Respiratory burst oxidase homologs (RBOHs) play a pivotal role as key producer of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during broad range of biological processes including plant growth, development, hormonal signalling and environmental stress responses in plants. Since, the availability of mung bean (Vigna radiata) genome sequences, the identification and characterization of the RBOH gene family in mung bean remain unknown. Therefore, the current study focuses on identifying and characterizing nine RBOH genes, designated as VraRBOH, in mung bean. The VraRBOH genes were characterized using all sort of bioinformatics analysis for distribution, structural and phylogenic organization in mung bean genome. Further, their expression level was assessed during drought stress in mung bean. The chromosomal distribution analysis showed the presence of VraRBOH genes on six chromosomes only rather than scattering in whole genome. All VraRBOH genes exhibited conserved domain including those for binding of FAD, NADPH ribose and NADPH region in C-terminal region during multiple sequence alignment analysis. The VraRBOH genes harboured the introns ranged from 0 (VraRBOH1) to 23 (VraRBOH4). The phylogenetic tree consisted of five major groups with subgroups. The presence of the cis-regulatory elements in the VraRBOH gene promoter regions suggested the biologically active nature of these genes in mung bean. Semi quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR analysis revealed that VraRBOH4 exhibited exponential expression at the transcript level in the time-course experiment of drought stress in mung bean. Conversely, the remaining VraRBOH genes displayed either up- or down-regulation at specific time points of the drought stress treatment. The identified and characterized VraRBOH gene family offers a valuable resource for both fundamental and applied research aimed at comprehending mung bean's tolerance to abiotic stress.

In India, rabies in cattle is under-reported. Religious sentiments hamper its diagnosis, discouraging post-mortem examination, particularly opening the cranium. Specimens of peripheral tissue innervated by the cranial nerves could potentially be used as alternative diagnostic specimens to the brain. Herein, we present a case study of a novel approach for diagnosing rabies in a cow suspected of having rabies, using skin tissue specimens of the nasolabial plate obtained post-mortem. Brain and nasolabial tissue specimens tested positive for rabies using conventional reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. This approach has been previously shown to have a high diagnostic sensitivity in animals. We encourage further studies with more nasolabial plate skin specimens for both post- and antemortem diagnosis of rabies in cattle.

Diffuse idiopathic pulmonary neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia (DIPNECH) is a rare pulmonary disorder that is classified as a pre-invasive lesion. It can also be present in association with chronic lung diseases. We present two cases of DIPNECH, which were picked up incidentally only on histopathology. A 29-year-old male presented with a history of longstanding cough with expectoration. A computed tomography (CT) scan showed bronchiectasis in the left lung. Histopathological evaluation of the pneumonectomy specimen revealed nests of proliferating, non-infiltrating neuroendocrine cells. Our second patient was a 38-year-old female with chronic cough and expectoration with recent exacerbation. CT scan showed cystic bronchiectasis in the left lower lobe; hence, a lobectomy was performed. On histopathology, nests of non-infiltrating neuroendocrine cells were noted. A diagnosis of DIPNECH with bronchiectasis was offered to both patients, and they have been on follow-up ever since. DIPNECH is a diagnostic and therapeutic quandary requiring a high index of suspicion for its detection and effective surveillance.

Moth bean [Vigna aconitifolia (Jacq.) Marechal] is a drought hardy orphan pulse crop. However, the information related to the identification and characterization of drought stress tolerance genes is very limited. Therefore, the present investigation was formulated to identified and characterized drought tolerant gene(s) from moth bean. Five genes were selected from available expression studies of moth bean and their expression pattern was assessed during time course experiment of drought stress in moth bean. During the time course experiment of drought stress in moth bean, the catalase1 (CAT1) gene was exponentially expressed in up-regulated manner. Thus, CAT1 gene of moth bean was identified as potential candidate gene and validated through Sanger’s sequencing. The genomic sequence CAT1 gene was named as VacoCAT1 and was further characterized using various bioinformatics tools. The VacoCAT1 showed an ORF with incomplete length of 213 bp which encoded 71 amino acids. The coding sequence of VacoCAT1 gene was shown a single exon due to incomplete nature of genomic sequences. The multiple sequence alignment of VacoCAT1 revealed the highly conserved region at 3’ site of the gene as compared to CAT1 gene of other crop species including legumes. The phylogenetic analysis of VacoCAT1 and CAT1 gene of other crop species including legumes revealed three clusters. The cluster VacoCAT1 gene showed close proximity with V. radiata CAT1 in cluster one of phylogenetic tree. The identified and characterized VacoCAT1 gene can be utilized as a genomic resource for enhance drought tolerance in susceptible pulses as well as other crops.

Microbial volatile organic compounds (MVOCs) are organic compounds having low molecular mass (less than 300 Da) and high vapor pressure due to low boiling point. Microorganisms produce a plethora of volatile compounds that can play a very crucial role in intraand inter-kingdom interactions. Many volatile organic compounds (VOCs) secreted by microbes associated with soil and plants have been described to be involved in microbial communications. A considerable body of opinion indicates that MVOCs have potential to be utilized as a beneficial and good sustainable approach for diverse areas including agriculture, industrial and health sector. They can induce plant defense systems and inhibit the development of diverse plant pathogens.

Density functional theory DFT(B3LYP)/6-31G(d) has been applied to compute the geometry optimization, dipole moment and vibrational frequencies of acetyl-salicylic acid and paracetamol. From the comparison of vibrational frequencies it is observed that the value of O-H stretching in Aspirin is lower as compared to Paracetamol shows its greater tendency to form cation whereas paracetamol has least tendency to form cation as the O-H stretching in paracetamol, which explains that why there is displacement of - COOH by -OH group in aspirin i.e. (aspirin) acetyl-salicylic acid readily converts into salicylic acid which is responsible for most of its actions. The greater values of O-H and C-H stretching of paracetamol than Aspirin explains its selective behavior to inhibit cyclooxynase-2 (COX-2) and poor inhibitor of the synthesis of prostaglandins which is responsible for pain headache and infection and can be life saving option. On comparison of dipole moment of it is also observed that the order is) acetyl-salicylic acid > paracetamol and from our earlier ADMP studies of total energy curve vs time in trajectory curve of acetyl-salicylic acid and paracetamol at DFT/6-31G(d) it is found that the energy required to release hydrogen from these drugs are in the order paracetamol > acetyl-salicylic acid, therefore from infrared spectra, dipole moment and ADMP studies of acetyl-salicylic acid and paracetamol it is concluded that acetyl-salicylic acid is most reactive which explains that why it inhibit the synthesis of prostaglandins responsible for pain , headache and fever; restricts the blood supply to the tumor in effect- not allowing it to grow than a pea and paracetamol is a poor inhibitor of prostaglandins synthesis, does not have anti-inflammatory action. Acetylsalicylic acid shows more reactive sites than paracetamol which give the evidence that why it is being replaced by acetyl-salicylic acid. (c) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the National Conference on Functional Materials: Emerging Technologies and Applications in Materials Science.

Purpose of Review Over a period of time, sporotrichosis has arisen as one of the leading fungal infections not only in animals but humans also. Several possible reasons that contribute to its emergence include change in epidemiology and distribution, evolutionary changes in taxonomy, and several outbreaks. World Health Organization has identified sporotrichosis as one of the major neglected tropical diseases (NTD) for 2021-2030 under the category of fungal NTDs. Several factors are contributing to increases in morbidity due to sporotrichosis such as delayed diagnosis and unavailability of appropriate antifungal therapy, which lead to redundant and inappropriate treatment with associate costs and adverse effects. Recent Findings The potassium iodide is the first line of treatment for cutaneous forms while amphotericin B is used for the most severe cases of the disease. The limited medication arsenal, side effects, failure of therapy, and the advent of drug-resistant isolates emphasize the need for the development of new therapeutic options. Several studies are focusing on the development of the new drugs which either used alone or in combination with already available treatment. Along with this, several new antigens have been identified as possible targets for its vaccine development. Summary The early diagnosis is required for selecting the best possible treatment strategy. The researchers should focus on developing new diagnostic methods and treatment options as well as vaccine development for the better management of sporotrichosis. In the long run, patient education for preventative features to reduce risk and counselling for prolonged therapy will be beneficial.

BackgroundFemale genital tuberculosis (FGTB) causes infertility in a significant number of females. The immunological impact of tuberculosis on endometrium in infertile females has not been studied before. The present study was designed to evaluate markers related to infiltrating immune cells and implantation in endometrial aspiration from infertile females and correlate with conventional tests and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for tuberculosis (TB).MethodsIt was a prospective cohort study with 385 patients out of which IHC was done in 306 over a period of 3 years from 2013 to 2016 in a tertiary care hospital. Women with infertility, 20–35 years of age, without history of pulmonary TB or intake of antitubercular therapy were included. Endometrial samples were subjected to PCR for TB along with microbiological and histological examination for TB. Immunohistochemistry for CD45, CD3, CD20, CD4, CD8, CD68, CD138, Interferon gamma, Interleukin 10 (IL-10) and implantation markers MUC1 and Notch 1 were done on the endometrial samples along with 25 control subjects.ResultsConventional tests for tuberculosis like staining for acid fast bacilli (AFB), granuloma on histology or culture positivity were seen in 2.61% (6/306; 1.96% had granulomas, 1/306; 0.32% was AFB positive, 2/306; 0.6% were liquid culture positive). PCR was positive in 190/306 (62.09%). CD3, CD20, CD45, CD68, CD4, CD8 and CD 138 expressing infiltrating cells were not significantly related to PCR positive cases. Interferon gamma expressing lymphocytes were significantly higher (38.94%) in PCR positive endometria compared to 26.72% in the PCR negative (p = 0.04). Notch −1 expression correlated significantly with the occurrence of pregnancy. A trend towards high intensity expression of Notch1 was seen in PCR negative cases. MUC-1 expression did not correlate with pregnancy although interferon gamma expression was significantly related to low intensity MUC1 expression.ConclusionsImmunohistochemical markers are not reliable tests in diagnosis of FGTB. Notch 1 expression though showing correlation with pregnancy has to be further evaluated with a panel of other implantation markers.Study fundingIndian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India.

Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) syndrome is a rare type of idiosyncratic drug reaction. It is usually associated with antiepileptic drugs. It can also be associated with first line anti-tubercular drugs (ATDs), antibiotics, herbal medicines and many other drugs. We report a case of DRESS syndrome presented with erythematous lesions all over the body following the intake of second line ATDs for multi drug resistant tuberculosis. FNAC was done from the enlarged inguinal lymph node which revealed the presence of atypical lymphocytes. Clinical and other supportive features confirmed the diagnosis of DRESS syndrome.

The parasitology refers to interactions between two organisms of different sizes in which the benefitted one is known as the parasite and the other one which suffers is called the host. Although there are numerous prokaryotic and eukaryotic parasites, the main emphasis is based upon those which are responsible for most deadly illness leading to cause millions of deaths and billions of infections in humans every year. Public health agencies and research organizations largely hire parasitologists to test therapies, prophylactics and vaccines that prevent parasitic infections. Parasites can develop drug resistance, so it is therefore necessary to understand their genes, proteins, life cycles and evolution through research to monitor infections and to predict potential outbreaks.

This review article focuses on recent updates on remediation of industrial wastewater (IWW) through microalgae cultivation. These include how adding additional supplements of nutrient to some specific IWWs lacking adequate nutrients improving the microalgae growth and remediation simultaneously. Various pretreatments strategy recently employed for IWWs treatment other than dealing with microalgae was discussed. Various nutrient-rich IWW could be utilized directly with additional dilution, supplement of nutrients and without any pretreatment. Recent advances in various approaches and new tools used for cultivation of microalgae on IWW such as two-step cultivation, pre-acclimatization, novel microalgal-bioelectrical systems, integrated catalytic intense pulse-light process, sequencing batch reactor, use of old stabilized algal-bacterial consortium, immobilized microalgae cells, microalgal bacterial membrane photobioreactor, low-intensity magnetic field, BIO_ALGAE simulation tool, etc. are discussed. In addition, biorefinery of microalgal biomass grown on IWW and its end-use applications are reviewed.

Due to urbanization and industrialization pollution level increases. Air pollution directly affects to human health. Air Quality Indices (AQI) method is related to measuring the concentration of different pollutants PM10, NO2, SO2 and other pollutants. The fuzzy Logic air quality index calculates in single value of AQI defines limits 0 to 1. In this study, a comparison of air quality data of three cities was conducted with the help of fuzzy logic algorithm. It used to evaluating Indices through fuzzy multi criteria decision making (MCDM) framework in which linguistic terms of experts opinion and perception, accordingly computing matrix is constructed for sub criteria. There are five linguistic terms used in this framework to create membership functions such as high significant, significant, average significant, low significant and not significant. The three cities, Bangalore, Mysore, and Hubli-Dharwad air quality datas was taken for analysis and evaluating indices during pre-COVID years (2017, 2018, and 2019). The AQI value shows that Bangalore has the highest pollution level while Mysore has the lowest. Using the fuzzy theory, results show that Bangalore and Hubli-Dharwad decrease in pollution level by -0.074921% and -0.04797%. Negative sign shows the decrease pollution level while Mysore increase pollution level by 0.011792%. Overall the results show that AQI of Mysore city is low compared to Bangalore and Hubli-Dharwad. Also, this study reveals air quality disseminated through industrial processes and automobile emissions in India cities during pre-COVID pandemic years.

The prime objective of all the countries is to increase food production due to a significant rise in the world population, which is expected to reach 10 billion by 2050. It is estimated that annually the world population increases approximately 97 million, which has exerted high pressure on agriculture. The use of pesticides has become crucial in our modern life as revealed from the money spent on their usage globally—nearly $38 billion every year. Ideally, it is assumed that pesticides should be toxic to target organisms, biodegradable and eco-friendly in nature, but in some cases they are non-specific in nature. This has resulted in the death or elimination of various harmless organisms that are useful for the environment. The uses of pesticides have been associated with various chronic diseases in humans. Moreover, large-scale use of pesticides has led to various kinds of other problems in the ecosystem like the development of insect pest resistance. This kind of resistance has been reported in various insect species against some pesticides, for example organophosphates, cyclodiene, DDT, carbamates, fumigants and pyrethroids. Consequently, there have been attempts to develop new eco-friendly biofertilizers with biodegradable and low toxicity properties. This has increased the interest of researchers in evaluating secondary metabolites of plants for insecticidal properties. The process of using natural enemies for controlling pest populations is known as biological control and includes vertebrates, nemathelminthes, arthropods, viruses, bacteria, protozoa and fungi. Biofertilizers are extremely important in integrated nutrient management that involves the use of plant nutrients to supplement agriculture by replacing chemical fertilizers. In order to achieve security of food for the increasing population and restoring the fertility of the soil, both biopesticides and biofertilizers play a crucial role and need further investigations to improve their quality.

The successful treatment of Orthodontic patient is dependent on careful diagnosis. Three planes of discrepancies are commonly described in orthodontics namely, transverse, sagittal and vertical. Of these, the sagittal discrepancies are most commonly encountered in day to day practice. This study was aimed to compare various methods of cephalometric analysis for assessing sagittal jaw relationship. There were total of 180 lateral cephalograms used and each samples were divided into 2 groups based on their skeletal relationship according to ANB angle. i.e Class I and Class II. Class I and Class II were again divided into average, horizontal and vertical group. Pretreatment records were taken and tracing were performed on the lateral cephalogram and measured values were recorded and subjected to statistical analysis.In class I, the highest frequency was seen in A-B plane angle and FABA angle and in class II the highest frequency found in K angle followed by A-B plane angle. In class I horizontal group, a strong level of agreement was found between AXB angle with AF-BF distance while in class II average group, A-B plane angle shows strong level of agreement with WITS and FABA angle. In terms of reliability, all the ten parameters (A-B plane angle, WITS, AF-BF distance, APP-BPP distance, FABA angle, BETA angle, YEN angle, W angle and K angle) show good reliability in class II average and vertical group. : No single measurement is perfect in all the cases. A combination of different measurements should be used to have a true assessment of sagittal jaw relationship.

Objectives: Benign cervical ectopy (CE) may cause chronic or recurrent symptoms leading to women repeatedly being referred to gynecology clinics. The study is aimed to present a safe and effective method for relieving symptoms of CE. Methods: This double-blind clinical trial was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, among 174 women with CE who complained of persistent or recurrent symptoms of cervicitis in the last six months. Patient’s demographic data, medical history, symptoms, and vaginal examination results were recorded. Normal co-test or Pap smear was required to enter the study. Participants were divided into two groups; the intervention group received cryotherapy and the control group underwent cryo-placebo (inserted the probe without true cryotherapy). The outcomes including improvement of symptoms and CE were monitored one, three, and six months later. Results: The prevalence of symptoms in the two groups were not significantly different (p > 0.050). Symptom improvement was significantly higher with cryotherapy: vaginal discharge (p = 0.006), itching (p < 0.001), dyspareunia (p = 0.005), post-coital bleeding (p = 0.023), and pelvic pain (p = 0.009). If the symptoms did not disappear, their severity was lower after cryotherapy, comparatively (p < 0.050). Examination showed more improvement of CE following cryotherapy (p < 0.001). Cryotherapy showed no remarkable side effects and was associated with more satisfaction (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Cryotherapy is a safe, effective, fast-acting, and cost-benefit therapy that can be considered for the treatment of symptomatic CE. This treatment is considered to be appropriate in genitourinary clinics as these have routine screening procedures for various genital infections.

Article History Published Online: 14 November 2020 Floodplain wetlands are very important for ecological and socio-economic services and, in Assam large number of people living in-and-around wetlands, often depends on the wetland ecosystem services for their livelihoods. To understand the ecological condition of floodplain wetlands, in the Upper Brahmaputra valley, Assam, assessment were carried out during the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon from October 2016 to May 2017 in six important wetlands. The paper highlights integrated approach to study the landscape status of the catchment area; physico-chemical characteristics of the water and soil. Over the time period of 2016-17, water and soil samples were collected and analysed from sixselected wetlands; and for the image based analysis of these wetlands have been carried out using Landsat-8 image 2016. The study revealed that, in spite of decreasing size, the Fuklaibeel is in better condition among all of the wetlands based on the landscape assessment and the Water Quality Index (WQI) value with 66.6% vegetative cover and 57.3 respectively.

The rapid population growth and an increase in the living standard of inhabitants have caused insurmountable problems to the municipal solid waste management (MSWM) of Bhopal city. The city generates approximately 800 t/d of municipal solid waste (MSW) and it is estimated to increase to approximately 2735 t/d by the year 2035. This paper presents an overview of the existing MSWM practices in Bhopal city and suggests a roadmap to overcome the shortcoming. Some of the major drawbacks are: an absence of an engineering landfill, improper management of MSW, lack of suitable facilities (equipment and infrastructure) and funds. This has caused contamination of different environmental slots, including soil, groundwater/surface water and air leading to unhealthy dwelling conditions. Physical and chemical analyses of waste indicates a high concentration (45%) of biodegradable waste, low calorific value (378–4680 kcal/kg) and high moisture content (>30%) of MSW. Overall, 15% of the waste was found suitable for electricity generation. A roadmap for better management is proposed that includes segregation at source, recycling and reuse for sustainable management of MSW as per provisions made in solid waste management rules, 2016. This roadmap will definitely enhance the awareness campaign ‘Team Up to Clean Up’ launched by Bhopal Municipal Corporation in 2014.

Throughout history, naturally derived molecules have had countless applications in medicine, pharmacy, and biology. This rich reservoir of natural compounds demonstrated great potential in treating various diseases, mainly cancer. Alkaloids, a subfamily of secondary metabolites, are derived from a large variety of organisms including plants, animals, and marine organisms. This group of compounds has exhibited promising anticancer and chemopreventive effects and has been found to chemo-sensitize tumor cells that are resistant to conventional chemotherapy. The remarkable structural diversity of anticancer alkaloids has allowed their use as lead compounds in the treatment of cancer. Chemical derivatization and modifications of alkaloid structures led to the improvement of their therapeutic potential. Many of these second-generation alkaloids are currently commercially available or are in advanced clinical trials, and a major group is still being tested preclinically. Here we provide an overview of alkaloids that are in clinical trials and which are FDA approved. We have classified anticancer alkaloids according to their biological origin and presented an extensive discussion of their mechanism of action and clinical toxicity. The understanding of the mechanism of action and clinical manifestations of anticancer alkaloids is essential for advancing their use and enhancing their efficacy in the clinic. Authors Farah Ballout and Zeina Habli have equally contributed to this chapter.

Objective: Transdermal patch of timolol maleate was prepared in order to increase the permeability of the drug topically. Methods: The timolol maleate (TM) loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) were prepared by the solvent evaporation method. For the optimization process full factorial (three-factor and three-level), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) range from 100 to 300 mg, ethylcellulose 100 to 200 gm and almond oil 3 to 4 ml. The response noted in form of tensile strength and percent drug release. These transdermal patches were evaluated for physical characterization like weight variation, thickness, percentage moisture absorption, percentage moisture loss, water vapor transmission rate, folding endurance, tensile strength, and content uniformity. Results: Solid lipid nanoparticles of TM were optimized and prepared, the data presented that drug release percent ranged from 66.12 to 91.75. 2FI model was observed to fit for response % drug permeation with a p and F value of 0.0271 and 4.50. The tensile strength varies from 0.358 to 0.508. The linear model was observed to fit for the tensile strength response with a p-value and F-value of<0.0001 and 52.41. Conclusion: The controlled release formulation of Timolol Maleate was successfully optimized and prepared, a study conducted to investigate the effect of different polymers and type of permeation time profiles from Timolol Maleate patches.