Mobile phones are indispensable in daily life due to their convenience, communication capabilities and access to various services and information. However, they are often handled but seldom cleaned and can thus serve as sources of pathogenic microorganisms. In hospital as well as in community environments, they can serve as fomites for transmitting antibiotic-resistant bacteria such as Staphyloc’occus aureus, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The rapid rise of antimicrobial resistance is also making it important to determine mobile devices as potential sites of infection, especially in community-acquired infections. The prevalence, antimicrobial resistance profiles and virulence determinants of Staphylococcus aureus from the mobile phones of users based on their professions in Ile-Ife, Nigeria was determined in this study. This research was conducted at the Department of Medical Microbiology, Obafemi Awolowo University (OAU), Ile-Ife, Nigeria. One-hundred (100) samples were collected aseptically with the use of sterile cotton swab sticks moistened with sterile saline by swabbing the surfaces of the keypad, mouthpiece and earpiece of mobile phones of different users based on their profession, including cleaners, abattoir workers, lecturers, students, nurses, food sellers, and marketers. The swabs were transported immediately to the laboratory for bacteriological analysis. The swabs were streaked onto mannitol salt agar (MSA) plates and incubated aerobically at 37 °C for 24–48hours. Colonies showing a characteristics golden yellow pigmentation on (MSA) were picked and streaked on fresh MSA plates and incubated at 37 °C for 24hours to obtain pure colonies which were presumptively identified as Staphylococcus aureus. Preliminary characterization of isolates were carried out using Gram staining and biochemical studies such as catalase, tube coagulase, nitrate reduction and DNase. Antibiotic susceptibility of isolates was determined on Mueller-Hinton agar plate by disk diffusion method. Twenty-eight (28) multiple antibiotic resistant isolates were randomly selected and profiled for plasmid analysis using the modified alkaline lysis (MAL) method. All the thirty-six (36) Staphylococcus aureus isolates recovered from the mobile phone of the investigated users were resistant to amoxicillin and augmentin. Also, 55.6%, 44.4% and 41.7% of the strains were resistant to cefriazone, erythromycin and chloramphenicol, respectively. The prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was 11.1% based on oxacillin resistance. For plasmid analysis, just one S. aureus was found to be positive. Four (4) of the 16 putative phenotypic MRSA strains had the mecA gene genetically confirmed, all 28 of the isolates under investigation had the nuc gene genetically validated, however none of the strains under investigation had the pvl gene. Several antibiotic-resistant strains of S. aureus, which cause significant human infections and may be challenging to treat with antibiotics, were found on mobile devices. The detection of multidrug-resistant S. aureus (including MRSA) on personal mobile phones of various users represents a major public health threat. These results suggest that mobile phones can act as reservoirs and vectors of antibiotic resistant bacteria in the community and healthcare settings. The detection of resistance genes such as mecA, even in few isolates, would justify the necessity for continuous surveillance and molecular control. Common hand washing, regular wiping of mobile devices and compliance with infection control measures are essential to reduce transmission. The low frequency of plasmid-mediated resistance indicates chromosomal encoding, therefore minimum exchange of genetic material horizontally occurs but challenges of treatment for the longer term exist. Rigorous sensitization programs to enlighten the populace about mobile phone hygiene, especially health-care workers, food handlers, and students, are imperatively suggested. The addition of mobile device sanitation to existing infection control measures such as effective hand hygiene and care bundles would be a major benefit to reducing the threat of contamination and the battle against community antimicrobial resistance.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common infections worldwide with an estimated annual incidence of more than 150 million cases worldwide. The effectiveness of antibiotics in the treatment of UTI cannot be denied. However, resistance has been reported over the years and also some adverse side effects such as damage in intestinal micro floral. Multi-drug resistance bacteria associated with UTI have long been a problem in hospitals and other healthcare facilities where patients are routinely exposed to bacterial pathogens and antibiotics. The purpose of this study was to determine the organic compounds extracted from the leaves of Alpinia oxyphylla antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli, Klebsiella aerogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris isolated from patients. A total of forty one (n = 41) urine sample of patients was collected from Federal Teaching Hospital, Ido-Ekiti, Nigeria. Consent was gotten from patients suspected of UTIs before collection of blood samples. Patients were orally taught on how to provide an adequate midstream urine sample and clean-catch midstream urine was collected from them. The samples were collected in clean sample bottles and refrigerated at 4 °C. Cystine Lactose Electrolyte Deficient (CLED) agar were used for urinary culture. A loopful of the sample was streaked on the agar plates and incubated in ambient air at 35 ± 2 °C for 18 to 24hours. Plates with colony counts of ≥ 105 CFU/mL were considered significant and reported as positive for UTI. Then the colonies were sub-cultured on Mac-Conkey agar and 5% sheep blood agar, it were further identified using Gram staining and biochemical tests; catalase, indole, citrate and oxidase. Antibiotics susceptibility testing (AST) was conducted with commercially prepared antibiotic disks while antibiogram was performed for all isolates using the disk diffusion method and the results were interpreted using the criteria of the Clinical Laboratory Standard Interpretation (CLSI). The results shows that the bacteria were highly resistant to the commonly prescribed antibiotics. Analysis shows that 13(76.47%) of the E.coli showed multi-drug resistance (MDR), however 10(76.92%) and 9(69.23%) of the MDR E.coli were highly susceptible to nootkatone and chrysin respectively at the concentration of 30µg. 100% of Klebsiella aerogenes shows multi-drug resistance meanwhile they showed the highest susceptibility to chrysin and nootkatone with values 5(71.43%) and 4(57.14%) respectively. 4(66.67%) of S. aureus showed MDR, however 4(66.67%) of them were also susceptible to chrysin and nootkatone while 5(83.33%) of P. vulgaris showed MDR and 100% susceptibility to nootkatone and chrysin at 30µg concentration. Nootkatone and chrysin shows a high susceptibility to the MDR bacteria isolated from patients with UTI. The results shows that Alpinia oxyphylla leaves are a potential alternative therapeutic source for the treatment of antibiotic-resistant urinary tract infections while the leaves contain several organic compounds especially nootkatone and chrysin which are highly effective against multi-drug resistance bacteria isolated from patients with UTI. This can be potential sources to combat the increasing menace of MDR bacteria associated with UTI.

Recent rising population has been matched by a corresponding increase in pharmaceutical companies and products worldwide. Pharmaceutical effluents are causing unprecedented environmental pollution, risking ecosystem health and public safety. The discharge of treated or untreated wastewater is drawing attention from scientific and political communities due to its implications for climate change. Hence, a global effort is needed to enhance understanding of the impacts of pharmaceutical wastewater on soil, animals, human health, food security, biodiversity, and ecosystems. This has inspired studies on eco-friendly biotechnological and bioremediation strategies using microorganisms to address pollution challenges. Therefore, this review aims to explore the trend, consequences, and microbial roles in pharmaceutical wastewater management, discharge characteristics, and utilization.

The global upsurge in antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) is putting immense pressure on healthcare. The spreading of antimicrobial resistance is facilitated by mobile genetic elements, most especially plasmids. The widespread use of antibiotics in clinical and veterinary environments creates selective pressure that drives the evolution of ARB. Plasmids contribute to the propagation of AR in different types of clinical infections. The role plasmids play in this evolution necessitates their utilization in molecular surveillance to detect the emergence of ARB and track the spread of AR plasmids. Recent technologies like replicon typing and whole genome sequencing (WGS) have become the gold standard for molecular epidemiology of plasmids for the detection and control of epidemics in clinical settings. Unfortunately, access to such technologies is limited in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The major aim of this review is to examine the specific contributions of plasmids to the upsurge of AR in clinical settings and elucidate the various replicon types that have been attributed to specific antibiotic-resistant infections in healthcare settings. Healthcare in LMICs should be supported to build capacity in WGS and molecular surveillance to effectively prevent and control AR bacterial infections.

The rate of pollution due to population growth and anthropogenic activities has become a threat to the global environment, food security, and public health safety. This is why soil health was the main emphasis at the FAO science policy symposium on ‘Soil and Water: A Source of Life’ (GSOWA23) held in October 2023. Advocacy for strategies to preserve the soil’s ecological services to different life forms and its healthy conservation for resolving global food security challenges is now attracting research interest. Soil health has become a component in management, socioeconomic, and political studies. Hence, bioaugmentation proved to be a safe bioremediation technique that is constantly improved by enrichment with selected nonindigenous strains of pollutant-scavenging microbes, nutrients, and gene factors to restore polluted soils to their natural state. The unpredictable influence of climate factors may limit the field application of enrichment bioaugmentation techniques leading to the recent paradigm shift to genetic bioaugmentation for more stable outcomes. This influence may impact bacterial viability, abundance, and dispersal in the soil matrix after the inoculation of a virile non-indigenous bioremediant. Genetic limitations of indigenous soil bacteria with weak degradative potential might be surmounted by genetic bioaugmentation. Therefore, genetic bioaugmentation introduces genetically engineered microorganisms (GEM), and non-indigenous bacteria with the innate virility to fix target pollutants into an ecosystem to improve the biological process. Weak degradative indigenous bacteria in polluted soils are bio-augmented through exposure to degradative genes of other nonindigenous microorganisms, loose plasmids, and mutagens to boost viability, proliferation, and environmental stress resilience responses. These genes, which may be specific or broad-action degradative genes spread through the soil biomass by horizontal gene transfer. Therefore, this review studied the biological agents popular in genetic bioremediation, mobile elements used in the horizontal gene transfer among bacteria, and the limitations of the bioaugmentation process. It also aims to identify research gaps, project future direction in the improvement of genetic bioaugmentation, and suggest solutions to the limitations of the process.

This study investigated the chemical composition and antibacterial activities of lime Citrus aurantifolia (Cc) and lemon grass Cymbopogon citratus (Ca) essential oils (EOs). Standard methods were used to determine their minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC), and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to determine their composition. Each EO and their combination showed promising results in treating test bacterial infections. Cc EO showed the largest inhibition zone diameter (43 mm) against Staphylococcus aureus and Serratia marcescens, , and Ca EO showed the largest (30 mm) and smallest (12 mm) inhibition zone diameters against Bacillus stearothermophilus and S. marcescens, , respectively. The combination of Cc EO and Ca EO (1:1) resulted in the largest (45 mm) and smallest (8 mm) inhibition zone diameters against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Salmonella typhimurium, , respectively. The MIC of Cc EO ranged from 0.78% to 6.25%, and its MBC ranged from 3.13% to 12.50%. The MIC and MBC of combined Cc EO and Ca EO ranged from 0.78% to 6.25% and from 1.56% to 12.5%, respectively. The major components of Cc EO and Ca EO were neral (44.98%) and D-limonene (56.02%). Overall, the combination of lime and lemon grass EOs performed well compared to streptomycin, making them suitable for treating test bacterial infections.

Background: The interdisciplinary One Health (OH) approach recognizes that human, animal, and environmental health are all interconnected. Its ultimate goal is to promote optimal health for all through the exploration of these relationships. Antibiotic resistance (AR) is a public health challenge that has been primarily addressed within the context of human health and clinical settings. However, it has become increasingly evident that antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) that confer resistance are transmitted and circulated within humans, animals, and the environment. Therefore, to effectively address this issue, antibiotic resistance must also be considered an environmental and livestock/wildlife problem. Objective: This review was carried out to provide a broad overview of the existence of ARB and ARGs in One Health settings. Methods: Relevant studies that placed emphasis on ARB and ARGs were reviewed and key findings were accessed that illustrate the importance of One Health as a measure to tackle growing public and environmental threats. Results: In this review, we delve into the complex interplay of the three components of OH in relation to ARB and ARGs. Antibiotics used in animal husbandry and plants to promote growth, treat, and prevent infectious diseases lead to the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in animals. These bacteria are transmitted from animals to humans through food and environmental exposure. The environment plays a critical role in the circulation and persistence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and genes, posing a significant threat to human and animal health. This article also highlights how ARGs are spread in the environment through the transfer of genetic material between bacteria. This transfer can occur naturally or through human activities such as the use of antibiotics in agriculture and waste management practices. Conclusion: It is important to integrate the One Health approach into the public health system to effectively tackle the emergence and spread of ARB and genes that code for resistance to different antibiotics.

Infectious diseases caused by microorganisms are widespread health risks associated with drinking water. This study evaluated the physicochemical parameters and bacteriological quality of the stream and well water using standard protocols. The bacteria were identified by conventional and molecular methods. Antibiotic susceptibility and location of antibiotic resistance markers (ARMs) were determined using disc diffusion and acridine orange, respectively. The highest mean Total Heterotrophic Bacterial Counts (THBC), Total Coliform Counts (TCC) and Faecal Coliform Counts (FCC) from the stream water was 4.3 ± 0.3×106, 8.9 ± 0.0×105, and 3.5 ± 0.1×104 (CFU mL-1), respectively. The well water had mean TCC ranging between 2.8 ± 0.0×103 and 2.1 ± 0.1×104 (CFU mL-1). Six bacterial genera: Staphyloccocus, Pseudomonas, Escherichia, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, and Shigella were isolated. The mean temperature of the water ranged from 26.0 ± 0.3oC to 27.0 ± 0.1oC. The highest mean dissolved oxygen, total hardness, sulphate and magnesium was 24.0 ± 1.0, 40.1 ± 0.8, 11.0± 1.0, and 67.0 ± 1.5 (mg L-1), respectively. The results showed that ≥ 66.7 S. aureus were Levofloxacin and Streptomycin sensitive; between 45.5 and 68.1% of the isolates were Gentamycin and Chloramphenicol resistant, while 81.8% exhibited multidrug resistance. Escherichia coli EcSW3, E. aerogenes EeWW2, K. pneumoniae KpSW3, and S. aureus SaSW had their entire ARMs located on the plasmids with the molecular sizes ˂ 2.027 Kbp. This study showed that the stream and well water harboured bacteria with some ARMs on plasmids, indicating the possibility of horizontal transfer of antibiotic-resistant genes among the bacteria. In addition, it showed the necessity to enlighten the rural populace on the importance of cleaning the surroundings near water sources so as to prevent water-borne diseases.

Introduction:Infections caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria, extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL), metallo-β-lactamase (MBL) and AmpC-β-lactamase (AmpC-βL)-producers are increasing globally. This study identified bacteria in clinical and tap water samples and determined the prevalence of MDR, and β-lactamase enzymes and genes.Methods:Isolates were identified by the Vitek 2 (bioMérieux, France) automated system. Antibiotic resistance and screening for β-lactamase enzymes and genes was done using disc diffusion method and Vitek 2 automated system, CHROMagar-ESBL, combined double disc, inhibition-based method and multiplex polymerase chain reaction, respectively.Results:The Enterobacteriaceae isolates obtained were Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Citrobacter freundii, Salmonella spp., Proteus mirabilis, Enterobacter aerogenes, Shigella sonnei, Proteus vulgaris, Enterobacter sakazakii, Klebsiella oxytoca, Citrobacter diversus, and Serratia liquefaciens. Of the 674 isolates from clinical samples, 36.5%, 28.5%, and 19.9% were ESBL, MBL, and AmpC-βL producers, respectively. A low prevalence of AmpC-βL and MBL producers were obtained, with no significant difference (p<0.05) between the prevalence of ESBL and non-ESBL producers. Isolates exhibited varied levels of resistance to gentamicin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, ciprofloxacin, and tetracycline. The results showed that 54.6% of ESBL producers, 57.9% of MBL producers, and 62.8% of AmpC-βL producers were MDR strains. Of the 141 representative isolates tested, 36.9%, 15.6%, and 20.6% had only blaTEM, blaSHV, and blaCTX-M, respectively; 5.7% possessed both blaTEM and blaSHV; 7.1% possessed both blaTEM and blaCTX-M and 4.3% had both blaSHV and blaCTX-M.Conclusions:This study found a high prevalence of β-lactamase producers, indicating the need for further research on the molecular epidemiology of β-lactamase producers and their impacts in the region.

The presence of Staphylococcus aureus, a normal human flora on cellphones of different professionals in Ile-Ife was investigated with a view to determining their antibiotic susceptibility profile and nature of resistance and virulence genes. One hundred swab samples were collected aseptically from mobile phones of various users based on their profession. Surfaces of the mobile phones were swabbed and the streak plate method was used to isolate colonies showing characteristic golden yellow on mannitol salt agar plates. These isolates were further identified using standard microbiological methods. The antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates was determined using Kirby-Bauer's disk diffusion technique. Molecular detection of nuc, mecA and pvl genes in some isolates was carried out by polymerase chain reaction technique. All the 36 isolates obtained in this study were 100% resistant to amoxicillin and augmentin; the isolates also displayed 55.6%, 44.4% and 41.7% resistance to ceftriazone, erythromycin and chloramphenicol, respectively. Based on resistance to oxacillin, prevalence of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was 11.1%. Only one S. aureus was positive for plasmid analysis. MecA gene was genetically confirmed in four (4) out of the 16 suspected phenotypic MRSA strains, nuc gene was confirmed in all 28 isolates investigated, while there was no pvl gene in the strains investigated. Mobile phones harbor multiple antibiotics resistant S. aureus, which are responsible for important diseases in humans and could be difficult to manage with antibiotics thereby posing serious health risks.

Background Bacteremia constitutes a significant public health challenge and represents a vital cause of morbidity and mortality in HIV-infected patients, and fluoroquinolones are commonly prescribed antibiotics due to their range of activities and pharmacokinetic profiles. This study the evaluated antibacterial activities and time-kill kinetics of fluoroquinolone antibiotics: Ofloxacin (OFL), Ciprofloxacin (CIP) and Levofloxacin (LEV) against the etiology of bacteremia of genera Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Haemophilus, Enterobacter , and Salmonella using disc diffusion, micro-broth dilution and plate count techniques. Results The lowest mean growth inhibition zones (mm ± SD) of OFL, LEV, and CIP against the isolates were 10.5 ± 0.0, 10.1 ± 0.1 and 9.6 ± 0.3, respectively. The MIC values of OFL, LEV and CIP on isolates ranged from 6.25 to > 50 µg/mL, MBC ranged from 12.5 to > 50 µg/mL, while MBC/MIC ratios were ≤ 2. The time-kill assay revealed that logarithmic reductions in viable cell counts (Log 10 CFU/mL) of bacteria exposed to OFL, LEV and CIP ranged from 0.17 to 2.14 for P. aeruginosa ; 0.13 to 1.31 for H. influenzae ; 0.04 to 2.23 for Acinetobacter spp; and 0.08 to 2.08 for K. pneumoniae. LEV and OFL (1 × MIC concentration) achieved bactericidal effects on S. typhi ST07 and E. aerogenes EA01 at 30 h post-inoculation, respectively, while ≥ 99.9% reduction in the number of viable K. pneumoniae cells exposed to CIP was achieved at 24 h post-inoculation. Conclusion The fluoroquinolones demonstrated higher inhibitory activities at higher concentrations against the etiology of bacteremia in HIV-infected patients, signifying a concentration-dependent inhibition of bacterial growth. The MIC-based time-kill curve analyses showed that LEV achieved 3 Log 10 -fold reduction (≥ 99.9% reduction) in CFU/mL of most etiology of bacteremia faster compared with the other two fluoroquinolones.

Studies on microorganisms associated with rumen substrates of goat (Capra aegagrus hircus) were done through aerobic and anaerobic fermentation for a period of 12 days. Microscopic, biochemical and molecular identification were carried out. Also proximate values of the substrates over the period of fermentation were analyzed. Seven (7) aerobic bacteria species were isolated, viz.; Bacillus spp, Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus spp, Proteus spp, Pseudomonas spp, Staphylococcus spp, and Serratia spp, with Pseudomonas spp having the highest percentage of occurrence of 30.7%, followed by Bacillus spp (23.7%), followed by Lactobacillus spp, Shigella spp, Proteus spp, Staphylococcus spp, having occurrence of 7.6% each. Also, five (5) anaerobic bacteria were also isolated of which Pseudomonas spp was dominant with 33.3%, Bacillus spp and Lactobacillus spp had occurrence of 25%, Serratia spp, Escherichia spp had least occurrence of 8.3% each. There was increase in some vital proximate values due to the biodegradability nature of the rumen normal flora for the period of fermentation. As a result of this, two bacterial isolates (aerobic and anaerobic) which recorded the highest microbial load and mineral level on the 12th day were characterized by sequence analysis of 16S ribosomal RNA gene. The aerobic isolate was discovered to be 99% identical to Bacillus anthracis CGS-1 strain while the anaerobic isolate was identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa N17.35 strain. The importance of the characterized microbes in improving the proximate value of utilized fermented rumen content is discussed.

The effectiveness of different wastewater-treating agents were individually analysed and compared to one another in reducing bacterial counts (total bacterial and total coliform counts) during the treatment of restaurant wastewater. These agents include alum, chlorine, sodium hypochlorite and seeds of Moringa oleifera. Wastewater samples were collected at interval and analysed for bacteriological and physiochemical properties. Bacteriological analyses include total bacterial and coliform counts, while physiochemical analyses include pH, total titratable acidity (TTA), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total hardness, alkalinity and mineral components. Moringa oleifera seeds, was found to be very effective as a sedimentation agent, but least effective in reducing bacterial counts. Also, it was discovered that the seeds of M. oleifera aid the increase in the bacterial population. Alum, a non-bactericidal, sedimentation agent, was found to reduce total bacterial and coliform counts mainly by the use of flocculation. Chlorine was found to be bactericidal against all bacteria except Pseudomonas aeruginosa, while sodium hypochlorite was found to be most effective in reducing bacterial growth during the study.

An extracellular lipase from Bacillus subtilis isolated from oil polluted soil was partially purified and characterized in this study. The enzyme was purified to 19.36 fold and the molecular weight was estimated. The effect of temperature, time, metal ion and pH was also determined. The molecular weight of the enzyme was estimated to be 48.63 kDa by SDS-PAGE. The optimum temperature was 60iaC, while the enzyme exhibited appreciable thermostability retaining 70% of activity at 70iaC for 1h. The lipase was most active in the pH range of 7-9 with an optimum activity at pH 8.0. The enzyme activity declined in the presence of Al3+ and Fe2+, while Na+ stimulated the activity. Olive oil was found to be the preferred substrate. The maximum velocity Vmax and Km of the lipase during the hydrolysis of olive oil were 39.45 ¦Imol/min/ml and 20.01 mM respectively.

Presence of microorganisms and relatively high mineral contents mainly heavy metals in waste generated from restaurants and released into the environment may indicate a negative outcome of a microbial metabolic process with serious economic and health implications. Therefore it is justifiable to examine the minerals contents and microbial resistance/accumulation of restaurant liquid wastes with the view to controlling environmental hazard through the removal of pollutants in the waste products, hence this study. Restaurant wastewater are collected from washing dishes and waste collection tank, then mixed and analyzed for the presence and quantity of minerals contents. The physicochemical parameters such as metals, heavy metals and active ingredients of the waste were evaluated. The ability of Lysinibacillus sphaericus to accumulate the minerals was also examined. The results showed that the sample was composed of magnesium (54.4 ± 0.10 mg/L), potassium (23.2 ± 0.01 mg/L), sodium (39.2 ± 0.02 mg/L), zinc (0.61± 0.01 mg/L), copper (0.08 ± 0.01 mg/L) and iron (31.6± 0.03 mg/L). The presence of high amount of some minerals in wastewater is an indication that the environment may be polluted if the wastewaters are released in an uncontrolled manner. Also, the ability of Lysinibacillus sphaericus to assimilate these suggests that the wastes offers favourable condition for microbial growth and are therefore very susceptible to bioaccumulation.

Drinking water has been a major issue in many student hostels at Osekita in Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria and majority of the student’s populace do not have access to portable water. Only few students can afford and rely on treated water particularly for consumption therefore, underground water (well water) serve as the major source of both drinking water and domestic water used in their hostels by determining the total bacterial and coliform counts, antibiotic susceptibility of the isolated bacteria, plasmid analysis of the multiple-resistant bacteria isolates, gene sequencing of the plasmid possessed bacteria and physicochemical properties of the well water samples using standard techniques. Twelve well water samples were obtained from hostels at Osekita and analyzed. The total bacteria and coliform counts ranged from 1.0 x 105 CFU/ml to 9.7 x 105 and 1.2 x 104 CFU/ml to 6.7 x 105 CFU/ml respectively. Eight genera of bacteria were isolated from the water samples; Streptococcus spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Micrococcus spp., Escherichia coli, Enterobacter spp., Klebsiella spp., Proteus spp. and Staphylococcus aureus. Streptococcus spp. showed the highest occurrence of 28.57% while Proteus spp. and Staphylococcus aureus showed the least occurrence of 3.57% among the isolated bacteria. About 68% of the isolated bacteria were resistance to at least four of the ten antibiotics used, some of which inhabited extra-chromosomal DNA (plasmid) with molecular weight of 3.0Kb. Gene sequencing clearly revealed the two organisms subjected to molecular characterization to be Escherichia coli strain s1428 and Enterobacter aerogenes strain 341. Gene sequencing revealed the resistant genes not only located on plasmids but also encoded on the organisms DNA. The physicochemical parameters were within the WHO recommended standard for portable water. Based on the microbiological standard, the water samples analyzed are not safe for consumption.

Bacteriological, physicochemical and mineral analysis of water used in the months of January, February and March 2008, in two major abattoirs in Ado-Ekiti was determined. The bacteriological analysis of water used in two major abattoirs (Atikankan and Adere abattoirs) in Ado-Ekiti was assessed using standard microbiological techniques. Physicochemical and mineral constituents were also determined for the collected water samples. Results from the bacteriological analysis indicated that all the samples collected were highly contaminated with pathogenic organisms, Escherichia coli having the highest observed prevalence (26%) while Enterobacter aerogenes had the least observed prevalence (4%) among the encountered isolates. Highest mean bacterial count observed during the study was 8.5 x 107cfu/ml. Recorded pH and temperature values ranged between 6.60-7.20 and 28.50C-37.50C respectively. The mineral values obtained were Ca (60.2-101.6 mg/L), Mg (71.7-113.3 mg/L), Na (50.9-80.5 mg/L) and K (99.3-120.0 mg/L), while iron, copper, zinc, and manganese had values which ranged from 0.70-1.90 mg/L, 0.1-0.2 mg/L, 2.5-5.1 mg/L and 0.1-0.3 mg/L respectively. The need for improved sanitary conditions in abattoirs in Nigeria is emphasized. Key words: Bacteriological, Abattoir, Physicochemical, Sanitary condition.