риведены методика и результаты экспериментального исследования современных геодинамических движений горнопромышленной территории Кузнецкого угольного бассейна, характеризующейся беспрецедентными объемами извлекаемых из недр полезных ископаемых, что приводит к проявлению сейсмической активности, вызванной техногенным влиянием горнодобывающих объектов. Приведена методика инструментальных исследований постсейсмических сдвижений и деформаций техногенно измененного породного массива на больших пространственно-временных базах, включающая как определение суточных амплитуд изменений координат по трем осям координат – амплитудной и трендовой составляющих до, между сериями и после техногенных сейсмических событий, так и распределения горизонтальных сдвижений и деформаций массива горных пород путем сопоставления цикловых координат, полученных в результате уравнивания геодезической GNSS сети. The article presents the methodology and results of an experimental study of current geodynamic movements of the mining territory of the Kuznetsk coal basin, characterized by unprecedented volumes of minerals extracted from the subsoil, which leads to the manifestation of seismic activity caused by the manmade influence of mining facilities. The methodology of instrumental studies of postseismic shifts and deformations of a technogenically altered rock mass on large spatial and temporal bases is presented, including both the determination of daily amplitudes of coordinate changes along three coordinate axes – amplitude and trend components before, between series and after technogenic seismic events, and the distribution of horizontal shifts and deformations of a rock mass by comparing cyclic coordinates, obtained as a result of equalization of the geodetic GNSS network.

Movements and deformations of ground surface at the Almaz-Zhemchuzhina deposit are studied using surveying techniques. The source data in estimation of parameters and patterns of the stress–strain behavior were observations over the recent geodynamic movements using survey markers and GPS / GLONASS technologies. The proposed scientific approach and guidelines on the use of the studies of trend and cycling geodynamic movements made it possible to determine the natural stress–strain parameters and to accomplish zoning of the test area by the intensities of the movements.

The paper presents the tasks, methods and results of comprehensive research in geoinformatics and in development of raw material base of the mining and metallurgical complex that are conducted at the Institute of Mining of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The main objectives of the research include evaluation of methods of information and analytical support for the use of subsurface resources, means and methods of multi-tier processing of geodata, digital modeling of geo-objects and complex geomonitoring; substantiation of methods of complex geomonitoring that ensure the integrated development of subsurface resources of the Earth with a safe level of anthropogenic impact on the geo-environment; development of methods of information and analytical support for subsurface resources to solve the challenges of integrated development of mineral raw materials. As the result, criteria for assessing the protection of mining territories are justified; the intensity of the self-restoration process of areas disturbed by mining operations is estimated; a methodical approach to the accumulation and processing of geodynamic and geoinformation monitoring data from mining territories in mutual geospatial correlation is proposed; a systematization of factors, objects and types of risks in subsoil use that generate negative effect. This approach helps to justify the range of geodata required to assess the probability of a specific type of risk.

Issues of safety of operation of subsoil use objects are one of the most important tasks of engineering geology. Thanks to the development of satellite geodesy technologies, it became possible to obtain data on the current movements of the earth's crust at different scale levels with sub-centimeter accuracy. The article is devoted to the issues of deformation monitoring of the Kola Peninsula and Karelia. There are many industrial enterprises in this area. Mining has a man-made impact on the earth's crust, which must be monitored. The purpose of the study is to study the horizontal movements of the earth's crust of the territory under consideration. Thanks to constant observations at various satellite stations, their speeds of movement were obtained. The results of satellite observations were processed using the Elcut program. As a result of processing by the finite element method, displacement vectors, strain tensors and a color scheme of horizontal displacements were obtained.

The paper considers the problem of assessing the initial stress-strain state of a rock mass under the influence of modern geodynamic movements as a fundamental initial stage in zoning territories according to the risk factor of techno-natural disasters during subsoil use. It is proposed to use the results of monitoring of modern geodynamic movements of permanent stations of the GNSS system, as well as observations of geodetic signs using GPS / GLONASS satellite geodesy technologies, as initial information for assessing the parameters and patterns of the formation of a stress-strain state in territories of various scale levels. The scientific approach proposed in the work and the methodological provisions for applying the results of monitoring the deformation processes of the earth's surface provide the initial stage in solving the problem of zoning territories according to the risk of techno-natural disasters in subsoil use, which consists in assessing the parameters of the initial stress-strain state of a rock mass.

Исследование влияния сезонного фактора на результаты координатных определений спутниковыми методамиД. А

The characteristics of the mining and mechanical conditions of the Korkinsky coal deposit are given. The importance of using direct geodetic methods for observing displacements of the earth's surface near the section to ensure industrial safety is noted. At the Korkinskoye deposit, instrumental observations are currently being carried out, including geodetic measurements of the coordinates of points located within the area of influence of mining operations, as a result of which the displacements of points of the geodetic network are determined. The measurements carried out by the GNSS complex have shown their high efficiency for solving the problems of geomechanics, the observation results are analyzed using modern visualization techniques.

Repeated geodetic measurements allow you to evaluate such geodetic elements as coordinates, heights, and directions. And also represent discretely the field of displacement vectors of geodesic points. The obtained vectors allow us to determine the stress-strain state of the earth's surface according to the accepted model. There is a reasonable opinion about the significant presence of rotational (vortex) movements in geodynamic processes. Here, the corresponding algorithms are used for the territory of the Voronezh Crystal massif. Separately, it is possible to calculate the differential characteristics of the vector field, called divergence (div) and rotor (vortex, rot, curl). The article proposes to determine the rotor field from discrete geodetic observations of displacement vectors on the surface of the studied territory. The most important continuation of this research work is the method of mathe-matical modeling of geodynamic systems for predictive purposes. For the study of complex (nonlinear) geodynamic processes, an appropriate mathematical basis should be chosen. Here, attention is drawn to the involvement of the mathematical foundations of field theory. To evaluate the characteristics of vector fields when using repeated geodetic measurements, the method of finite elements can be used. Dividing the territory under study into triangles allows us to determine the deformation characteristics after calculating the elements of the strain tensor. In particular, the value of the angular velocity of the triangle rotation relative to its center of gravity is found. Next, it is easy to calculate the value of the rotor. The example given in the article of real geodetic observations on the Voronezh crystal massif confirms the possibility of predicting the location of an upcoming seismic event – an earth-quake.

Relevance of the study is conditioned by wide spread problem of prevention of water mass breakthroughs into underground mine workings, successful solution of which in many respects determines the efficiency and safety of exploration.The aim of the research is to study the interrelation of modern geodynamic movements with danger of water objects breakthrough into mine workings during development of deposits in difficult hydrogeological conditions.Object: massif of deposits in difficult hydrogeological conditions, located under a powerful sedimentary stratum containing several aquifers.Methods: analytical, satellite positioning with dual-frequency GPS geodetic receivers, computer simulation of vector and tensor deformation field.Results. Based on the analysis of occurred emergency situations related to water breakthroughs at the mines, their causes and methods of prevention, it was found that one of the most important factors causing a breakthrough of water bodies are modern geodynamic movements that form a heterogeneous mosaic stress-strain state in the rock mass, which prevents the preservation of the integrity of water-protective massifs. The known methods to prevent the danger of water breakthrough in the rock by laying the depleted space and maintaining the overlying thickness of the whole, the appointment and application of parameters of treatment works without taking into account the formation of real tensely-deformed state under the influence of modern geodynamic movements are usually accompanied by accidents. As recommendations for prevention of water breakthroughs into the mine workings the method of studying modern geodynamic movements and the stress-strain state formed by them was presented and tested on the example of the massif Elanskoe and Elkinskoe polymetallic deposits. The vectors of trend movements of points together with the tectonic structure of the investigated region are established. Maximum vertical rises and maximum horizontal displacements were fixed. The obtained results of measurements using mathematical apparatus of solid medium mechanics were transformed into vectorial and tensor representation of deformation field with selection of main components of deformation tensor.Conclusions. The studied array is located in the temperate zone of stress-strain state with a characteristic multi-directionality of the deformation tensor, which leads to the development of shear deformations in an array of rocks, adversely affecting the stability of rock workings, as well as contributing to the disclosure of natural structural disorders of the array of rocks and improvement of its filtration properties. Increase of reliability of applied methods for preventing the danger of water breakthroughs into mine workings demands carrying out of special researches of formation of a real tensely-deformed condition and consideration of its parameters at designing and conducting clearing works.

The article presents the procedure and findings of the research into the modern geodynamic activity of rock mass at the Kachkanar Mining and Processing Plant. The characteristics of the cyclic short-period movements are determined in the course of continuous monitoring by satellite geodesy facilities within a few hours or days. The geodynamic monitoring in opencast mines of Kachkanar MPP is conditioned by the specific tectonic structure of enclosing rock mass, in particular, by the impact of a set of the active tectonic faults intersecting opencast mines and tailings ponds. The amplitudes of displacements and straining are determined in horizontal plane, vertically and in three-dimensional space. The accuracy of geodetic data was analyzed using two independent methods. The Fourier analysis of space-and-time series of displacements determined prevailing frequencies of the cyclic short-period movements. The peak values in the periodograms fitted the period of the short-period strains. The role of the cyclic geodynamic movements in the formation of the general stress-strain behavior of rock mass in the area of opencast mines and tailings ponds of Kachkanar MPP, EVRAZ is illustrated. The geodynamic movements induce fatigue phenomena in structures and materials, loosening of adjacent rock mass of opencast mines, change in the strength properties of soil at the bottom of engineering structures and the thixotropy effect.

The methodology and results of an experimental study of modern geodynamic movements using the data from geodetic deformation monitoring are presented. The related issues of modeling natural, anthropogenic, and ecological systems are considered. A technique for visualizing geodynamic movements based on the results of cyclic geodetic measurements, which allows to reasonably identify active geological structures, blocks, tectonic faults, is presented. It is shown that as a key source of information on geodynamic movements over large spatio-temporal intervals, it is advisable to use not the absolute values of the vectors of displacement of observation points, but their velocities, normalized to the annual cycle. It is indicated that an important characteristic of the vector field of geodynamic movements is divergence, which characterizes the degree of convergence or divergence of the vector flow.

Bведение: Рассматриваются методика и результаты экспериментальных исследований современных тектонических движений Воронежского кристаллического массива (ВКМ) с использованием данных деформационного мониторинга, и связанные с ними вопросы моделирования природных, техногенных, и экологических систем. Методика: Обозначены основные положения методики мониторинга и визуализации современных тектонических движений в виде векторного поля по результатам цикловых геодезических измерений. Результаты и обсуждение: Показано, что в качестве ключевого источника информации о тектонических движениях, проводимых на больших пространственно-временных базах, целесообразно использовать не абсолютные значения величин векторов сдвижений наблюдательных пунктов, а их скорости, приведенные к годовому циклу. Заключение: На основании экспериментальных данных установлен вихревой характер современных тектонических движений как индикатор активных тектонических нарушений.

The authors discuss one of the key objectives of geomechanics as a mining science. It consists on the investigation of deformation processes phenomena in rock mass and ground surface toward safe and efficient subsoil management as a type of economic activity, as well as for safe and sustainable operation of permanent underground and surface facilities of subsoil use. The emphasis is laid on the fact that subsoil facilities are not only the permanent structures meant for mineral mining and haulage but also the city and industry infrastructure, transportation lines, power generation and water bodies, high-rise structures, etc. for which underground rock mass and ground surface are the integral geotechnical component. All these subsoil use facilities are subject to risk of instability in case of natural and man-made disasters caused by deformation processes in rock masse and on ground surface. The current advances of geomechanics in the stress-strain analysis of rock mass, revealing its discreteness, mosaic structure and variability of stress and strain patterns in time, have offered a new insight into the sources and causes of natural and man-made catastrophes at the subsoil use objects and make it possible to push the limits of modern problems and objectives of geomechanics.

Since the beginning of the 2000s, observations of horizontal and vertical deformations of the earth’s surface using GPS technologies have been carried out in the area of the Kachkanar field. It was found that all observation points experience significant deformations. It is shown that the direction of movement is dominated by sub-latitude movements, and the vector of movement is directed mainly to the East. Vertical displacements of support points have a multidirectional character. the array sections that are experiencing a rise, as well as zones that are experiencing a fall, are identified. At the same time, the vertical displacement pattern is cellular in nature. Based on the assumption that the areas of horizontal and vertical movements are formed by the processes of deformation of the rock mass in the field of tectonic stresses, a geomechanical analysis of movements based on active tectonic disturbances is performed. The analysis is based on the patterns characteristic of the tectonic stress field in the Ural region. In the Central part of the field, 4 main zones of vertical deformations were identified. Analysis of the faults separating the compression and stretching zones shows that the vector of the main stress generating tectonic activity of the mountain range is oriented along the azimuth of 285°. The study shows that the upper part of the earth’s crust reacts to a powerful manmade impact associated with the extraction of minerals. The natural field of tectonic stresses generates activation of existing tectonic disturbances and the formation of new ones. The results of modern activation of the geological environment must be taken into account in the operation and construction of man-made facilities.

This paper presents the methodology and results of the study of modern short-period geodynamics of the activity of the rock mass of the Kachkanar mining and processing plant (MPP). The determination of the parameters of geodynamic movements is carried out in the form of continuous monitoring by satellite geodesy complexes over a point system for several hours or days. The need to conduct studies on the organization of geodynamic monitoring in the quarries of the Kachkanarsky MPP is due to the peculiarities of the tectonic structure of the enclosing massif, in particular, the influence of a series of active tectonic disturbances crossing the quarries and tailings. The manifestations of geo-dynamic activity, which is realized in the form of trend and cyclical short-period shifts in tectonic disturbances, are associated with deformation processes occurring on the north-western side of the Main Quarry, as well as a breakthrough of the tailings dam. The role of cyclic geodynamic movements in the formation of the general stress-strain state of the area where quarries and tailings are located is shown. At the same time, these geodynamic movements lead to the formation of fatigue effects in structures and materials, "loosening" of the massif of rocks composing the instrument massif, a change in the strength properties of soils at the base of engineering structures, and the manifestation of the thixotropy effect.

Приведены методика и результаты исследования современной геодинамической активности массива горных пород Качканарского горно-обогатительного комбината. Определение параметров цикличных короткопериодных геодинамических движений осуществлялось в виде непрерывного многочасового мониторинга комплексами спутниковой геодезии. Необходимость в проведении исследований по организации геодинамического мониторинга на карьерах Качканарского ГОКа обусловлена особенностями тектонического строения вмещающего массива, в частности, влиянием серии активных тектонических нарушений, пересекающих карьеры и хвостохранилища. С проявлениями геодинамической активности, реализующейся в виде трендовых и цикличных короткопериодных подвижек по тектоническим нарушениям, на комбинате связаны деформационные процессы, происходящие на северо-западном борту Главного карьера, а также прорыв дамбы хвостохранилища. Выполнены экспериментальные исследования параметров цикличных короткопериодных геодинамических движений на массиве горных пород, который пересекается серией активных тектонических нарушений субмеридионального направления. Установлены амплитуды сдвижений и деформаций в горизонтальной плоскости по высоте и в трехмерном пространстве, выполнен анализ точности геодезических построений. Определены методами Фурье-анализа преобладающие частоты короткопериодных цикличных движений, при этом оценивались графики периодограмм, пиковые значения которых соответствуют их периоду. Показана роль цикличных короткопериодных геодинамических движений в формировании общего напряженно-деформированного состояния района размещения карьеров и хвостохранилищ ЕВРАЗ КГОК. При этом указанные геодинамические движения приводят к формированию усталостных эффектов в конструкциях и материалах, «расшатыванию» массива горных пород, слагающих прибортовой массив, изменению прочностных свойств грунтов, находящихся в основании инженерных сооружений, проявлению эффекта тиксотропии. The paper presents the methods and results of research of current geodynamic activity of the rock mass of Kachkanarsky mining and processing station. The parameters of cyclic short-period geodynamic movements were determined in the form of continuous multi-hour monitoring by satellite geodesy complexes. The need for geodynamic monitoring of the open-pit mines of Kachkanarsky MPS is due to the aspects of the tectonic structure of the host rock mass, in particular, the impact of a series of active tectonic disturbances crossing the open-pit mines and the tailing pit. The deformation processes taking place on the northwest wall of the open-pit mine Glavny, as well as the breach of the tailing pit dam are connected with the geodynamic activity, which is realized in the form of trend and cyclic short-period movements by tectonic disturbances. The experimental studies of the parameters of cyclic short-period geodynamic movements at the rock mass, which is intercepted by a series of active tectonic disturbances of submeridional direction. The amplitudes of movements and deformations in the horizontal plane in height and in three-dimensional space have been established, and the accuracy of geodetic structures has been analyzed. The prevailing frequencies of short-period cyclic movements have been determined by the Fourier-analysis methods, and the graphs of periodograms, whose peak values correspond to their period have been estimated. The paper shows the role of cyclic short-period geodynamic movements in the formation of the general stress-deformed state of the area of open-pit mines and tailing pits of EVRAZ Kachkanarsky MPS. At the same time, these geodynamic movements lead to the formation of fatigue effects in structures and materials, the "loosening" of rock masses that compose the adjacent rock mass, the changes in the strength properties of grounds at the base of engineering structures, and the effect of thixotropy.