Today urinary tract infection causing Escherichia coli is also serious problem among pregnant women especially during pandemic period. So the mid stream urine samples were collected from different clinics and Public Health Centre in from rural area of Salem city. Totally 25 E. coli was isolated from 25 mid stream urine samples and confirmed by biochemical test and growth parameters. In this study the optimum growth was recorded in pH 7 at 37ᵒC. To date the patterns of resistance to the antimicrobial agents may be due to indiscriminate, wide spread and lengthy use of antibiotics in the treatment of UTI particularly in pandemic situation 2022. So, the present research targeted to extract the therapeutic drug from the high medicinal value of ethano medicinal plant extract because it having anti-UTI compound to diagnose the UTI infection. In this research the antibacterial activity of Terminalia chebula, Allium sativum, Laurus nobilis, Hybamthus enneapermus, Cinnamomum tamala and Zingiber officinale was studied by agar well diffusion method. Four different concentrations (25μl, 50μl, 75μl and 100μl) were used against Escherichia coli. The maximum zone of inhibition were observed in plant extracts Terminalia chebula 11mm, 13mm, 16mm and 20mm in strain no. EC05 followed by minimum zone of inhibition was observed in the plant extract Hybamthus enneapermus 10mm in strain no. EC05 at 100μl concentration of crude plant extracts. The research proved the ethano medicinal plant extract to cleave the pathogenic cell wall of E. coli. Keywords: E. coli, Urinary tract infection, Pregnancy Women, Medicinal Plant Extracts

Dental illness is a foremost health problem upsetting childhood, and this action severely causes sickness which is caused by emerging pathogen Lactobacillusacidophilus.So plaque samples were collected from diverse dental clinics around Tirupur Dt.In this study, 20 MDR isolates were isolated and identified by biochemical analysis.Additionally, the decay pathogen Lactobacillus acidophilus was assayed against Levofloxacin, Moxifloxacin, Clindamycin, Vancomycin, Ampicillin, Chloramphenicol, Tetracycline and Novobiocin.Among these strains 0%, 0%, 26%, 34%, 22%, 2%, 16%, 16% and 6% were found to exhibit resistance to four groups of antibiotics.Currently, the extension of resistance to contemporary antimicrobials has demand to search for innovative anti-therapeutic agent.Moreover, several studies mostly deal with marine sponge to explore the therapeutic drug and this potential role in the manufacture of metabolites is becoming a driving area for exploring a rich source of novel compounds that are of prospective interest to mankind for diagnosis of tooth decay.Different concentration of sponge 50μg, 100μg, and 150μg were prepared with DMSO, and well diffusion assay was used.The result indicated that the maximum and minimum inhibition of 22 mm and 16 mm was observed against the isolate LAVG07 and LAVG08.This research proved that the marine sponge extract shows the prominent antimicrobial activity against decay causing organism and it may be broadcast to be a successful approach to come to blow promising multi challenging clinical drugs in the future.

Today, childhood caries is main health related disease it affects many schooling children in many countries especially developed by lactic acid bacteria. So in this present the isolating the 50 lactic acid bacteria from different decay affected children’s in Fen Dental Clinic, Tirupur Dt. The emerging bacteria LAB confirmed by phenotype and genotype characterization. After, the pathogen screened for the production of biofilm for to check the resistant mechanism of the Lactobacillus acidophilus. In this study the MTLA1-50 isolates produced strong biofilm were confirmed for the Lactobacillus acidophilus carrying resistant capability. In particularly, the maximum strong biofilm producing strains MTLA32 and MTLA50 followed by other isolates. Due to pre-dominant resistant activity immediately need innovative drug to eliminate biofilm. Currently star fish extract play a vital role in eliminating the bacterial biofilm for this motive in this study chosen the star fish extract in the concentration of 50, 100, 150µl was performed and executed by well diffusion techniques. The results showed the strain No. MTLA32 and MTLA 50 got the maximum zone of inhibition at 150µl (52mm and 38mm) of extract. Hence this research paper proved the star fish extract has a powerful anti-therapeutic medicine mechanism to treat the dental pathogen. Keywords: Star Fish Extract, Dental Caries, Biofilm Production.

At presently availability of resistance pathogen to numerous drugs is a common feature of hospital-acquired Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains. So, the present study collect the 80 blood sample from blood cancer patient in Revathi Medical Hospital, Tirupur City for isolating the PA strain from blood sample and confirmed the bacterial strain using standard test method followed by drug susceptibility test for identification of resistant’s. In this study the maximum resistant was recorded in antibiotics Vancomycin 99% and maximum sensitive was observed in antibiotic Levofloxacin 99%. The blood stream infection causing PA plasmid extracted in 19 carcinogenic isolates which was showed more than 50% resistance selected for plasmid isolation. Due to the ability of resistant mechanism present in BSI pathogen the identification of new resources for novel antibiotics used urgently need to carry out a specific task to deal the blood stream infection. Moreover the enzyme especially the amylase have been isolated and purified from marine sea cucumber associated microorganism and the antimicrobial assay was done by using well techniques. The maximum zone of inhibition at 50, 100 and 150µl (, 25mm, 26mm and 16mm, 22mm, 23mm) of amylase extract was observed in the PAVG43,60 isolates. So hence this motto of this research proved the sea cucumber associated extracted amylase enzyme play a major role in the diagnosis of blood stream infection in cancer patients. Keywords: Blood Stream Infection, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Sea Cucumber, Amylase

Primary childhood caries constitute a burden for the dental profession and public health administrators, as many authors report that the situation in primary dentition has not improved over the last decades, impacting children's quality of life and future oral health. Biological as well as socio economic factors are related to the development of dental caries, and are both relevant in understanding the disease process and is the main reason the rural preschool children's are admitted to hospitals. The early stages of invasion infection caused by Lactobacillus acidophilus also play major role in this process. This study was carried out to access the invitro antibacterial potential of the different tooth paste and tooth powders available in local market against the isolated oral micro flora Lactobacillus acidophilus from hundred different samples (including tooth scraping and swabs) collected from various dental clinics and from rural preschool children with different age group ranging from 5-17yrs. A total of hundred isolates were selected and screened for their ability to produce antimicrobial substance. The antimicrobial activity of eleven different tooth pastes such as Pepsodent, Colgate advance, Meswak, Vicco, S. V Namboodiri, K. P. Namboodiri's, Babool, Dabur Red, Close up, Himalaya herbal complete care and Cheerio gel and four different tooth powders namely Herbal JM, Gopal, Pyorea and Injection were evaluated on cariogenic lactic acid bacteria. The antimicrobial properties of tooth paste were tested with cariogenic biofi lm producing microbial strain Lactobacillus acidophilus using well diffusion method. Each tooth paste was tested at different concentrations (2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10% and 12%). This investigation showed that all dentifrices selected for the study were effective against the entire test organisms but to varying degrees. Pepsodent - Germi Check tooth paste gave a reading of 45 mm at 10% concentration of tooth paste as the zone of inhibition which was highest amongst all of the test dentifrices followed by Colgate advance dentifrice recorded a larger maximum zone of inhibition, measuring 40 mm compared to other tooth pastes. All other dentifrices showed the zone of inhibition to be between 20 mm to 37.5 mm in 10% concentration of tooth paste respectively. The data obtained from the complete investigation showed that tooth paste formulations have more effective active ingredients to control the oral micro fl ora whereas, herbal based products are equally effective as the other formulations but are not superior to them, whereas the tooth powder formulations were 100% less effective in controlling the oral flora.

Periodically, marine bacteria are producer of secondary metabolites in the harsh ocean. In this present study, a marine bacterium was isolated from marine cone snail in the Gulf of Mannar. The potential isolates was tested for various biochemical test and 16Sr RNA gene sequencing, which leads to their identification as Bacillus megaterium producing antibiotic compound for treating human diseases. Further, the selected isolates were cultured, purified and screened for antimicrobial activity against a battery of decay causing cariogenic pathogen Lactobacillus acidophilus. This pathogen were identified and analysed by Pg and Research Department of Zoology, Division of Microbial Technology, Chikkanna Govt. Arts College, Tirupur, collected from Fenn Dental Clinic in Tirupur District. Among these, 16 isolates exhibited strong bactericidal properties against tested pathogen Lactobacillus acidophilus. One promising strain, designated as MTBMVG07, with strong antimicrobial activity against cariogenic pathogen.

Dental caries is an infectious, communicable disease that acid-forming bacteria of dental plaque can destroy tooth structure in the presence of fermentable carbohydrates such as sucrose, fructose, and glucose. It continuous to be a major problem in dentistry affecting the mankind even today. In this present investigation EPS producing cariogenic Lactobacillus acidophilus were isolated from various dental clinics were analyzed and characterized by phenotypic and 16SrDNA gene sequence for the production of exopolysaccharides. Further, the optimal conditions of temperature (30°C 45°C) were determined. Lactobacillus acidophilus were identified and screened on the basis of the molecular weight of its plasmid DNA (100 kb). The EPS production by Lactobacillus acidophilus was confirmed by thin layer chromatography (TLC) analysis. Optimization of culture condition for mass EPS yield was studied. When the strains were grown in 10% (W/V) reconstituted with skim milk under different culture conditions. The result showed that culturing of Lactobacillus acidophilus strain LACVG02, LACVG06, LACVG17, LACVG36, LACVG38, LACVG75, LACVG85 and LACVG92 at temperature (37°C) and pH (6.5) optimal for growth was also favourable for EPS production. Supplementation in 10% (w/v) skim milk with different concentration (1%,2%,3%,4% and 5%) of carbon sources (glucose, sucrose, maltose, dextrose and fructose) increased EPS production; glucose being more effective than other sugars. Supplementation with different concentration of nitrogen sources (Peptone, Beef, Yeast, Urease, Gelatin, Ammonium Ferric Citrate, Ammonium Molyptate, and Ammonium per Sulphate, Ammonium Acetate) at 1% 5% (w/v) resulted in about two-fold increase in EPS production. The potentiality of Lactobacillus acidophilus in EPS production was assessed. EPS production by Lactobacillus acidophilus is partially growth associated. A maximum of 1.99 gm of EPS/ml was synthesized by LACVG06 in the skim milk medium supplemented with 5% (w/v) glucose and 5% (w/v) of different nitrogen sources increased in EPS production; ammonium acetate being more effective than other nitrogen sources by LACVG06 in skim milk production medium produce a maximum of 1.98 gm of EPS ∕ ml was synthesized at 37°C and at initial pH 6.5.

Ninety two clinical wound samples were collected, among, 50 positive Staphylococcus aureus were isolated.These isolates were characterized morphologically and biochemically.Twenty three antibiotics were used to determine susceptibility patterns by disc diffusion method.The multiple antibiotic resistances (MAR) index were calculated according to the MAR index formula ranged from 0.21 to 0.78.All the 50 isolates of MRSA were showed MAR index in between these ranges.Among these MAR index the pathogenic isolates (100%) were resistant of Penicillin, while trimethoprim showed resistance (86%), cephoxitin (80%), kanamycin (78%), vancomycin and cepfodoxamine (72%), moxalactam and quinupristin (70%), cotrimoxazole (66%), methicillin (64%), novobiocin (62%) and erythromycin (56%) and there was no resistance found to chloramphenicol, and rifampicin.More than 65% resistance MRSA isolates were selected for plasmid isolation.Natural products are boundless source for important novel compounds having antagonistic activity against pathogenic organisms.Marine environment covers almost 70% of the earth surfaces.Organisms present in these environments are extremely rich sources of bioactive compounds.The ocean remains as an unexploited source of many drugs and pharmacologically active substances.Microbial enzymes have many advantages over the animal and plant enzyme, fi rstly; they are economical and can be produced on large scale within the limited space and time.Secondly, they are capable of producing a wide variety of enzymes; they can grow a wide range of environmental condition.Enzymes have many roles in the pharmaceutical and diagnostic industries.The bacteria Bacillus spp. was isolated from the mangrove sediment, for the lipase production.These enzymes may inhibit the growth of MRSA.Recently with the advent of biotechnology, there has been a growing interest and demand for enzymes with the novel properties.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is frequent pathogen associated with hospital acquired infections exhibiting intrinsic resistance to numerous antibiotics. A total of 80 isolates of Pseudomonas spp. were isolated from blood cancer patient from three tertiary hospitals in and around Tirupur and Erode (Dt). Metallo beta-lactamase and biofilm production is the most worrisome resistant mechanisms observed in P. aeruginosa. Emergence of antimicrobial resistance by pathogenic bacteria is a major health problem in recent years. The biofilm and Metallo beta-lactamase production was tested by combined disc test and tissue culture plate method. Electrophoretic analysis of the plasmid DNA prepared was carried out by agarose gel electrophoresis on 0.7%. Nineteen carcinogenic isolates which was showed more than 50% resistance against tested antibiotics were selected for plasmid isolation. Recurrently, ZrO2 nanoparticles comprises of well-known inhibitory and bactericidal effects. The nanoparticles were obtained and tested against 10 Metallo beta-lactamase and biofilm producing carcinogenic isolates. The nanoparticles showed appreciable activity at all tested concentrations (0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 mg/ml). Thus, it is concluded that the present study designed to determine the efficacy of ZrO2 may serve as a promising antibacterial agent against cancer causing Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Recurrently typhoid fever, caused by Salmonella typhi, remains a significant cause of mortality and morbidity in many regions of the world. So predominant pathogen S. typhi is one of the major causes of food and water borne gastroenteritis in human and remains an important health problem. So fecal samples were collected from the poultry retail shop in tirupur city. Totally 50 multidrug resistant Salmonella spp were isolated from 75 fecal samples and confirmed by using routine laboratory techniques. Later, the antimicrobial pattern of this isolates were studied by using 11 antibiotic discs which include Amikacin (10mcg), Co-trimoxazole (25mcg), Ciprofloxacin (30mcg), Tetracycline (30mcg), Cephalothin (30mcg), Ceftriaxone (30mcg), Entrofloxacin (10mcg), Gentamicin (10mcg), Ampicillin (10mcg), Trimethoprim (10mcg), Cefoxitin (30mcg). Among these strains (12%), (62%), (28%), (80%), (12%), (4%), (6%), (26%), (36%), (100%), and (8%) were found to be exhibit a significance degree of resistance to different groups of antibiotics. Further, plasmid profile were performed for the five multidrug resistance isolates and observed the molecular weight was 1500bp and 700bp respectively. Recurrently, the metal oxide nanoparticles are currently the most promising tools applied as antimicrobial agents for diagnosis of diseases. Nanoparticle Zirconium oxide was used to against Salmonella spp. Different concentration of Zirconium oxide 50 mu l, 100 mu l and 150 mu l were used against Salmonella spp. Among the three concentration of nanoparticle, maximum zone of inhibition 16mm was observed against the isolate CH36 at 150 mu l concentration of nanoparticle. Minimum zone of inhibition 13mm was observed against the isolate CH37. So hence the present study Zirconium oxide was used and it shows prominent antibacterial activity against typhoid causing organism.

Fluoride, the pivot of preventive dentistry, continuous to be the corner stone of caries prevention programmes. The success of fluoride in caries prevention of smooth surfaces has made dental caries primarily a disease of pits and fissures of teeth. Caries infection caused by predominant organism Lactobacillus spp. also a most common pathogen in ECC life, is also serious problem among caries patients. The decay samples were collected from different dental clinics from rural area of Tirupur city, from caries patient. A total of 22 multidrug resistant cariogenic strains were isolated from 50 decay samples and were analyzed and characterized. Further, the optimal conditions of pH (2 - 8) and temperature (30 degrees C to 45 degrees C) were determined. The potentially of Lactobacillus spp. in lactic acid production was assessed. Lactic acid production by Lactobacillus spp. is partially growth associated and about 9.008 mg of lactic acid/ml was synthesized in the oral cavity of childhood caries. Later, the antimicrobial susceptibilities of this isolates was assessed against 10 commonly used antibiotics, which inhibitory of cell wall synthesis (Amoxicillin, Cloxacillin and Vancomycin), inhibitory of protein synthesis (Azithromycin, Clarithromycin and Roxithromycin), inhibitory of nucleic acid synthesis (Ciprofloxacin and Rifampicin) and inhibitory of folate metabolism (Sulfamethizole and Trimethoprim). Among these strains 8%, 98%, 40%, 18%, 14%, 18%, 10%, 2%, 40% and 68% were found to be exhibit a significance degree of resistance to four groups of antibiotics. Further, plasmid profile were performed for the seven multi drug resistance isolates and observed the molecular weight was 1500bp, 100bp, 300bp and 100 bp respectively. NaF is currently most promising tools applied as antimicrobial agents for diagnosis the dental disease. The NaF was performed by using well diffusion assay. Different concentrations of sodium fluoride (0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75% and 1%) were used against multidrug resistance cariogenic isolates. In this present investigation NaF was used and it shows prominent resistant activity against decay causing organism. Moreover, most antimicrobial agents that are currently in use have been rendered in effective by a wide occurrence of multi drug resistant strains of microbes.

Pseudomonas spp.has become increasingly recognized as an emerging opportunistic pathogen.A total of 80 isolates of Pseudomonas spp.were isolated from blood cancer patient from three tertiary hospitals in and around Tirupur and Erode (Dts).The pathogenic strains were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing by disk diffusion method.Ten different antibiotic discs were used to determine the drug resistance pattern of the isolates.The antibiotic resistant pattern showed that Pseudomonas spp.had high resistant against Imipenem (65%), Co-Trimoxazole (55%), Kanamycin (55%), Amikacin (55%), Erythromycin (55%), Carbenicillin (55%), Piperacillin (55%), Tetracycline (55%), Levofl oxacin (50%), and Vancomycin (50%), respectively.The isolates were treated with different metals: Copper, Lead and Zinc with different concentrations (0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8 mg/ml).Electrophoretic analysis of the Plasmid DNA prepared was carried out on a 0.8% agarose gel electrophoresis.Plasmid profi le was carried out for 22 MDR isolates.Four strains (PA 41, PA 43 and PA 44) were showed two fragments (10,000 bp).Whereas the isolate (PA 47) showed single plasmid fragment (6,000 bp).

Dental caries is a well known major oral health problem in most countries.The multifactorial etiology of the disease includes multiple bacterial species, S. mutans is the main pathogen associated with the disease.Streptococcus mutans is recognized as the main pathogen of dental caries in human beings.One of the important virulence properties of S. mutans is their ability to form biofi lms on tooth surfaces which make them a primary an etiological agent in dental caries.This bacterium allows the colonization of other microorganisms resulting in dental plaque.Recently multi drug resistant species of S. mutans were identifi ed from the dental caries patients against many commercial antibiotics.Several therapeutic agents are available to treat or prevent tooth decay, but none of them showed complete sensitivity and have signifi cantly infl uenced the disease's global burden.Totally, fi fty extracted tooth samples with chronic dental caries were selected for this study.The effectivity of caries was determined by the caries susceptibility test.S. mutans, the predominant cariogens were isolated from dental caries patients.Ten antibiotics (Penicillin-G, Ampicillin, Cefaclor, Tetracycline, Erythromycin, Chloramphenicol, Ciprofl oxacin, Amoxicillin, Vancomycin and Kanamycin) were used for antibiotic susceptibility test, among Ampicillin showed 70% resistant proved against to the strains of S.mutans.The plasmid of the isolates has specifi c antibiotic resistance against antibiotics like ampicillin and it has cell wall breaking capacity.R-plasmid (Resistant plasmid) was obtained from Ampicillin resistant strains of S. mutans from extracted tooth samples of dental caries disease.The molecular weight of the isolates were (KK2, 3 and KK4, 5) 800bp and 700bp respectively.

The study was carried out for the antibacterial activity of metalloenzyme against Mutans streptococci. The epiphytic bacteria isolated from macroalgae by using traditional culture method were collected from west coast. Fifty epibiotic bacteria were isolated from the macroalgae. The metalloenzyme of the Bacillus spp was isolated and purified. The purified enzyme was tested against Mutans streptococci for their antimicrobial activity. Totally 50 isolates of Mutans streptococci were used for antimicrobial assay. 50 mu g, 100 mu g and 150 mu g of enzyme concentration were tested, among that 100 mu g of enzyme showed higher activity against mutans streptococci. Based on this study, it is concluded that metalloenzyme would serve as a potential antibacterial agent against Mutans streptococci.