PurposeNext, using graphical representations, the impact of many emergent elements on the structure's features is illustrated and thoroughly explored. Moreover, the assessment of errors and residual errors is incorporated to confirm the Runge-Kutta fourth-order technique (RK4) code's correctness. Regarding the stability inquiry, there is a significant proven connection between the current investigation and previous research.Design/methodology/approachLaminar motion in an extending or decreasing porous tube or sheet has concerned the concentration of many investigators recently because of its use in biomedical and technical fields. The aim of this analysis is to examine how chemical reactions affect the flow of ferromagnetic nanofluid (NF) across an expanding or contracting permeable conduit while taking a source of heat into account. By adding a new variable, the controlling flow equations become first-order ordinary differential models, which are then statistically elucidated by the RK4.FindingsThe research indicates that the heat upsurges as the thermophoresis and Brownian motion parameters upturn. The analysis indicates that as the heat source increases, heat increases in both scenarios of wall extension and shrinkage; however, it declines in the situation of a heat sink. It is observed that as the quantities of Hartmann and Prandtl increase, the temperature upturns in the existence of a heat source and decreases when there is a heat sink.Originality/valueThe previously mentioned investigation presents evidence that there has been no prior inquiry into the effects of chemical processes on magnetohydrodynamic NF in the context of an extendable porous pipe that includes the influence of a heat source. This type of consideration holds significant value in the study of scientific and technological fields.

The goal of this work is to improve our understanding of the dynamical aspects of the nonlinear Landau-Ginzburg-Higgs (LGH) equation, which offers a theoretical framework for characterizing several phenomena, including the spontaneous breakdown of symmetries and the emergence of superconducting states. The proposed model integrates the concepts of the Higgs mechanism and the Landau-Ginzburg theory when symmetry breaking appears in phase transitions in particle physics or condensed matter systems. The equation is essential for describing the Higgs field and its constituent particles, such as the Higgs boson. New extended direct algebraic approaches and modified F-expansion techniques are used to address this problem. The obtained solutions, which include kink, anti-kink, bright, dark, and periodic solitons, are essential because they shed light on the stability and nonlinear dynamics of field theories that are pertinent to cosmology and condensed matter physics. To advance the essential propagating features, a few obtained solutions are presented as 3D, contour, and 2D graphics by applying certain values to the parameters under the given constraints. The dynamical insights are examined and significant aspects of the phenomenon under study are discussed through the use of the bifurcation analysis. Additionally, the chaos analysis is carried out to show the quasi-periodic and periodic chaotic patterns. The sensitivity analysis of the studied model is also looked at and presented at different initial conditions. Furthermore, we guarantee that every found solution is precise, effective, and a great addition to the literature of solitary wave theory. To calculate the soliton solutions for nonlinear models in communication engineering and operations research, the methods utilized in this work to derive inclusive and standard solutions are more accessible, effective, and quick.

Heat transfer in non-Newtonian nanofluids is vital for cooling, energy systems, and biomedical applications. This study examines the thermophysical behavior of Prandtl-Eyring nanofluids under magnetohydrodynamic effects within a Riga cylindrical tube, considering variable porosity and thermal radiation. Electromagnetic forcing via the Riga surface regulates flow, while entropy generation analysis evaluates system efficiency. The governing nonlinear equations are simplified using similarity transformations and numerically solved in Mathematica, with validation against existing literature. Results show that stronger magnetic fields reduce velocity by up to 42%, while thermal radiation increases heat transfer by 35%. Entropy generation rises by 60% with enhanced viscous dissipation, signaling higher energy losses. Activation energy reduces concentration gradients, lowering mass transfer by 28%. Porosity variation, surface convection, thermophoresis, and Brownian motion critically influence performance. These findings support the optimized thermal design of nanofluid-based systems in industrial and biomedical settings, where precise thermal regulation is crucial.

The flow of a three-dimensional incompressible Carreau model by inserting iron oxide, titanium, copper and aluminum in a stretched wavy cylinder is inspected in this research by mixing the nanoparticles in two phases i.e. dust and fluid phase. The rheology of the Carreau model is considered to present the behavior of ethylene glycol liquid. The contribution of Hall current with the ionization of ion slips under convective boundary conditions by utilizing the comportment of radiation and external heat source in thermal transport expression is considered. Numerically, an implicit finite difference-based approach (FDBA) namely the finite element method (FEM) is used to handle nonlinear ODEs and several graphs are plotted against numerous emerging parameters. Moreover, shear stresses and heat transfer coefficient are calculated and their behavior is discussed. The velocity field's inclination is depicted graphically by augmenting the values of the Biot number, which further describes the comparative study for dust and fluid phases to monitor motion.

The rising heat dissipation requirement on electronic devices urges a more efficient and energy-saving cooling strategy to keep the equipment operating within a safe temperature range. Multichannel flow boiling provides a straightforward solution to this challenge due to enormous latent energy of vapor preventing heat accumulation. However, pressure drop minimization and flow instability mitigation should also be considered for optimizing multichannel design. Hence, a Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM) study on multichannel flow boiling process is conducted to provide design-based suggestions. The effects of surface wettability, channel number, input heat flux, and inlet velocity on the two-phase flow characteristics, heat transfer coefficient enhancement, dimensionless pressure drop, and flow instability are compared to examine the overall performance. Non-dimensional pressure drop is proposed for comparison through dividing the pressure drop under two-phase flow stage by the pressure drop under single-phase flow stage. Results show that hydrophilic coating prevents the film boiling transition at high input heat flux and reduces the maximum temperature for safer electronic operation. Designing a dense channel array can enhance the overall HTC but also significantly increase flow instability on the inlet, leading to shorter pumping operation life. A hybrid design of multichannel with downstream microgap region is proposed, and results indicate great mitigation ability with the increase of gap length and inlet velocity. These findings offer an invaluable blueprint for multichannel heat sink design and reveal the mechanisms of flow boiling enhancement.

This research aims to develop a mathematical model and outline the implications of the free convection flow within a non-Newtonian Williamson-Sutterby type nonfluid through a stretching surface placed horizontally with magnetic dipole effect. The present attempt establishes the influence of multiple factors, including double diffusion, and heat flux. Utilizing the Cattaneo-Christov heat mass flux model approximations, to shape the thermal and concentration balance equations, incorporating various generalized transport laws. Furthermore, the transportation mechanism incorporates Arrhenius activation energy and binary chemical reactions. The impact of bioconvection resulting from self-propelled microorganisms is incorporated into the fluidic model. A nonlinear set of partial differential equations (PDEs) are appropriately formulated, employing boundary layer approximations theory, to comprehensively describe the convective flow. The PDEs are converted to ordinary differential equations via similarity transformation, and then computationally computed via a well-structured RKF45 technique with a shooting algorithm. To validate the results, a comparison is made with published findings in limiting cases. It is observed that the velocity profiles exhibit an escalation in tandem with ascending values of the electric parameter and mixed convection. Conversely, the velocity diminishes with the augmentation of the magnetic factor, ferrohydrodynamic interaction parameter, porosity parameter, and Sutterby fluid parameter. Temperature profiles elevate in response to escalating values of the Eckert number, radiation parameter, and Brownian motion parameter while diminishing with the augmentation of the thermal relaxation constant, Prandtl number, and Sutterby fluid parameter. The concentration distribution exhibits an augmentation with the increasing magnitude of the thermophoresis parameter and activation energy while experiencing a reduction with the improvement in the behavior of Schmidt number and Brownian parameter. The ongoing investigation encompasses a wide spectrum of applications within the field of applied sciences, placing particular emphasis on thermal oil recovery, geothermal reservoirs, chemical engineering, and the cooling processes pertinent to nuclear reactors.

This article emphasizes the findings of comparative thermal enhancement in Casson fluid using bases fluid as blood and Xue and Yamada-Ota hybrid nano-structures model towards a 3D swirling plate. Nanofluid flow is a widely investigated topic in engineering and industry, particularly in the cooling of electronic devices. Its proven ability to save energy makes it a viable option for improving cooling systems and sustainability initiatives. Thermal energy incorporates solar radiation, Soret and heat sources while transportation of species happens utilizing activation energy and Dufour impact. It was estimated that the system (partial differential equation) is converted into Odes employing finite element methodology. Such a complicated model is resolved efficient method named as finite element method. By enhancing impacts of chemical reaction and Dufour numbers, mass diffusion is enhanced but opposite behavior is noticed in mass diffusion with the change of Schmidt number. By increasing values of Lorentz force and velocity field inclines. Further, thickness (MBLs) increase with variation of Lorentz force and Casson parameter.

Abstract Industrialization not only revolutionized the life in the past few decades but also leads to environmental pollution by the continuous addition of effluents. There is need to develop techniques for the economic bioremediation of toxic effluents to maintain sustainable environment. In current study, the textile industrial effluent’s biodegradation potential of a locally isolated brown rot fungi, Fomitopsis pinicola IEBL-4, was analyzed and optimized. Response surface methodology under Box–Behnken design was employed for the biodegradation of three industrial effluents. The analysis of biodegradation is followed by the study of the ligninolytic enzymes, i.e., manganese peroxidase, lignin peroxidase, and laccase during the process. Biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) of effluents after treatment were determined to check the quality of the biodegradation process. The results showed that there was 72.06 ± 1.76%, 75.15 ± 1.72%, and 79.02 ± 1.62% biodegradation of MT, FST, and ST effluents, respectively after optimization of fungal growth conditions. Addition of various carbon and nitrogen sources further increase biodegradation 15%, 5%, and 9% for MT, FST, and ST effluents, respectively. There was continuous decrease in the values of BOD and COD after each optimization step and values were well below the WHO recommended after final biodegradation. The BOD of MT effluent reduces from 358.30 mg/L to 49.31 ± 0.87 mg/L, 347.2 mg/L to 51.12 ± 0.76 mg/L for FST effluent, and 412.2 mg/L to 45.34 ± 0.9 mg/L for ST effluent after optimization of biodegradation at two stages. The study of ligninolytic enzymes showed that these are involved in the biodegradation process and lignin peroxidase is the most active among all three. The maximum activities calculated were 942.60 ± 5.70 U mL−1 min−1 for LiP, 694.20 ± 4.10 U mL−1 min−1 for MnP, and 435.60 ± 3.30 U mL−1 min−1 for laccase. The enzymatic activities vary with the biodegradation of the effluent suggested dyes dependent secretion of the enzymes. This study could be concluded that F. pinicola IEBL-4 is suitable fungus for the bioremediation of textile industrial effluents.

In this paper, we introduce a new method to create a series solution to the time-fractional Navier–Stokes equations using a combination of the Laplace transform with the optimal homotopy asymptotic method. Caputo’s derivative was applied in the present technique. Three test problems are carried out to validate and demonstrate the method’s efficacy. The system has been found to be a very reliable, effective and powerful technique for solving the proposed model as well as a variety of engineering and science problems.

The major purpose of the present research study is to design an efficient heat exchanger filled with hybrid nanofluid numerically by making use Al2O3-Cu-water hybrid nanofluid, FVM and SIMPLEC algorithm. The in-fluences of utilizing ribbed tube and then applying nanofluid are probed. Based on obtained findings usage of inner grooves for tube has an obvious effect on the rise of heat exchanger. The inner grooved heat exchanger with N = 3, P = 12mm, a = 0.9mm and q = 50 degrees is introduced as the most efficient inner grooved model filled with nanofluid. Further, it is shown that utilizing nanofluid improves the heat exchanger's energy efficiency. Also one of the important goals of this paper was to choose the optimum grid-mesh (GM) along with the least calculation time as well as the highest accuracy. Due to fulfill this demand, four diverse grid-meshes models were developed. For each of the models, various grids were developed and then checked for the analysis of error percent as well as estimation of the time values. The GM-Four with 930289 nodes is considered to ensure a good agreement in the 137 min. The model with Re=2,000,000 and phi Cu = 0.10 & phi Al2O3 = 0.05 at has the most efficiency among all models.

Because of their unique intrinsic physical and chemical properties, carbon nanotubes (CNT) are being used in biological and biomedical applications. The current study proposes a mathematical model to analyze the effect of interfacial nanolayers on heat and mass transfer processes for nanofluid flow. Furthermore, the presence of carbon nanotubes (CNT) in a biological fluid (non-Newtonian fluid) with a reaction effect is investigated using porous surfaces. The uniform transverse magnetic flux was also included in the current study. Using a similarity transformation, the nonlinear partial differential equation is reduced to a set of ordinary differential equations. A phase simulation based on Brownian and thermophoresis factors have been developed for this problem. Optimal nanoparticles in the range of 2–8% have a significant effect on thermal conductivity as well as the thermal performance of the blood flow system. The numerical procedure supported the shooting method, resulting in the desired accuracy. Utilization of the Cason parameter under the effect of nanolayer thermal conductivity has horrendous results. The increase in nanolayer thickness, h = 3–9 nm, enhanced the effective thermal conductivity and thermal performance significantly.

(1) Background: In this investigation, a composite of MgO nanoparticles with Itsit biochar (MgO-IBC) has been used to remove arsenate from contaminated water. The reduced adsorption capacity of biochar (IBC), due to loss of functionalities under pyrolysis, is compensated for with the composite MgO-IBC. (2) Methods: Batch scale adsorption experiments were conducted by using MgO-IBC as an adsorbent for the decontamination of arsenate from water. Functional groups, elemental composition, surface morphology, and crystallinity of the adsorbent were investigated by using FTIR, EDX, SEM and XRD techniques. The effect of pH on arsenate adsorption by MgO-IBC was evaluated in the pH range of 2 to 8, whereas the temperature effect was investigated in the range of 303 K to 323 K. (3) Results: Both pH and temperature were found to significantly influence the overall adsorption efficiency of MgO-IBC for arsenate adsorption with lower pH and higher temperature being suitable for higher arsenate adsorption. A kinetics study of arsenate adsorption confirmed an equilibrium time of 240 min and a pseudo-second-order model well-explained the kinetic adsorption data, whereas the Langmuir model best fitted with the equilibrium arsenate adsorption data. The spontaneity and the chemisorptive nature of arsenate adsorption was confirmed by enthalpy, entropy, and activation energy. Comparison of adsorbents in the literature with the current study indicates that MgO-IBC composite has better adsorption capacity for arsenate adsorption than several previously explored adsorbents. (4) Conclusions: The higher adsorption capacity of MgO-IBC confirms its suitability and efficient utilization for the removal of arsenate from water.

This paper presents an improved Bald Eagle Search Algorithm with Deep Learning model for forest fire detection (IBESDL-FFD) technique using hyperspectral images (HSRS). The major intention of the IBESDL-FFD technique is to identify the presence of forest fire in the HSRS images. To achieve this, the IBESDL-FFD technique involves data pre-processing in two stages namely data augmentation and noise removal. Besides, IBES algorithm with NASNetLarge method was utilized as a feature extractor to determine feature vectors. Finally, Firefly algorithm (FFA) with denoising autoencoder (DAE) is applied for the classification of forest fire. The design of IBES and FFA techniques helps to adjust optimally the parameters contained in the NSANetLarge and DAE models respectively. For demonstrating the better outcomes of the IBESDL-FFD approach, a wide-ranging simulation was implemented and the outcomes are examined. The results reported the better outcomes of the IBESDL-FFD technique over the existing techniques with maximum average accuracy of 93.75%.

This report is devoted to the study of the flow of MHD nanofluids through a vertical porous plate with a temperature-dependent surface tension using the Cattaneo-Christov heat flow model. The energy equation was formulated using the Cattaneo-Christov heat flux model instead of Fourier's law of heat conduction. The Tiwari-Das model was used to take into account the concentration of nanoparticles when constructing the momentum equation. The problem is described mathematically using the boundary layer approach as a PDE, which is then converted into an ODE with the help of the transformation process. The solution finding process was completed by running the bvp4c code in MATLAB. A quantitative analysis of the influence of some newly occurring parameters on physical quantities was carried out using graphics. The addition of nanoparticles to the base fluid leads to an increase in both skin friction and thermal conductivity. The increase in thermal conductivity is the advantage, while the increase in skin friction is the disadvantage of the nanoparticle concentration. Marangoni convection has proven to be one of the most cost-effective tools available that can reduce skin friction. Marangoni convection improves the heat transfer coefficient during suction but decreases the heat transfer coefficient during the injection.

The evolution of nanofluids is important for improving the thermal conductivity of base fluids. The influence of thermal radiation and thermal stratification on the magnetohydrodynamic micropolar nanofluid flow through a shrinking sheet with a prescribed heat flux on the surface has been examined. The most important parts of this study are the effects of magnetohydrodynamic microrotation, thermal radiation, the magnetic field, and the Cattaneo-Christov heat flux model. The efficiency of nanoparticles, heat, and mass transference rates are influenced by the magnetic field pattern, the characteristics of the source of heat, thermal radiation, and the dispersion of volume fraction. The partial differentials are transformed into the set of nonlinear differential equations through boundary layer estimations and similarity substitutions and then computed with the use of a variational finite element procedure. A MATLAB code has been developed to assess parametric simulations for reduced skin friction factor, micro-rotation, fluid velocity, heat transfer rate, and thermal properties for the Glariken formulation. The temperature field declined due to increasing values of the thermal stratification parameter and the heat transfer rate accelerated. There is a strong link between the two sets of results, which shows that the finite element method used here is accurate.

In this article, we model the current and voltage across the weak link between two superconductors. This gives us a nonhomogeneous, nonlinear parametric-driven sine-Gordon equation with phase shifts. This model equation cannot be solved directly but can be approximated. For the approximations, we use two methods, and analytic perturbation method and the numerical approximation method known as the Runge–Kutta method. For the analytic method, we construct a perturbation expansion method with multiple-scale expansion. We discuss the parametric-driven in the sine-Gordon equation with phase shifts for the 0–π–0 junction. Further, we also describe the breathing modes for various order of perturbation. At the end, we compare the solutions obtained via perturbation and numerical methods of parametric-driven sine-Gordon equation with phase shifts. Finally, we concluded that the modes of the breathing decay to a constant in both cases. Also we found a good agreement between both approximate methods.

The flow via needle has prominent applications in the modern world such as nano-wires, microstructure electric gadgets, microsensors, surgical instruments and biological treatments. The present investigation focuses on boundary layer heat, flow, and mass transfer of MHD tangent hyperbolic fluid (conveying tiny particles) via a thin needle under the impacts of activation energy, non-constant thermal conductivity, heat source, and nonlinear thermal radiation. In the description of the Buongiorno model, the significant features of Brownian motion and thermophoresis have been included. Adopting appropriate transformations to the given problem specified by the set of partial differential equations yields the dimensionless form of ordinary differential equations After that, these obtained ODEs are solved numerically via MATLAB bvp4c. A comparative result with previous findings is conducted. Physical parameters’ impact on flow rate, heat, and concentration is exhibited and explained in depth. The main findings of this study are that flow patterns reduce as the magnetic parameter and the Weissenberg number grow. Higher values of Brownian motion, heat source/sink, nonlinear radiation, and thermophoretic parameter improve the thermal profile. Moreover, the rate of heat transfer for the variable property case is significantly improved. Concentration profiles reduce as the thermophoresis parameter and chemical reaction parameter grow but improve as the activation energy and Brownian motion parameter rise. The percentage increase in Sherwood number is 35.07 and 5.44 when the thermophoresis takes input in the range 0 ≤ Nt ≤ 0.2 and activation energy parameters 0 ≤ E ≤ 0.2. The Weissenberg number and power-law index parameters are all designed to boost the Sherwood number.

The goal of the present work was to define a new geometry of the twisted strip that could lead to the improvement of efficiency (eta) in the solar collector (SC) by increasing heat transfer rate (HTR) and decreasing pressure drop (Delta P). CuO-SWCNT/water hybrid nanofluid has been used in nanoparticles volume fractions (phi) of 1% to 4%. The study was implemented in single phase for the Reynolds number (Re) varying from 4000 to 10,000. The governing equations were solved by the finite volume method (FVM), using the k-omega-SST turbulence model and SIMPLEC algorithm. Two samples of twisted strip with v-shaped cuts in different numbers and placement angles were investigated. The findings revealed that the highest efficiency in the pipe was related to the twisted strip with three v-shaped cuts equal to 2.46; meanwhile, for the pipe with the twisted strip containing two v-shaped cuts under the same conditions, this was 2.40. Increasing the number of cuts on the twisted strip (sample 3) improved the efficiency of the SC and decreased the pressure drop. In regard to the case of sample 3, at Re = 10000 and phi = 1%, the efficiency was increased by 2.22%, while the pressure drop was decreased by 4%.