internet use, problematic online gaming, and problematic social media use) were explored among a large sample of Hungarian young adults ( N = 1729, 57.2% female, M age = 22.01, SD age = 1.97) by using a self-report survey. Depression and the time spent engaging in online activities were assessed as possible mediators. The effects of age and sex were controlled for. Using structural equation modeling, the results supported the association between eveningness and the higher risk for all three problematic online behaviors and highlighted that these associations were mediated by depressive mood and time spent on the activities. In addition, eveningness also predicted PIU directly. Eveningness is a risk factor for problematic online behaviors not only because of the higher amount of time spent on the activities but also because of the worse mood associated with eveningness. The results highlight that it is important to examine the different types of online activity separately and explore the role of diverse risk factors, among them morningness-eveningness.

The present study was aimed at obtaining a more comprehensive understanding of the possible mediating factors in the morningness-eveningness -> alcohol consumption relation. We explored the role of mediators such as sensation seeking, the frequency of going out in the evenings, and drinking motives. We tested the proposed mediation model via structural equation modeling based on cross-sectional research conducted among Hungarian adolescents and young adults (N=1695, 42.5% male, M-age=18.98, SDage=1.89). The outcomes included the frequency of alcohol consumption and problematic drinking. Both alcohol consumption and problematic drinking were predicted in similar directions and magnitudes by sensation seeking, "going out," and coping drinking motives. However, eveningness still had a significant direct effect on alcohol consumption and problematic drinking after we controlled for sensation seeking, going out, and drinking motives. For problematic drinking, the possible role of drinking motives seems to be higher and more complex than it is for alcohol consumption. The mediators, such as sensation seeking, the amount of time spent out in the evenings, and drinking motives, can explain the eveningness -> alcohol consumption relationship and should be targeted for alcohol prevention programs among evening-type adolescents.

Individuals with work addiction (WA) are characterized by low self-esteem, high obsessiveness, and impulsiveness; they are overloaded with tasks and show sleep problems. These characteristics suggest that workaholics might be prone to use psychostimulant substances; however, this relationship has never been investigated. The present study aimed to explore the prevalence of psychostimulant use among individuals with WA in a representative sample ( N = 3076). Lifetime, last year, and last month prevalence of licit and illicit stimulant use were explored. Bergen Work Addiction Scale and the 18-item version of the Brief Symptom Inventory were applied for assessing WA and psychopathological symptoms. Addictive workers showed significantly higher prevalence of smoking, energy drink consumption, amphetamine, NPS, and cocaine use than non-addictive workers. Moreover, they also reported more psychopathological symptoms. Since addictive workers have a higher vulnerability to potentially risky stimulant use, workplace mental health programs should address screening and prevention of WA.

Introduction Video games are among the most popular leisure time activities. While majority of gamers play in a healthy manner, a minority shows gaming disorder (GD) symptoms and experiences detrimenting effects in their lives. Even though gaming time is moderately associated with gaming disorder symtoms, research suggests that it is not a reliable predictor by itself. Objectives The aim of the present study is to explore whether depression symptoms, self-esteem, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and escapism (when gaming is motivated by the avoidance of everyday problems) moderate the association between gaming time and GD symptoms and whether this is different for boys and girls. Methods Data was collected from a representative sample of 5th grade students of public education institutions in Budapest. Sample selection was carried out by one-step sampling stratified for school type, district, and maintainer; the sampling unit was the class. Data from 2126 students were analyzed (49.3% male, mean age 10.7 years, SD=0.54). Results Depression symptoms moderated the association between gaming time and GD symtoms in both genders. For those with higher depression symptoms the aforementioned association was stronger. Furthermore, self-esteem had a moderator effect only among girls, while escapism motivation and ADHD only among boys. In these cases, the association between gaming time and GD symptoms was stronger among those with lower self-esteem, and higher ADHD and escapism scores. Conclusions Results suggest that gaming time is more strongly connected to GD symptoms in certain conditions, but its predictive value is limited even in those cases. Disclosure Funding statement: This study was supported by the Hungarian National Research, Development and Innovation Office (KKP126835). Orsolya Király was supported by the János Bolyai Research Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and by the ÚNKP-21-5

Objectives: Approval/disapproval of substance use behavior might have a role in the development and persistence of substance use. However, less is known about the measurement function of disapproval of using different types of psychoactive substances. By using item response analyses, the present study aimed to examine the latent structure as well as item-level measurement properties of the construct of substance use disapproval. Methods: Nationally representative adult samples derived from the National Survey on Addiction Problems in Hungary from 2015 (N=2274) and 2019 (N=1385) were used in the present study. Dichotomous items measured the disapproval of eleven forms of substance use, such as smoking cigarettes, drinking alcohol and different forms of illicit drug use. Results: A unidimensional measurement model of substance use disapproval was supported. Item response analyses indicated that disapproval of alcohol use and cigarette smoking had moderate discrimination capacity and were located at moderately low-moderately high levels of the substance use disapproval continuum, whereas illicit substance use forms had high-very high discrimination capacities and were ranged at low-very low levels of the disapproval spectrum. Disapproval of experimenting with heroin, ecstasy and designer stimulants had the highest information capacity in 2015, whereas in 2019 disapproval of experimenting with synthetic cannabinoids and experimenting with and using occasionally cannabis were the most informative. Conclusions: Less permissive attitudes were shown for all forms of illicit drug use compared to alcohol and cigarette use. Discrimination and difficulty levels of disapproval of substance use might be associated with legal status of psychoactive substances. (Neuropsychopharmacol Hung 2022; 24(2): 85–94)

Epidemiological and phenomenological studies suggest shared underpinnings between multiple addictive behaviors. The present genetic association study was conducted as part of the Psychological and Genetic Factors of Addictions study (n = 3003) and aimed to investigate genetic overlaps between different substance use, addictive, and other compulsive behaviors. Association analyses targeted 32 single-nucleotide polymorphisms, potentially addictive substances (alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, and other drugs), and potentially addictive or compulsive behaviors (internet use, gaming, social networking site use, gambling, exercise, hair-pulling, and eating). Analyses revealed 29 nominally significant associations, from which, nine survived an FDRbl correction. Four associations were observed between FOXN3 rs759364 and potentially addictive behaviors: rs759364 showed an association with the frequency of alcohol consumption and mean scores of scales assessing internet addiction, gaming disorder, and exercise addiction. Significant associations were found between GDNF rs1549250, rs2973033, CNR1 rs806380, DRD2/ANKK1 rs1800497 variants, and the “lifetime other drugs” variable. These suggested that genetic factors may contribute similarly to specific substance use and addictive behaviors. Specifically, FOXN3 rs759364 and GDNF rs1549250 and rs2973033 may constitute genetic risk factors for multiple addictive behaviors. Due to limitations (e.g., convenience sampling, lack of structured scales for substance use), further studies are needed. Functional correlates and mechanisms underlying these relationships should also be investigated.

Background: The reward deficiency syndrome (RDS) integrates psychological, neurological, and genetic factors of addictive, impulsive, and compulsive behaviors. However, to date, no instrument has been validated to assess the RDS construct. Aims: The present study developed and tested a tool to assess RDS. Methods: Data were collected on two college and university samples. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were performed on Sample 1 ( N = 1726), and confirmatory analysis was conducted on an independent sample ( N = 253). Impulsivity and sensation-seeking were assessed. Results: Based on EFAs, a 29-item Reward Deficiency Syndrome Questionnaire (RDSQ-29) was developed, containing four subscales (lack of sexual satisfaction, activity, social concerns, and risk-seeking behavior). CFA indicated good fit (comparative fit index (CFI) = 0.941; Tucker–Lewis index (TLI) = 0.933; root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.068). Construct validity analysis showed strong relationship between sensation-seeking and the RDS scale. Conclusion: The RDSQ-29 is an adequate scale assessing psychological and behavioral aspects of RDS. The RDSQ-29 assesses psychological and behavioral characteristics that may contribute to addictions generally.

In several theoretical models, exercise addiction is linked to emotion regulation and eating disorders. However, to date, the role of emotion regulation in exercise addiction is poorly understood. The present study aimed to examine the relationship between the risk of exercise addiction and emotion regulation by exploring the mediating role of emotion dysregulation and eating disorders between psychological distress and exercise addiction. Based on an online survey of 1,790 regular fitness center attendees, the results revealed that emotion dysregulation is positively related to the risk of exercise addiction. Exercisers who report more symptoms of exercise addiction exhibit elevated levels of psychological distress. The results also demonstrate for the first time that difficulty in emotion regulation is a mediator between psychological distress and exercise addiction; the associated model explains approximately 53% of the variance. However, gender differences also emerged. The mediation role of emotion dysregulation in the relationship between psychological distress and exercise addiction was statistically significant and explained 75.3% of the total indirect effect in men, but it was not significant in women. The difficulties in emotion regulation mediated the relationship between psychological symptoms and eating disorders in women and explained 52.7% of the total indirect effect compared to 17.3% in men. These findings support the affect regulation models of exercise addiction, such as the "cognitive appraisal hypothesis," the "affect regulation hypothesis," and the "interactional model."

Objectives This paper presents the methods and main methodological fi ndings of the third wave of data collection of the National Survey on Addiction Problems in Hungary (NSAPH). In addition to mapping the addiction problems of the Hungarian population and monitoring the general population addiction trends in Hungary, the research formulates objectives for the development of the methodology used in addiction research. The study presents the measurement tools used in the research, the sampling and data collection strategy, as well as the methodological results related to sample access and the reliability and validity of the applied measurement tools used. Methods The research was carried out on a nationally representative sample of the Hungarian adult population aged 16-64 yrs (gross sample 1800, net sample 1385 persons). The extent of the theoretical margin of error in the sample is ±2,6%, at a reliability level of 95%. Sample attrition was corrected by matrix weighting by layer categories. The research aimed at studying the different type substance use behaviours (smoking, alcohol use and other psychoactive substances) as well as several behavioural addictions (problematic internet use, problematic online gaming, problematic social media use, problematic gambling, exercise addictions, eating disorders, work addiction, compulsive buying, problematic mobile phone use). Results Based on the analysis of reliability and the extent of non-sampling errors within the context of the database we concluded that valid and reliable statements can be formulated on the basis of the research data regarding the current characteristics and patterns of the examined addiction behaviours. At the same time, in case of psychoactive substance use the observed trends of non-sampling errors indicate that the analysis of the changes requires outstanding attention whilst interpreting them; in some cases correction procedures might become necessary during estimating and interpreting the tendencies. This wave of the research was the first which examined the reliability and validity of prevalence data related to behavioural addictions. Based on this analysis it can be said that these data are less exposed to non-sampling errors than the ones related to substance use.

ABSZTRAKT A tanulmány a lakossági vizsgálatokból kimaradó, ugyanakkor a rendelkezésre álló szakirodalmi adatok alapján a pszichoaktív szerek használata szempontjából különösen veszélyeztetett, speciális társadalmi csoportok egyikének, a hajléktalan embereknek a drogfogyasztásával és egyéb pszichoaktív szerhasználatával foglalkozik.Magyarországon 2007 februárjában, a fővárosban készült az első olyan kutatás, amely célzottan vizsgálta a hajléktalan populáció drogérintettségét, droghasználati szokásait.Ezt követően egy évtizeden keresztül nem készült hasonló vizsgálat.A tanulmányban bemutatásra kerülő kutatás -Európában egyedülálló módon -országos reprezentatív mintán készült, a hajléktalan populáció legjobb becslését adó, "Február Harmadika (F3)" kutatássorozat 2017-es adatfelvételéhez kapcsolódva, az általános populációs adatfelvételekben is alkalmazott nemzetközi ajánlásokat megjelenítő ún.modellkérdőív felhasználásával.Az alkalmazott módszertan biztosítja az eredmények kiterjeszthetőségét a magyarországi hajléktalan emberekre, továbbá lehetővé teszi az adatok általános populációs kontextusban való értelmezését, a hajléktalan emberek speciális szerhasználati jellemzőinek azonosítását, valamint az elmúlt 10 év fővárosi tendenciáinak felvázolását.2007-ben még azt mondhattuk, hogy a drogokkal való kapcsolatba kerülés tekintetében a fővárosi hajléktalan emberek kitettsége átlagosnak tekinthető, csak szerhasználati szokásaik veszélyesebbek, mint általában a lakosságé

The Ruminative Thought Style Questionnaire (RTSQ) is a self-report measure that aims to capture rumination globally, unbiased by depressive symptoms. We explored its psychometric properties among university students (N = 1123), as the existing models about the factor structure of the RTSQ have been inconclusive. In a second study (N = 320) we tested its convergent validity compared to the Ruminative Response Scale (RRS) and its construct validity compared to the Zung Self-rating Depression Scale (ZSDS). The results of Study 1 suggest that the factor structure of the RTSQ is best described with a 19-item bifactor Exploratory Structural Equation Modelling (ESEM), where most of the variance is explained by the general factor. The model was found to be invariant across genders. The correlations in Study 2 demonstrated that the RTSQ is congruent with the RRS, and that rumination captured by the RTSQ is rather maladaptive, as it was more strongly associated with the brooding subscale of the RRS than with reflective pondering. Significant positive associations were found with depressive symptoms, reaffirming the validity of the RTSQ due to the well-known association between rumination and depressive symptoms. Our results support that RTSQ assesses rumination globally, and it is a valid measure of ruminative thinking style that is rather negatively valenced but does not solely focus on depressive mood and symptoms.

INTRODUCTION:Although work addiction has been first described in the 1970s, research on the field has only become intensified during the last decades. Symptoms of work addiction are similar to the characteristics of other behavioral addictions (e.g., tolerance, intrapersonal and interpersonal conflicts, and withdrawal symptoms). Until today, only one nationally representative survey was conducted (in Norway) to estimate the prevalence of work addic - tion. Our aim was to explore the prevalence of work addiction in the Hungarian population and define the possible risk and protective factors of the problem.METHODS:The study was carried out on a nationally representative sample of the Hungarian adult population aged 16-64 years (N=2274) with the age group of 18-34 being over-representing. The weighted sample of the 18-64-yearold population covered 1490 individuals. Several sociodemographic variables were collected and the following measurements were applied: Bergen Work Addiction Scale; Brief Symptom Inventory; Barratt Impulsiveness Scale; and Well-Being Inventory.RESULTS:8% (95% CI ± 1.38%) of the Hungarian adult population currently having a job has been classified to be atrisk for work addiction, which means 4.7% (95% CI ± 1.07%) for the whole adult population. Binary logistic regression analyses identified the following risk factors: being female, higher satisfaction with the current job, dissatisfaction with the current health status, more frequent psychiatric symptoms, and a higher level of (motor) impulsiveness.CONCLUSION:We could identify several risk factors of work addiction and our results can be applied both in future research and in the practice of clinical psychology and work psychology. Our results have also highlighted that work addiction can be categorized closer to the impulsive end of the obsessive-compulsive spectrum.