We demonstrate the fabrication of an ultrathin gallium film, also known as gallenene, beneath epitaxial graphene on 6H-SiC under ambient conditions triggered by liquid gallium intercalation. Gallenene has been fabricated using liquid metal intercalation, achieving lateral intercalation and diffusion of Ga atoms at room temperature on square centimeter areas limited only by the graphene samples' size. The stepwise self-propagation of the gallenene film below the epitaxial graphene surface on the macroscopic scale was observed by optical microscopy shortly after the initial processing without further physical or chemical treatment. Directional Ga diffusion of gallenene occurs on SiC terraces since the terrace steps form an energetic barrier (Ehrlich-Schwoebel barrier), retarding the gallenene propagation. The subsequent conversion of the epitaxial graphene into quasi-free-standing bilayer graphene and the graphene-gallenene heterostack interactions have been analyzed by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Raman measurements. The results reveal an alternative approach for the controlled fabrication of wafer-scale gallenene as well as for two-dimensional heterostructures and stacks based on the interaction between liquid metal and epitaxial graphene.

The extraction of the relative abundances of short-range correlated (SRC) nucleon pairs from inclusive electron scattering is studied using the generalized contact formalism (GCF) with several nuclear interaction models. GCF calculations can reproduce the observed scaling of the cross-section ratios for nuclei relative to deuterium at high x(B) and large Q(2), a(2) = (sigma(A)/A)/(sigma(d)/2). In the nonrelativistic instant-form formulation, the calculation is very sensitive to the model parameters and only reproduces the data using parameters that are inconsistent with ab initio many-body calculations. Using a light-cone GCF formulation significantly decreases this sensitivity and improves the agreement with ab initio calculations. The ratio of similar mass isotopes, such as Ca-40 and Ca-48, should be sensitive to the nuclear asymmetry dependence of SRCs, but is found to also be sensitive to low-energy nuclear structure. Thus the empirical association of SRC pair abundances with the measured a(2) values is only accurate to about 20%. Improving this will require cross-section calculations that reproduce the data while properly accounting for both nuclear structure and relativistic effects.

ZusammenfassungDie Erfassung der Ergebnisqualität medizinischer Leistungen ist sowohl vom Gesetzgeber gewünscht als auch aus Sicht der Versorgungsforschung sinnvoll. Diese Messung erfolgt jedoch hauptsächlich durch Patientenbefragungen bzw. durch Messung der patientenorientierten Parameter über den Gesamtverlauf der Behandlung. Gerade in operativen Fächern kann eine solche, mit subjektiven Parametern im Vordergrund stehende Messung das Ergebnis der rein operativen Leistung nicht darstellen. Gerade in der Unfallchirurgie, einem Fach, in dem die Nach- und Weiterbehandlung nach operativer Versorgung einer Verletzung eine entscheidende Rolle spielt, sollten die rein operativen Leistungen auch separat bewertet werden. Es wird ein Vorschlag unterbreitet, wie die operativen Leistungen in Addition zur Ergebnismessung qualitativ bewertet und gleichzeitig die interne Qualitätssicherung strukturiert werden kann.

Durch die Klarstellung des BGH (Bundesgerichtshof) ist die Unterscheidung zwischen Äquivalenzprinzip und Adäquanzprinzip für die Begutachtung wieder in den Vordergrund gerückt. Im Gegensatz zum Äquivalenzprinzip der Begutachtung in der DGUV (Deutsche Gesetzliche Unfallversicherung) ist in der privaten Unfallversicherung das Adäquanzprinzip anzuwenden. Das bedeutet, dass immer dann ein Unfall vorliegt, wenn dieser nicht gänzlich außerhalb der Wahrscheinlichkeit liegt. Für den Gutachter bedeutet dies, dass er eine weitergehende Prüfung der haftungsbegründenden Kausalität durchzuführen hat. Zum einen ist nicht nur das Unfallgeschehen zu bewerten, sondern auch die Einhaltung der Fristen und bei Bejahung des Eintritts einer Invalidität, ob unfallfremde Krankheiten oder Gebrechen mitgewirkt haben. Für die Einschätzung der Mitwirkung gibt es bislang keine Anhaltspunkte. Unter Zuhilfenahme der Theorie der Äquivalenz aus den Sprachwissenschaften wurde versucht, eine Hilfestellung durch Definitionen von Mitwirkungsanteilen zu erstellen.

Evidence of nematic effects in the mixed superconducting phase of slightly underdoped Ba(Fe_1-xCo_x)_2As_2 is reported. We have found strong in-plane resistivity anisotropy for crystals in different strain conditions. For these compositions, there is no magnetic long range order, so the description may be ascribed to the interplay between the superconducting and nematic order parameters. A piezoelectric-based apparatus is used to apply tensile or compressive strain to tune nematic domain orientation in order to examine intrinsic nematicity. Measurements are done under a rotating magnetic field and the analysis of the angular dependence of physical quantities identifies the cases in which the sample is detwinned. Furthermore, the angular dependence of the data allows us to evaluate the effects of nematicity on the in-plane superconductor stiffness. Our results show that although nematicity contributes in a decisive way in the conduction properties, its contributions to the anisotropy properties of the stiffness of the superconducting order parameter is not as significant in these samples.

The introduction of the Transparency in Wage Structures Act (EntgTranspG) in 2017 in Germany aimed to enforce the principle of equal pay for women and men. The main focus was on the statistically unexplained part of the gender pay gap and the resulting view that the practical application of the equal pay principle had not been realised. The first evaluation of the law was presented in July 2019. In this context, the present contribution critically examines the initial finding of indirect pay discrimination. Firstly, the pay gap (unadjusted and adjusted) cannot be interpreted as quantitative evidence of a pay discrimination. In addition, an analysis of the causes of the pay gap and considering the incentive structures of enterprises leave practically no room for structural pay discrimination. Secondly, the causal effects of wage transparency on the pay gap of women and men have not yet been sufficiently researched. It is therefore largely open to what extent the pay gap can be reduced by transparency regulations. Potentially negative consequences for companies that may arise as a result of the increased transparency of salaries within the companies have hardly been or are hardly discussed. [...]

A low-cost scheme of high-speed asynchronous optical sampling based on Yb:KYW oscillators is reported. Two GHz diode-pumped oscillators with a slight pulse repetition rate offset serve as pump and probe source, respectively. The temporal resolution of this system is limited to 500 fs mainly by the pulse duration of the oscillators and also by relative timing jitter between the oscillators. A near-shot-noise noise floor around 10-6 (∆R/R) is obtained within a data acquisition time of a few seconds. The performance of the system is demonstrated by measurements of coherent acoustic phonons in a semiconductor sample that resembles a semiconductor saturable absorber mirror or an optically pumped semiconductor chip.

Journal Article High Speed, High Resolution Imaging Spectrometers Based on pnCCDs for XRF and XRD Applications Get access L Strüder, L Strüder PNSensor GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Ring 6, D-81739 Munich, GermanyUniversity of Siegen, Walter-Flex-Str.3, 57072 Siegen, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar R Hartmann, R Hartmann PNSensor GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Ring 6, D-81739 Munich, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar P Holl, P Holl PNSensor GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Ring 6, D-81739 Munich, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar S Ihle, S Ihle PNDetector GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Ring 6, D-81739 Munich, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar M Huth, M Huth PNDetector GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Ring 6, D-81739 Munich, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar J Schmidt, J Schmidt PNDetector GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Ring 6, D-81739 Munich, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Ch Thamm, Ch Thamm PNDetector GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Ring 6, D-81739 Munich, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar B Kann-gieBer, B Kann-gieBer TU Berlin, Analytical X-Ray Physics , Hardenbergstr. 36, D-10587 Berlin, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar J Baumann, J Baumann TU Berlin, Analytical X-Ray Physics , Hardenbergstr. 36, D-10587 Berlin, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar A Renno, A Renno HZDR, Bautzner LandstraBe 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar ... Show more J Grenzer, J Grenzer HZDR, Bautzner LandstraBe 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar M Radtke, M Radtke Bundesanstalt fiir Materialpriifung, Richard-Willstaetter-Str. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar A Abboud, A Abboud University of Siegen, Walter-Flex-Str.3, 57072 Siegen, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar U Pietsch, U Pietsch University of Siegen, Walter-Flex-Str.3, 57072 Siegen, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar H Soltau H Soltau PNDetector GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Ring 6, D-81739 Munich, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Microscopy and Microanalysis, Volume 22, Issue S3, 1 July 2016, Pages 100–101, https://doi.org/10.1017/S1431927616001355 Published: 25 July 2016

We report on a new camera that is based on a pnCCD sensor for applications in scanning transmission electron microscopy. Emerging new microscopy techniques demand improved detectors with regards to readout rate, sensitivity and radiation hardness, especially in scanning mode. The pnCCD is a 2D imaging sensor that meets these requirements. Its intrinsic radiation hardness permits direct detection of electrons. The pnCCD is read out at a rate of 1; 150 frames per second with an image area of 264 x 264 pixel. In binning or windowing modes, the readout rate is increased almost linearly, for example to 4; 000 frames per second at 4x binning (264 x 66 pixel). Single electrons with energies from 300 keV down to 5 keV can be distinguished due to the high sensitivity of the detector. Three applications in scanning transmission electron microscopy are highlighted to demonstrate that the pnCCD satisfies experimental requirements, especially fast recording of 2D images. In the first application, 65; 536 2D diffraction patterns were recorded in 70 s. STEM images corresponding to intensities of various diffraction peaks were reconstructed. For the second application, the microscope was operated in a Lorentz-like mode. Magnetic domains were imaged in an area of 256 x 256 sample points in less than 37 seconds for a total of 65; 536 images each with 264 x 132 pixels. Due to information provided by the two-dimensional images, not only the amplitude but also the direction of the magnetic field could be determined. In the third application, millisecond images of a semiconductor nanostructure were recorded to determine the lattice strain in the sample. A speed-up in measurement time by a factor of 200 could be achieved compared to a previously used camera system.

Blooming in a CCD occurs when the signal charges accumulating in a pixel exceed the pixel saturation level and spill over into adjacent pixels. They start to spill over the weakest threshold in the electric potential of the pixel structure resulting in a degradation of the spatial information. With antiblooming mechanisms, the spatial resolution of the incoming photons can be preserved, but the intensity information is lost in the overflowing pixels. For imaging experiments, relying on a precise image structure, the preservation of the spatial resolution at the expense of precise intensity information is a workable compromise. In contrast to insulated gate CCDs, notably MOSCCDs, the potential wells of the pixel array of a pnCCD are created by p+n junctions, allowing direct electric access to the pixel structure. This allows to directly drain off charges from the pixels and to define a drain level by applying the appropriate operation voltages. Charge packets from 1 000 to more than one billion signal electrons per readout frame were generated without observing a spillover into adjacent pixels. As soon as the saturation level of the pixel is reached, the excess charge carriers are removed through charge drains exclusively created with the modification of the electric potential of the pnCCD by the operation voltages. No additional antiblooming structures were implemented in the device and the pixel full well capacity of approximately 300 000 electrons in standard operation mode was preserved. A physical model of the antiblooming mechanism of pnCCDs with a pixel size of 75 mu m x 75 mu m was established by two-dimensional numerical device simulations and verified by experiments.

Hintergrund und Fragestellung: Viele Patienten leiden an einer Stuhlinkontinenz nach Rektumresektion, insbesonders bei begleitender Radiochemotherapie (RCT). Wir untersuchten die Fähigkeit der anorektalen Manometrie (ARM) im Vergleich zur klinischen Evaluation bezüglich der Vorhersage einer postoperativen (po) Inkontinenz.

Journal Article High Speed, High Throughput Two Dimensional Direct Electron Detector Based on the Concept of pnCCDs Get access L Strüder, L Strüder PNSensor GmbH, 80803 München, Römerstr. 28, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar J Soltau, J Soltau PNDetector GmbH, Emil-Nolde-Str. 10, 81735 München, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar J Schmidt, J Schmidt PNSensor GmbH, 80803 München, Römerstr. 28, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar R Hartmann, R Hartmann PNSensor GmbH, 80803 München, Römerstr. 28, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar M Huth, M Huth PNSensor GmbH, 80803 München, Römerstr. 28, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar H Soltau, H Soltau PNDetector GmbH, Emil-Nolde-Str. 10, 81735 München, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar P Holl, P Holl PNSensor GmbH, 80803 München, Römerstr. 28, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar M Simson, M Simson PNDetector GmbH, Emil-Nolde-Str. 10, 81735 München, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar G Lutz, G Lutz PNSensor GmbH, 80803 München, Römerstr. 28, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar H Ryll H Ryll PNSensor GmbH, 80803 München, Römerstr. 28, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Microscopy and Microanalysis, Volume 20, Issue S3, 1 August 2014, Pages 392–393, https://doi.org/10.1017/S1431927614003687 Published: 27 August 2014

Since several years pnCCDs are well known as radiation detectors for spectroscopic imaging in many fields of science: X-Ray Fluorescence analysis (XRF), X-ray astronomy, X-ray Free Electron Laser science, synchrotrons and in the visible range as wave front sensors in adaptive optics systems. For direct electron detection in the focal plane of (S)TEMs they have delivered remarkable results in an energy range from 20 keV up to 300 keV.

Einleitung: Nach Rektumresektion klagen bis 51% der Pat. über eine FI (Grad1 = Winde 25%, Grad2 = flüssig/breiig 16%, Grad3 = fester Stuhl 10%), bei begleitender Radiochemotherapie (RCT) sogar bis 76%. Postoperativ (po) verbessert sich bei alleiniger Resektion die Kontinenz in 6 Monaten, während sie sich bei RCT verschlechtert.

The thermal shock behavior of ceramic refractory materials is of particular interest. These materials are usually tested in downward thermal shocks by cooling hot specimens in water or air. In contrast to this method, the use of electron beam material testing facilities offers an alternative approach to perform thermal shock tests on heating. The method of thermal shock testing by an electron beam is introduced for ceramic refractory materials within this article. Finally, the material degradation of a carbon bonded MgO refractory material due to thermals shocks, applied with the electron beam, is presented.