This article describes how acceleration factor of time-dependent dielectric breakdown is formulated according to the E model. In addition, it demonstrates that there are two independent and equivalent approaches to experimentally obtain the effective dipole moment, a. (c) 2005 The Electrochemical Society.

The study examines the affective attitudes and cognitive perceptions toward computer-mediated oral history of students between 11 and 16 years old. The project was established as an independent study project, whereby students collaborated to compile historical information through pre-planned interviews with elders, and then built websites related to an historical topic. The study contributes to an understanding of oral history as a vehicle for authentic historical inquiry and provides a basis for empirical studies of Taiwanese students performing real history tasks with web-based technology. The insights gained in this small study should help teachers design better oral history projects in terms of management, assessment and curriculum design.

As process technology advances, we will see SoC systems with millions of digital gates combined with RF circuits operating in the tens of GHz.

A 0.25-/spl mu/m modular high-energy implanted complementary BiCMOS (HEICBiC) technology has been developed for wireless-communication VLSIs. The technology demonstrates a high f/sub T/=52 GHz and a high f/sub T/BV/sub CEO/=160 GHz-V for single-poly emitter NPN transistors and a high f/sub T/=10.7 GHz for implanted-emitter PNP transistors. It is one of the best results for single-poly BiCMOS/bipolar technologies without an epitaxial buried collector. In comparison with 0.25-/spl mu/m NMOS, HEICBiC shows lower power consumption and higher RF performance.

Reviewed by: Race, Rights, and the Asian American Experience A. S. Chen Race, Rights, and the Asian American Experience. By Angelo N. Ancheta. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1998. Achieving the nexus between theory and practice remains elusive. While it is a frequently espoused goal, only a select few are possessed of the unique set of strengths that actually permit them to pursue the audacious project of practicing theory and theorizing practice. For the most part, theory and practice continue to be thoroughly divorced. Scholars shamble around by themselves in the ivory tower; activists rage alone against the machine. One unhappy result is that the prospect for engaged and engaging scholarship is dimmed. Fortunately, in Race, Rights, and the Asian American Experience by Angelo Ancheta, none of the familiar signs of disjunction are evident. In fact, one of the greatest strengths of the book—which is best understood as an extended, synthetic essay on how Asian Americans alternately shape and are shaped by civil rights law (xii)—is precisely that it is a work of synthesis. With varying degrees of success, it combines scholarly perspectives generated from studying racism with practical insights won from fighting it. This synthesis is made possible because Ancheta is at once a grounded practitioner of the law, having once served as executive director of the San Francisco-based Asian Law Caucus, and a well-versed scholar, having once taught at the UCLA School of Law. The book decisively reflects his experiences. Written by someone who is as much an “observant participant” as “participatory observer,” the book can be situated at the intersection of diverse range of fields: the sociology of racial inequality, civil rights and immigration law, Asian American legal scholarship (an emergent, distinct strand of critical race theory), and Asian American studies. 1 The book’s central argument is straightforward. Existing civil rights law is predicated on a binary model of “race relations” that can satisfactorily address neither the historical experiences of Asian Americans nor their contemporary [End Page 293] legal and political circumstances, particularly the challenges wrought by continuing Asian immigration. “When questions of civil rights move beyond a black-white dichotomy,” Ancheta writes, “rights and remedies become problematic and Asian Americans are often left without the full protection of the law” (13). In particular, the unique kind of racism faced by Asian Americans—fueled by nativism, xenophobia, linguistic differences, or in a different vein by the model minority myth—is not seen by the law as subject to civil rights protection, hence leaving Asian Americans distinctly vulnerable as a racial(ized) group. Ancheta begins the book with familiar episodes of Asian American history: racial and national-origin restrictions on Asian immigration, Japanese American internment during WWII, post-1965 immigration. Having put his concerns into historical perspective, he then proceeds to establish his theoretical and legal framework, adopting a racial formation perspective and outlining the basic features of traditional civil rights and anti-discrimination law—with an emphasis on their limits as tools for addressing racism. With these preparatory chapters underfoot, Ancheta moves on to his strongest and most original contribution to Asian American scholarship: three substantive chapters that examine, partly from the knowledgeable viewpoint of an expert participant, the relation between Asian Americans and specific areas of civil rights and immigration law. Chapter three looks at what Ancheta calls “outsider racialization,” a process whereby Asian Americans are constructed not simply in racial terms—although the process does hinge importantly on racial phenotype—but rather in terms of citizenship. “Outsider racialization” can be weak in cases where Asian Americans are seen as immigrants (“immigrant” racialization) or strong where Asian Americans are seen as aliens (“foreigner” racialization). In either case, civil rights law affords uneven and incomplete protection for Asian Americans, whose physical appearance subjects them to discrimination based on the (possible) misperception that they are either immigrants or foreigners. Chapter four discusses the implications of the law’s inconsistency and unevenness in questions of race versus citizenship. In particular, it explores the historical origins and contemporary abuses of federal plenary power in matters relating to immigration. It also shows how incongruent standards of judicial review—different standards for federal versus state cases, for...

Two newly identified splice site mutations (IVS1 -13T-->G and IVS10 +1GT-->CT) were found in a patient with adult onset of the autosomal recessive disorder glycogen storage disease type II (GSDII). The IVS1 -13T-->G transversion in the acceptor splice site was found on one allele in over two thirds of adult onset GSDII patients studied (28/41), but was not seen in 58 normal or 12 infantile onset GSDII chromosomes. Molecular analysis of cDNA from the index patient and four additional, ethnically different, individuals carrying the IVS1 -13T-->G transversion showed splicing out of the first coding exon as well as rare utilization of a cryptic splice site in the exon. An IVS10 +1GT-->CT transversion, unique to the index patient, was detected on the second chromosome. The IVS10 +1GT-->CT results in splicing out of exon 10 including part of the enzyme catalytic site. Additionally, a large deletion encompassing exon 18, previously described in four unrelated patients, was also detected in three unrelated adult GSDII patients, two of whom carried the IVS1 -13T-->G transversion. The frequency of the IVS1 splice site mutation suggests that detection of this mutation could potentially aid in the diagnosis of the phenotypically variable syndrome of adult onset GSDII. The finding that the -13T-->G mutation is a very common mutation in adult onset GSDII patients of varying ethnic and racial backgrounds, suggests that it is either an ancient mutation or confers a selective advantage. Although to our knowledge these are the first splice site mutations to be reported for GSDII, additional splice site mutations are likely and could provide the basis for later onset disease in GSDII.

Human MutationVolume 2, Issue 4 p. 320-323 Mutation in Brief Two new mutations at the adenosine deaminase (ADA) locus (Q254X and del nt1050–54) unusual for not being missense mutations R. Hirschhorn, Corresponding Author R. Hirschhorn Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, New York University Medical School, New York, New York 10016; Fax: 212-263-7151Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, New York University Medical School, New York, New York 10016; Fax: 212-263-7151Search for more papers by this authorA. S. Chen, A. S. Chen Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, New York University Medical School, New York, New York 10016; Fax: 212-263-7151Search for more papers by this authorA. Israni, A. Israni Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, New York University Medical School, New York, New York 10016; Fax: 212-263-7151Search for more papers by this authorD. R. Yang, D. R. Yang Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, New York University Medical School, New York, New York 10016; Fax: 212-263-7151Search for more papers by this authorM. L. Huie, M. L. Huie Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, New York University Medical School, New York, New York 10016; Fax: 212-263-7151Search for more papers by this author R. Hirschhorn, Corresponding Author R. Hirschhorn Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, New York University Medical School, New York, New York 10016; Fax: 212-263-7151Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, New York University Medical School, New York, New York 10016; Fax: 212-263-7151Search for more papers by this authorA. S. Chen, A. S. Chen Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, New York University Medical School, New York, New York 10016; Fax: 212-263-7151Search for more papers by this authorA. Israni, A. Israni Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, New York University Medical School, New York, New York 10016; Fax: 212-263-7151Search for more papers by this authorD. R. Yang, D. R. Yang Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, New York University Medical School, New York, New York 10016; Fax: 212-263-7151Search for more papers by this authorM. L. Huie, M. L. Huie Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, New York University Medical School, New York, New York 10016; Fax: 212-263-7151Search for more papers by this author First published: 1993 https://doi.org/10.1002/humu.1380020415Citations: 12AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL References Ballow M, Hirschhorn R (1985) Varicella pneumonia in a bone marrow transplanted immune reconstituted adenosine deaminase deficient patient with severe combined immunodeficiency disease. J Clin Immunol 5: 180– 186. Chang ZY, Nygaard P, Chinault AC, Kellems RE (1991) Deduced amino acid sequence of Escherichia coli adenosine deaminase reveals evolutionarily conserved amino acid residues: implications of catalytic function. Biochemistry 30: 2273– 2280. Hirschhorn R (1992) Identification of two new missense mutations (R156C and S291L) in two ADA- SCID patients unusual for response to therapy with partial exchange transfusions. Hum Mutat 1: 166– 168. Hirschhorn R (1993) Overview of biochemical abnormalities and molecular genetics of adenosine deaminase deficiency. Pediatr Res 33 (Suppl): S 35– 41. Hirschhorn R, Chakravarti V, Puck J, Douglas SD (1991) Homozygosity for a newly identified missense mutation in a patient with very severe combined immunodeficiency disease due to Adenosine Deaminase Deficiency. Am J Hum Genet 49: 878– 885. Hirschhorn R, Ellenbogen A, Tzall S (1992a) Five missense mutations at the Adenosine Deaminase Locus (ADA) detected by altered restriction fragments and their frequency in ADA- patients with Severe Combined Immunodeficiency. Am J Med Genet 49: 201– 207. Hirschhorn R, Nicknam MN, Eng F, Yang R, Borkowsky W (1992b) Novel deletion and a new missense mutation (Glu 217 Lys) at the catalytic site in two adenosine deaminase alteles of a patient with neonatal onset adenosine deaminase- severe combined immunodeficiency (ADA- SCID) J Immunol 149: 3107– 3112. Hirschhorn R, Yang DR, Insel RA, Ballow M (1993) Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID) of reduced severity due to homozygosity for an Adenosine Deaminase (ADA) missense mutation (Arg253Pro) J Cell Immunol (submitted). Parkman R, Gelfand SW, Rosen FS, Sanderson A, Hirsschhorn R (1975) Severe combined immunodeficiency and adenosine deaminase deficiency, N Engl J Med 292: 714– 719. Tzall S, Ellenbogen A, Eng F, Hirschhorn R (1989) Identification and characterization of nine RFLP's at the adenosine deaminase (ADA) locus. Am J Hum Genet 44: 864– 875. White MB, Carvalho M, Derse D, O'Brien SJ, Dean M (1992) Detecting single base substitutions as heteroduplex polymorphisms Genomics 12: 301– 306. Citing Literature Volume2, Issue41993Pages 320-323 ReferencesRelatedInformation

Electron-beam exposure and computer simulation are used to characterize the performance of Ge0.1Se0.9 inorganic resist and examine the fundamental mechanisms of resist action. A first-order model based on the energy density of electrons deposited in the active region along the interface of the sensitized layer and the resist is developed. Resist sensitivity as a function of sensitized-layer thickness and accelerating voltage are calculated with the Monte Carlo method and compared with experimental results. Special test patterns including multiscanning are designed to explore lateral diffusion of silver in the sensitized layer and proximity effect due to backscattering. With Ge0.1Se0.9 resist and e-beam direct writing sub-half-micrometer working lithography can be achieved on silicon substrate at incident doses comparable with that needed for polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) polymer resists.

Proximity effect in electron-beam lithography is studied with an emphasis on physical understanding. Computer simulation is used to explore correction schemes which specifically include the resist behavior and yet are theoretically manageable in formulating the pattern correction for mathematical analysis. Both energy density part way through the resist and relative importance of background on critical edge are investigated. It is shown that one-third of the resist thickness from the substrate appears to be where the process parameters should be characterized, and that the total effective deposited energy at the nominal edge must be reduced as the background contribution increases. A mathematical model and design graphs are developed so that the impact of the background on the edge control is directly related to fundamental physics through the Monte Carlo calculation. The nominal edge is used as the critical aspect to be controlled and the constraint of constant bias can be applied.

In what light does the Communist Party wish to project itself to the people? Is the local party secretary presented as the remote symbol of authoritarian efficiency, a reflection of the absolute power above? Or is he supposed to be a model of the nutrient “helper,” responsive to the people's needs and governed by humanitarian considerations? The actual quality of these relationships is of course inaccessible for direct observation, but we can examine some of the Communist presentations of the image and expectations in officially approved literary publications.