Background and aims:Studies regarding whether compulsive sexual behavior (CSB) shows a persistent or transient longitudinal course have been scarce and generated mixed findings, complicating its conceptualization. A model that includes both trait-like/stable and state-like/occasion-specific factors may clarify the course and nature of CSB. The authors aimed to determine the proportion of variance in CSB scores attributable to trait-like/stable and state-like/occasion-specific factors and examine the strength of autoregressive effects between successive state-like/occasion-specific factors. Methods:Data from young adults (N = 782; women: 39.60% [N = 310]; age at wave 1: M = 27.06 [SD = 4.69]) showing continuous sexual activity from waves 1-4 of the representative Budapest Longitudinal Study were analyzed. CSB was measured with the eight-item Hypersexual Behavior Inventory. Results:Latent growth modeling showed decreases in CSB over waves 1-4 across three years, following a non-linear (quadratic) trajectory (M [SE] = -0.26 [0.08]). A latent state-trait model with one CSB trait-like/stable factor and four state-like/occasion-specific residual factors (capturing time-specific fluctuations) had optimal fit (χ2 [df] = 653.667 [550], p = 0.002; CFI = 0.996; TLI = 0.997; RMSEA [90% CI] = 0.016 [0.011; 0.021]; SRMR = 0.075). High proportions of CSB score variance were attributable to state-like/occasion-specific factors (69-93%), while lower proportions of CSB scores were attributable to the trait-like/stable factor (7-31%). Additionally, positive, moderate-to-strong autoregressive effects were observed between successive state-like/occasion-specific factors, indicating short-term stability and carry-over across assessments (β [SE] = 0.36-0.65 [0.06-0.08]). Discussion and conclusions:Overall, CSB is more likely to be a state-like phenomenon in young adults from the general population. Situational influences may explain the longitudinally fluctuating and transient course of CSB. Significant state-like/occasion-specific effects may have important implications for screening for and diagnosis of CSB disorder.

Background Previous studies have shown significant associations between screen-based device (SBD) use and adverse sleep outcomes among children and adolescents. Although parenting factors may play a protective role, no quantitative studies have specifically examined the association between parental technical mediation and adolescents’ SBD use around sleep. Aims The present study investigated the main and interaction effects of parental technical mediation and parental knowledge on adolescents’ SBD use before sleep and after awakening, separately for school and non-school days. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted among adolescents in Gibraltar (total N = 2472; final eligible sample N = 1743; 51.15% female; mean age = 14.21 years, SD = 1.91), assessing adolescent and family background characteristics, SBD use patterns, sleep-related SBD use, and parental technical mediation and knowledge. Results Structural equation modelling indicated that, on school days, the presence of parental control apps on all devices was weakly (β = .19) associated with a longer interval between stopping SBD use and going to sleep. On school days, a significant interaction also emerged (β = .19) where the presence of parental control apps was associated with a longer delay in post-wake SBD use, but only when parental knowledge was high (B = 0.37, p < .001). No significant main or interaction effects were observed for non-school days. Conclusions The observed modest associations between parental technical mediation and adolescents’ sleep-related SBD use were consistent with prior research on parental mediation strategies. The findings further suggest that the potential effects of parental technical mediation may be context-dependent and operate in interaction with broader family-related factors when addressing adolescent SBD use around sleep.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS:Esports betting (i.e., betting on the outcome of professional competitive videogaming matches) has become a regular feature of most online gambling websites in recent years. The present study compared differences between esports bettors and traditional sports bettors, in addition to exploring factors that predict participation in esports betting. METHODS:Data regarding demographics, impulsivity, psychopathological symptoms, gaming, and gambling among 359 esports bettors (mean age = 37.98 years [SD = 13.64]; 86.9% male) and 326 sports bettors (mean age = 43.79 years [SD = 13.75]; 91.7% male) from the United Kingdom, Hungary, and Canada were collected through surveys via two gambling service providers (Betway and Midnite) and a gaming magazine. RESULTS:Compared to sports bettors, esports bettors were significantly younger, scored higher on gambling risk severity, and had more gaming disorder symptoms. Esports bettors were also more likely than sports bettors to report higher levels of stress, anxiety, and depression symptoms, and impulsivity, as well as be driven by coping, social, and financial motives to engage in betting. In an unadjusted binary regression model, being younger, being driven by coping, social, and financial motives, and reporting elevated levels of impulsivity, depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms were predictors of esports betting. Higher rates of problem gambling severity and gaming disorder symptoms were also predictors of esports betting. CONCLUSIONS:The findings suggest that esports bettors are a distinct betting group, and vulnerable to multiple gaming/gambling-related harms and psychopathological harms.

BACKGROUND:Motives underlying addictions have been widely studied, using validated tools such as the Gambling Motives Questionnaire (GMQ) (Stewart and Zack, 2008). Nevertheless, subsequent studies have suggested the need to extend this model. The present paper aimed to identify potential additional factors, such as escapism, omnipotence, pleasure and financial motives, in addition to the social, enhancement and coping aspects already included. METHODS:A total of 40 motivational items (adding 25 additional items to the original GMQ items) were analysed within two datasets. Sample 1 was a player panel from a gambling service provider (N = 1829; mean age: 42.4 [SD = 13.3]; Females: 30 % [n = 548]), while Sample 2 consisted of a nationally representative sample of the Hungarian population (N = 437; mean age: 42.9 [SD = 13.55]; Females: 49.2 % [N = 215]). RESULTS:Exploratory Factor Analysis on Sample 1 identified four factors (including a total of 27 items): coping/escapism, social motives, enhancement/pleasure, and financial motives. The four-factor structure was confirmed on Sample 2 with confirmatory factor analysis showing adequate model fit (CFI = 0.987; TLI = 0.986; RMSEA[CI] = 0.047 [0.041-0.052]); however, high inter-factor correlations were evident in the general population sample. A shorter, 14-item version of the scale was also suggested. CONCLUSIONS:Although the newly identified motives overlap with the original ones, the content of the factors enables the inclusion of certain aspects, like escapism within the coping factor, that proved to be the most important in relation to other potentially addictive behaviours. This suggests that examining the role of motives in gambling may be crucial in differentiating between problem gambling and recreational gambling.

Research on the impact of pet ownership on well-being has produced mixed results, often influenced by a focus on pet enthusiasts. To address this bias, we conducted a longitudinal study in Hungary using a stratified random sample based on gender, age, education, and settlement type. Unlike previous studies, our participants were not particularly devoted to pets and were not necessarily the primary caretakers, offering a more balanced perspective on how pet acquisition affects well-being. Among the 2783 respondents who participated three times in data collection, 65 acquired a pet, and 75 lost a pet during the COVID-19 pandemic. Pet acquisition initially increased cheerfulness, but this effect was short-lived, lasting only 1-4 months. Over a longer period (up to 6 months), pet acquisition-particularly dog acquisition-was linked to declines in calmness, activity, cheerfulness, and life satisfaction. Importantly, neither mental nor physical well-being was linked to future pet acquisition, and losing a pet had no significant effect on well-being. These findings challenge the widely held belief that pet acquisition leads to lasting improvements in well-being, suggesting instead that the demands of pet care-especially for dogs-can outweigh initial benefits. Moreover, the results underscore the context-dependent nature of the human-animal bond. The stress and uncertainty of a global crisis may alter the typical emotional and psychological benefits of pet ownership.

Háttér és célkitűzések: A munkafüggőség egy olyan viselkedési addikció, amely számos negatív következménnyel jár, s mindez érintheti a testi, pszichés és társas kapcsolati jóllétet. A munkafüggők körében gyakoribb a szerhasználat, emellett kedvezőtlenebb egészség-magatartással és egészségtelenebb életmóddal jellemezhetők. A folyamatos túlterheltség, a magasabb szorongás és negatív affektivitás, és a szerfogyasztással való kapcsolat felveti a munkafüggőség más viselkedési addikciókkal, mint a problémás internet-, mobiltelefon- és közösségimédia-használattal való kapcsolatát. Kutatásunk célja volt ezen függőségek együttjárásának longitudinális vizsgálata. Feltételeztük, hogy a maladaptív kogníciók, mint a rágódás és az aggodalmaskodás mediátor szerepet töltenek be a zavarok kapcsolatában. Módszer: Egy három adatfelvételi hullámból (T1: 2019. március–július, T2: 2020. június–szeptember, T3: 2021. június–november) álló longitudinális vizsgálatot végeztünk budapesti, 18–34 év közötti személyek reprezentatív mintáján (N = 2563). A Bergen Munkafüggőség Skálát, a Problémás Mobiltelefonhasználat Kérdőívet, a Problémás Internethasználat Kérdőívet, a Bergen Közösségi Média Függőség Skálát, a Ruminatív Válaszstílus Kérdőívet és a Penn-State Aggodalmaskodás Kérdőívet alkalmaztuk. Eredmények: A T1 munkafüggőség szignifikáns gyenge negatív kapcsolatban áll a T2 és T3 túlzott mobiltelefon-használattal, azonban pozitív és közepes erősségű kapcsolatot mutat a T2 és T3 problémás internet- és közösségimédia-használattal. Útmodellelemzéseink kimutatták, hogy a T2 rágódás és aggodalmaskodás mediál a T1 munkafüggőség és a T3 problémás internet- és közösségimédia-használat között. Következtetések: Eredményeink hangsúlyozzák, hogy a munkafüggőség komorbiditást mutat más viselkedési függőségekkel, emellett rámutatnak a perszeveratív kogníciók szerepére is. A munkafüggőség megelőzése és kezelése szempontjából érdemes a ruminációt és a rágódást a fókuszba helyezni, és ezek csökkentése jótékony hatással lehet a munkafüggőség és az azzal együtt járó problémás technológiahasználat tüneteinek csökkentésére.

Despite unrealistic body portrayals commonly seen in pornographic materials, only a few studies have examined the association between pornography use frequency (PUF) and body dissatisfaction (BD) over time and most of these studies have been limited in scope (e.g., only focused on women) and included several limitations (e.g., cross-sectional designs). The present study sought to address these gaps by investigating the associations between PUF and BD over a one-year period, while also considering gender-related differences. We used an autoregressive cross-lagged analysis with a multi-group approach among 3,733 young adults (Mage = 23, SDage= 4.74, 48.2

AIM:The paper presents the general methodological background and main methodological results of the 2023 wave of the National Survey on Addiction Problems in Hungary (NSAPH). The ultimate aim of the research was to provide a comprehensive epidemiological overview of addictive problems, including substance use-related behaviours and behavioural addictions) among the adult population in Hungary, complemented by some objectives to develop/refresh the conceptual framework and indicators. The study presents the measurement instruments used in the research, the sampling and data collection strategy employed, and the methodological results related to sample selection and the reliability and validity of the measurement instruments used. METHODS:The survey was conducted on a nationally representative sample of 2200 gross, 1800 net population aged 18-64, using a mixed survey technique combining face-to-face interviewing with self-completion elements. The theoretical margin of error at the 95% confidence level is ±2.3%. Sample outliers were corrected by matrix weighting by stratum category. The data collection battery used in the survey covered substance use behaviours (smoking, alcohol and other psychoactive substance use), different behavioural addictions (problematic internet use, gaming disorder, problem social media use, problematic mobile phone use, gambling disorder, exercise addiction, eating disorders, work addiction, compulsive buying-shopping behaviour) and included instruments to map socio-demographic and psychological background. The reliability and validity of the data obtained along the target variables were analysed by means of indicators calculated on the basis of the correlations between the answers to the different logically related questions in the questionnaire, the proportion of missing and invalid answers, the proportion of consumption responses to a so-called dummy drug, and by examining the internal consistency of the standard scales used. RESULTS:Based on the proportion of consistent users in relation to the lifetime prevalence value, it can be concluded that for the majority of the substances tested, the lifetime prevalence values contain a higher proportion of consistent data. Compared to sociodemographic questions, which can be considered neutral, the proportion of missing and invalid responses for the addictive behaviours studied can be considered relatively high, but good compared to other sensitive questions. The degree of overestimation is negligible. CONCLUSIONS:Ove-rall, the methodological results of the OLAAP 2023 survey suggest that valid and reliable conclusions can be drawn from the survey data with regard to the current characteristics and patterns of the addictive behaviours under investigation. The trends in out-of-sample errors in substance use behaviour indicate that, in addition to the increased attention that is still needed, the careful interpretation of results and the use of estimation procedures developed over the years and continued in this research, we can rely somewhat greater confidence than before on results obtained using standard measurement instruments when analysing changes.

Previous studies have established a positive link between pornography use and body dissatisfaction (BD). Nevertheless, previous empirical studies have yielded inconsistent associations between pornography use and BD when taking into account different forms of pornography use (e.g., pornography use frequency or problematic pornography use) or potential gender differences. Given that problematic pornography use (PPU, out-of-control use with negative consequences) differs from general pornography use, the associations between PPU and BD warrant further examination using a longitudinal design and large sample, which the current literature lacks. Given these limitations, this study examined the associations between PPU and BD cross-sectionally and longitudinally in a sample of Hungarian young adults. Among a sample of 2801 adults (Mage = 28 years, SD = 4.75, 47.69 % men and 52.30 % women), we performed an autoregressive cross-lagged analysis with a multi-group approach. According to the findings, greater levels of PPU were cross-sectionally associated with higher BD among men and women. Longitudinally, we observed bidirectional positive associations between PPU and BD over time among men and women as well. Based on the present findings, clinicians should implement systematic screening procedures for BD symptoms among individuals exhibiting signs of PPU. Similarly, individuals presenting with BD should be assessed for PPU. This dual-screening approach will enable timely intervention and the development of comprehensive treatment plans.

A drogfogyasztással kapcsolatos magyarországi kutatási és kommunikációs embargó feloldása óta eltelt négy évtizedben sajátos, egyfajta „vargabetűvel” leírható utat járt be az addiktológia szakma, a drogjelenség politikai/szakpolitikai megközelítése és a hozzá kapcsolódó intézményrendszer éppúgy, mint a drogfogyasztók társadalmi megítélése. A kezdeti útkeresést követően a szakterület kibontakozásának másfél-két évtizeden keresztül tartó időszakát szinte minden területen a fokozatos „leépülés, az „erózió kora” követte. Hasonló ciklikusság a drogfogyasztókkal kapcsolatos lakossági vélekedésekben is nyomon követhető volt: a drogfogyasztók társadalmi kirekesztettségének 2001–2007 közötti csökkenése 2015-re megfordult, a legutóbbi, 2023-ban készült lakossági vizsgálat szerint pedig minden idők legmagasabb stigmatizációját élhették meg a drogfogyasztók. Jelen tanulmány ebben a változó társadalmi kontextusban vizsgálja a drogjelenség médiareprezentációjának alakulását. A kutatás során a 2022. évi 10 legolvasottabb hazai internetes portálon megjelent drog tematikájú írások reprezentatív (N=238) mintáján kvantitatív tartalomelemzést végeztünk, majd a kapott eredményeket időbeni kontextusba helyeztük. Az eredmények azt mutatják, hogy a korábbi sajtóelemzésekben megjelenő kedvezőbb irányú tendenciák után 2022-re újra a sematikus, szenzációhajhász, elítélő, jellemzően nem szakmai, differenciálatlan tálalásmód jelenik meg. A drogjelenség politikai-, társadalmi- és médiareprezentációjának szinkronitása felveti a drogfogyasztással kapcsolatos médiaközlésekre vonatkozó ajánlási rendszer kidolgozásának szükségességét.

Transdiagnostic approaches are considered essential for assessing psychopathology, as they cut across a wide range of mental disorders. These features significantly contribute to the development and maintenance of mental health issues, with rumination being an important transdiagnostic construct. Although previous studies have demonstrated a positive link between problematic online behaviors and rumination, no study has examined the association between problematic pornography use (PPU) and rumination. Hence, we aimed to examine the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between PPU and two types of rumination (i.e. brooding and reflection) in a sample of Hungarian young adults over a one year period. In the present study, we performed an autoregressive cross-lagged analysis with a multigroup approach among 2,786 adults (Mage = 28.00, SD = 4.75; 1,327 men and 1,459 women). Cross-sectionally, a positive and weak association was observed between PPU and both components of rumination (i.e. brooding and reflection) among men and women. Longitudinally, the association between PPU and brooding was bidirectional. Higher T1 PPU was associated with higher T2 brooding and reflection among both men and women. Among women, higher T1 brooding was associated with higher T2 PPU, whereas among men, higher T1 reflective rumination was associated with lower T2 PPU. Our findings emphasize the significant role of PPU in contributing to both components of rumination in both men and women. However, longitudinal associations suggest differential gender effects, with reflective rumination serving as a protective factor for men, potentially contributing to self-regulation, whereas brooding exacerbates PPU over time for women.

The risk for non-medical use and dependence on benzodiazepines (BZDs) is high. However, there is no available validated psychometric instrument that assesses the motives for BZD use. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to develop a scale identifying the motives for BZD use, examine the factor structure, and corroborate the construct validity of the scale. Items for the scale were generated from previous data collection and from the empirical literature. Consequently, 82 motives were tested among a large community (N = 1424) and a clinical sample (N = 113). Medical and non-medical BZD use, other substance use, and several psychological constructs were assessed in both samples. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), as well as bivariate correlations and regression analyses, were performed. The EFA model included 48 items with four factors: "personal and interpersonal benefits", "substance use regulation", "coping", and "sleep facilitation". The four-factor CFA model demonstrated adequate levels of model fit. Members of the clinical sample had significantly higher rates of all four motives. The construct validity of the Motives for Benzodiazepine Use Questionnaire (MBUQ-48) was supported by positive correlations between the motivational factors and psychological constructs, different outcomes of BZD use, and other substance use. Coping motives had positive association with various outcomes of BZD use. Based on the results, the MBUQ-48 is a reliable and valid scale for assessing motives for BZD use. Exploring the motivations underlying BZD use can help clinicians in the recognition of the risk of BZD use disorder and in increasing the efficacy of therapeutic processes.

Albeit a positive association between pornography use frequency (PUF) and body dissatisfaction has been identified, studies examining the link between PUF and disordered eating behavior (DEB) have been highly limited in scope (e.g., only focused on men) and have several limitations (e.g., lack of a longitudinal study design and small sample size). The present study aimed to address one of these gaps by examining the longitudinal associations between PUF and DEB, while considering the mediating role of body dissatisfaction over a 1-year period in a sample of young adults. We performed an autoregressive cross-lagged analysis with a multi-group approach among 3764 adults (Mage = 23.00, SD age = 4.74, 48.24% men and 51.75% women). Our findings showed that higher levels of PUF were cross-sectionally associated with higher levels of DEB among men and women at T1. However, at T2, higher levels of PUF were associated with lower levels of DEB among men and women. Longitudinally, baseline PUF was positively associated with DEB among men and women. However, the reverse association was not observed. Furthermore, the results indicated that body dissatisfaction partially mediated the associations of PUF at baseline (T1) with DEB at the 1-year follow-up (T2) both for men (bindirect = .047, 95% CI [.012, .078], p = .011) and women (bindirect = .033, 95% CI [.001, .059], p = .044). Body dissatisfaction seems to play a significant mediating role in the relationship between PUF and DEB. Clinicians treating clients with DEB may consider PUF as a potential contributing factor to the development of eating disturbances via body dissatisfaction.

Background and aims: Conflicting findings have been reported for the longitudinal course of behavioral addictions, especially for social media addiction (SMA) and work addiction (WA). Therefore, evaluating whether these constructs are more trait-like or state-like might be informative. The aim of the present study was to examine the proportion of variance of SMA and WA symptoms (as defined by the components model of addiction) explained by trait and occasion-specific factors in addition to exploring cross-lagged relationships between SMA and WA. Methods: Young adults from a representative sample who continuously used social media and worked at least 40 hours a week during the first three waves of the Budapest Longitudinal Study were included (N = 1,551; Females: 50.6%; Age: M = 27.7 years [SD = 4.40]). The Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale and the Bergen Work Addiction Scale were administered in all three waves. Results: A latent state-trait model with a general trait factor was considered for both SMA and WA. Symptomatic variability in SMA was explained approximately equally by trait and state-like factors, while WA-related symptom variability was mostly attributed to state-like factors. SMA negatively predicted WA over time, while WA showed a positive cross-lagged effect on SMA. Discussion and Conclusions: While the symptoms of WA were more state-like, the trait-like effects were stronger in SMA. Situational influences and previous symptom severities might have to be considered in the screening process.

Background and objectives: Work addiction (WA), characterized by dimensions such as overcommitment, difficulties in detachment from work, and work-life imbalance, is presumed to be associated with increased smartphone usage, even during risky activities like driving. The study investigated the connection between WA and future problematic and hazardous smartphone use, considering personality factors: anxiety, rumination, and worry. Methods: A three-wave longitudinal study (N 5 1,866) was conducted from March to July 2019, June to September 2020, and June to November 2021, involving a representative sample of 18-34-year-old residents in Hungary's capital. The study employed Hungarian versions of the Bergen Work Addiction Scale, Problematic Mobile Phone Use Questionnaire, Ruminative Response Scale, Anxiety subscale of the Brief Symptom Inventory 18, and Penn-State Worry Questionnaire. Additionally, author-developed questions on mobile phone use while driving were included. Results: At baseline, those at risk for WA showed more frequent mobile phone use while driving at both time points 2 and 3 compared to the non-risk group. Path analyses revealed rumination, anxiety at time 1, and worry at time 2 as significant mediators between baseline WA and mobile phone use while driving at time 3. However, when analyzing all three mediators together, only anxiety at time 1 and worry at time 2 remained significant. Discussion and conclusion: This study demonstrates that WA predicts future mobile phone use while driving through mediation by anxiety and worry. Our findings add to the growing evidence highlighting the detrimental aspects of WA, emphasizing the need for improved prevention and treatment strategies.