Исследуются особенности межуровневых взаимосвязей в системе психической саморегуляции у подростков 11–14 лет (170 испытуемых) с разными типами вегетативного реагирования. Для подростков-ваготоников характерен относительно низкий уровень сформированности процессов произвольной саморегуляции. Оптимальное состояние регуляторных систем с минимальными затратами функциональных резервов, открытость и готовность к социальным контактам создают условия для развития гармоничной системы произвольной саморегуляции. У подростков-симпатотоников процессы произвольной саморегуляции реализуются на фоне психического и эмоционального перенапряжения. Потребность в новых впечатлениях и стремление к разнообразию видов деятельности создают условия для формирования стратегий произвольной саморегуляции, способных предотвращать развитие психоэмоционального стресса. У подростков-эйтоников пластичность регуляторных процессов нейрои психофизиологического уровней создает предпосылки формирования гармоничной системы произвольной саморегуляции. У подростков-дистоников быстрый доступ к функциональным резервам создает благоприятные условия для успешного освоения предметного мира, расширения социальных контактов и формирования наиболее эффективной системы произвольной саморегуляции. Однако высокий уровень напряжения нейрорегуляторных механизмов может привести к срыву адаптационных процессов, что можно предотвратить, опираясь на стратегию экономии ресурсов.

Исследовались взаимосвязи компонентов вегетативного реагирования со свойствами темперамента и стилевыми особенностями системы осознанной саморегуляции поведения в разных возрастных группах. В контексте системного подхода вегетативный баланс, темперамент и осознанная саморегуляция поведения рассматриваются как разные уровни (нейрофизиологический, психофизиологический и психический) единой иерархической системы саморегуляции, которая формируется в ходе онтогенеза и на каждом возрастном этапе имеет свои особенности. В исследовании участвовали 513 испытуемых: подростки – 223 человека, молодые люди – 148 человек, респонденты зрелого возраста – 142 человека. Показано, что вне зависимости от возраста компоненты нейрофизиологического уровня системы саморегуляции обусловливают особенности социальных контактов, регуляторных процессов моделирования условий деятельности и программирования поведения. С возрастом по мере формирования устойчивой иерархической системы саморегуляции количество взаимосвязей между компонентами нейрофизиологического и психофизиологического, нейрофизиологического и психического уровней увеличивается; связи становятся более многозначными, их структура изменяется.

Blends of an ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyisobutylene of various compositions were prepared by mechanical mixing at a temperature above the melting point of EVA (T-m(EVA)) but below the upper critical solution temperature of 170 degrees C for given blends. The rheological properties of the components and blends were studied in the region of small-amplitude oscillating deformation at temperatures above and below T-m(EVA) in the frequency range of 0.01-100 rad/s. At temperatures lower than T-m(EVA) the rheological properties were deter mined by the existence of the yield stress. With diminishing frequency, the viscosity increased, and the plateau in the relaxation spectrum at low frequencies broadened. The morphology of the blends depended on the conditions of sample heating. The introduction of a finely dispersed filler into the blends led to an anomalous drop in the viscosity. The morphology of the systems that arose by mechanical blending of the molten components was the important factor in the rheological behavior. The observed effects were examined in the framework of the concept of structural networks formed in melts by nonmelted crystallites of EVA. (c) 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

The formation of "hot" (8 eV) electrons under excess electron drift in a moderate electrostatic field through solid xenon has been experimentally proved by observation of secondary electrons emitted from the photocathode. At T=77 K and U=1000 V one drifting electron produces about 20 (172 nm) photons, the efficiency of electric field-to-vacuum ultraviolet emission conversion is 15% tending to grow with temperature. A self-sustained electric discharge has been generated in solid Xe using a three-electrode cell with a zinc cathode.

It is shown experimentally that the exciton luminescence λ=172 nm) quantum yield excited by excess electrons drifting through solid xenon at 77 K in fields of 10 kV/cm amounts to 20±5 per electron and that luminescence takes place during the entire drift process. A CW bulky discharge through solid xenon (with a current up to 20 A/cm 2 ) is realized, and intense visible luminescence due to excitation of impurities by electron impacts is observed. The prospects for using solid rare gases as matrices for studying processes in low-temperature plasmas and for creating effective electric energy converters in the vacuum ultraviolet range are discussed.

We have introduced guest particles into superfluid helium using a directed helium jet containing traces of species under study. The distinguishing peculiarity of the method consists in that the whole system is sealed from the cryostat main helium bath. This allows: (i) on the account of the absence of evaporating helium upflow to realize a complete capture of the impurities from the jet into liquid helium; (ii) to eliminate the dependence of the process conditions on liquid He level position in the main bath as well as on the amount of liquid He condensed inside a cell; and (iii) this method can be used to introduce impurities into liquid 3 He. Two modifications of the technique have been designed—one for an optical cryostat and another for a cryostat with narrow 1” tail typical for use in a very high magnetic field. Optical and X-ray diffraction studies have confirmed the possibility of embedding in superfluid helium samples consisting of submicron D 2 particles with a rate of 10mmoles per hour. Such samples are necessary for the achievement of strong D 2 nuclear spin polarization by the brute force method.

To study the effects of inducing stereo-chemical modifications in the structure of dermorphin (DM) so as to improve its μ-opioid receptor affinity and its resistance to C-terminal enzymatic degradation, in the Institute of Molecular Genetics of Moscow, we synthesized a new DM analogue ([DPro6]DM) and analyzed the changes induced in the biological activities of DM by substituting the Pro6 residue with DPro6. We compared the activity of the new DM analogue and DM in in vitro assays and in in vivo tests of analgesia, thermoregulation, heart rate recordings, and gastrointestinal motility in rats. In the in vitro tests, guinea pig ileum (GPI) and mouse vas deferens (MVD), although the opioid activities of [DPro6]DM indicated that the peptide was always less potent than DM, its lower IC50 ratios (μ/δ) showed that it had higher μ-opioid receptor selectivity. In the in vivo analgesic test, [DPro6]DM, when injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) (0.5–5 and 10mg/kg) in rats, had the same antinociceptive efficacy as DM and when injected intranasally (i.n.) (0.005 and 0.02mg/kg) it induced a more stable and long-lasting analgesia than DM (the AUC was about 91% higher for [DPro6]DM than for DM). Moreover, these data confirm that the intranasal route is advantageous for peripheral drug administration. In the heart rate study, [DPro6]DM and DM (0.5mg/kg, i.p.), induced a similar, weak bradycardia. The only difference was that [DPro6]DM induced a longer-lasting effect than DM. Conversely, in body temperature regulation [DPro6]DM induced weaker inhibitory activity than DM (56% of the DM-induced response); it did so only in a cold environment and at the maximal used dose (0.5mg/kg, i.p.) without inducing vasomotor effects. In the gastrointestinal study, [DPro6]DM and DM (0.005, 0.05, and 0.5mg/kg, i.p.) significantly slowed upper gastrointestinal transit of a charcoal meal and inhibited colonic propulsion. Comparison of the ED50 values of [DPro6]DM (0.03mg/kg) and DM (0.009mg/kg) showed that the DM analogue was about three times less potent than DM in slowing gastrointestinal and colonic transit. In conclusion, all these data overall suggest that structural maneuvering in the Pro6-residue of the DM molecule changes its affinity for μ-opioid receptor subtypes and confirms the usefulness of experimental studies involving structural modifications in obtaining new therapeutic agents.

We have developed a new technique for embedding micro-impurities into solid helium. It is based on sedimentation of a jet of helium mixed with impurities on a gas–liquid and then liquid–solid interface, the He solid is continuously moved downwards by removing helium gas from the bottom of the cell. A guest particle density of 3×1019 per cc and a doped crystal growth rate of 1mm per 20s were achieved. A CARS study of deuterium stabilized in solid He showed significant size effect in the Raman scattering cross section for J=1 and 0 Q-lines.

β-Casomorphin-(5) and some analogs modified by the introduction of some D-amino acids and D-pipecolic acid as well as by C-terminal amidation were tested for their affinities to mu- and delta-binding sites in rat brain membranes. The binding affinities of these compounds are compared with the known activities in the guinea pig ileum (GPI) and mouse vas deferens (MVD) test and their antinociceptive potencies in rats. The substitution of D-proline for proline in position 4 in β-casomorphin-(5) and β-casomorphin-(4)amide (morphiceptin) results in derivatives with very high mu-binding affinity and mu-selectivity. These affinities correspond to the respective analgesic potencies. Both binding to mu-receptors and analgesic potency are also enhanced by the introduction of D-Phe in position 3. Testing D-Ala2 substituted derivatives with respect to their ability to compete for 3H-naloxone, we observed apparent differences between the pentapeptide amides (biphasic displacement curves) and the tetrapeptide amides (monophasic displacement curves). The substitution of L-Pro2 by D-pipecolic acid yields an analog with preferential delta-receptor affinity in the organ preparations (MVD) but preferential mu-receptor affinity in brain membranes. This finding suggests a possible difference between peripheral and central mu-binding sites.

Based on the authors" and published data, the spectrum of biological activities of dermorphins was theoretically analyzed for the first time from the viewpoint of specific structural features of their molecule that determine selective affinity to μ-opiate receptors. It was shown that specific distribution of dermorphins and corresponding opiate receptors in tissues and organs, especially in the CNS structures, determines the role of dermorphins in the regulation of functions of the most important physiological systems.

$^{a}$E. B. Gordon, V. V. Khmelenko and O. S. Rzhevsky. Chem. Phys. Lett.217(5,6), 605, 1994. $^{b}$A. S. Schussler, J. Burghorn, P. Wyder, et al. Appl. Phys. Lett. 77(18),2786, 2000. $^{c}$E. B. Gordon, A. F. Shestakov. Low Temp. Phys. + 27(9/10), 883, 2001.

We studied the influence of dermorphin (dermorphin) analogs with stereochemical modification of the amino acid residue proline in position 6 (Pro6), Tyr-D-Ala-Phe-Gly-Tyr-Hyp-Ser-NH2, Tyr-D-Ala-Phe-Gly-Tyr-[D-Pro]-Ser-NH2, Tyr-D-Ala-Phe-Gly-Tyr-[dehydro-Pro]-Ser-NH2, and Tyr-D-Ala-Phe-Gly-Tyr-[D-dehydro-Pro]-Ser-NH2, after their intraperitoneal injection at 0.5 mg/kg dose in the cold (4–7°C), thermoneutral (27–28°C), and hot (31–33°C) environment. Stereochemical modifications of amino acid residue Pro6 proved to induce specific changes in the thermoregulatory effect of the peptide. Substitution of DPro6 for Pro6 has the most dramatic consequences: it considerably attenuates the thermoregulatory effect of dermorphin in the cold environment, cancels it in the hot environment, and inverts the dermorphin-specific thermoregulatory response in thermoneutral conditions. The data obtained indicate the important role of Pro6 residue in realization of this physiological activity of dermorphins.

We studied effect of dermorphin (H-Tyr-DAla-Phe-Gly-Tyr-Pro-Ser-NH2) and its analogs with modified amino acid residue proline in position 6, H-Tyr-DAla-Phe-Gly-Tyr-[DPro]-Ser-NH2, H-Tyr-DAla-Phe-Gly-Tyr-[dehydro-Pro]-Ser-NH2, and H-Tyr-DAla-Phe-Gly-Tyr-[D-dehydro-Pro]-Ser-NH2, on nociception in the tail-flick and hot plate tests after intraperitoneal injection. Replacement of LPro with the stereoisomer DPro as well as Pro dehydration (LdHPro) was shown to increase antinociceptive activity. Replacement of LdHPro with DdHPro cancelled the activity in the tail-flick test. All three dermorphin analogs retained antinociceptive activity in the hot plate test; however, the effect of dermorphin was more pronounced.

Intraperitoneal administration of dermorphin caused dose-dependent changes in rats core temperature and tail skin temperature (indicative of compensatory thermoregulatory vasoreactions in rats). The character of these changes depended strongly on the environmental temperature at which the inversion of the dermorphin-induced thermoregulatory effect was observed. In the cold environment (4-7 degrees C) dermorphin caused a significant, stable, dose-dependent hypothermia. In the thermoneutral environment (27-28 degrees C) dermorphin also caused hypothermia, but this effect was less pronounced. In the hot environment (31-32 degrees C) dermorphin caused hyperthermia. Dermorphin-induced changes in tail skin temperature indicate that dermorphin suppresses the thermoregulatory peripheral compensatory vasomotor reactions. Pretreatment with naloxone attenuated dermorphin-induced effects on core temperature and partially enhanced vasomotor effects of dermorphin. The data obtained indicate that dermorphin affects the core temperature regulation via mu-opiate receptors, whereas vasomotor effects of the peptide are probably mediated via naloxone-insensitive receptors.