Background: Polygonum effusum Meisn., locally known as Ars-smerte, is a significant food plant yet to be explored in Pakistan for its phytochemical and biological potential. Our objective was to evaluate phytochemical profile of its aerial parts, assess their In-vivo anti-inflammatory activity and In-silico studies targeting PDE4. Methods: A hydromethanolic extract of Polygonum effusum was prepared through maceration. The phytochemical composition was evaluated through total phenolic contents, and total flavonoid contents, and GC-MS analysis. The biological activity was explored through In-vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial potential. In-vivo anti-inflammatory effects were observed in a carrageenan-induced paw edema model. Results: The hydromethanolic extract was rich in phenolic compounds (275.04 f 4.28 mg GA. Eq. /g DE) and TFC (213.52 f 5.80 mg Q. Eq. /g DE).17 compounds were detected via GC-MS analysis from this extract. In the antioxidant assays, the same extract showed the highest antioxidant activity (557.15 f 0.65 mg T. Eq./g DE) in CUPRAC assay. Moderate antibacterial and antiviral activities were observed against all the tested microbial strains. In vivo anti-inflammatory assays showed that a 600 mg/kg dose reduced paw edema by 55 %, supporting the plant's traditional use for inflammation. Molecular docking demonstrated strong binding affinities of hentriacontane (-5.872), ferulic acid (-5.589), and gallic acid (-4.976) with PDE4, confirmed by stable molecular dynamics interactions. Conclusions: This integrative study demonstrates that P. effusum is a rich source of phytoconstituents with potent antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties. The combined in vitro and in silico findings highlight its potential as a natural source for developing PDE4-targeted anti-inflammatory agents. Further studies, including isolation of active compounds and in vivo toxicity evaluations, are recommended to advance its therapeutic applications.

The fruit of Lagenaria siceraria (bottle gourd), widely consumed as a vegetable, possesses notable health benefits. This study investigated the chemical and biological profiles of the Saudi cultivar through quantitative bioactive analysis, GC-MS characterization, and in vitro evaluation of antioxidant, antibacterial, and enzyme inhibition activities. The 80% hydroethanolic extract (HEELS) exhibited a rich phytochemical profile, with the highest total tannin content (97.66 ± 3.33 mg/g). GC-MS identified 55 compounds, including fatty acids, esters, sterols, and triterpenoids. HEELS displayed potent antioxidant activity, particularly in the FRAP assay (582 ± 1.18 mg AAE/g DE), and strong urease inhibition (91.8 ± 0.45%). Antibacterial assays showed the highest activity (12-mm inhibition zone) against Staphylococcus epidermidis at 150 mg/mL. Molecular docking revealed significant interactions with α-amylase, urease, and tyrosinase. These results suggest HEELS as a potential therapeutic agent, warranting further pharmacological and toxicological evaluation to confirm safety and efficacy for clinical applications.

Quaternized chitosan derivatives conjugated with naturally occurring medicinal compounds have emerged as promising drug-delivery vehicles, exhibiting properties such as site-specificity, enhanced permeation into cancer cells, and reduced efflux of encapsulated drugs. In this study, ferulic acid (FA) was conjugated with quaternized chitosan (QCS) and used for the encapsulation of dimethoxycurcumin (DMC). The resulting nanomicelles were evaluated for activity against colorectal adenocarcinoma. The conjugates were obtained in 74% yield and structurally characterized by FTIR, proton NMR, DSC, and XRD. The DMC-loaded FA-QCS nanomicelles exhibited a spherical morphology under transmission electron microscopy, an average size of approximately 224.63 ± 2.49 nm to 270.6 ± 8.45 nm with a positive surface charge around +30 mV and an entrapment efficiency of 65.57%. The nanomicelles exhibited pH-responsive drug release, with maximum release at pH 5.5, which mimics the tumor microenvironment. In anticolorectal adenocarcinoma evaluations, the DMC-loaded micelles showed selective cytotoxicity and enhanced internalization in the colorectal adenocarcinoma cell lines (HT-29), with a significantly lower IC50 value (0.99 ± 0.16 μg/mL) than that of free DMC (5.43 ± 0.86 μg/mL), inducing cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase and promoting apoptosis. Notably, the DMC-loaded nanomicelles exhibited reduced toxicity toward the normal fibroblast cell line (L929) compared to pure DMC. Furthermore, cotreatment of DMC-loaded nanomicelles and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) significantly enhanced anticancer efficacy through synergism (combination index < 1). Overall, this study supports quaternized chitosan and ferulic acid conjugates as potential drug-delivery vehicles that can encapsulate anticancer drug candidates and facilitate combination treatment strategies with chemotherapeutic agents such as 5-FU. However, further mechanistic anticancer and cytotoxic studies are warranted using tumor-bearing animal models and chemotherapy-resistant cell lines.

Suaeda fruticosa (L.) Forssk., an edible halophyte traditionally consumed as food and used to manage diabetes and inflammation, was evaluated for its protective effects against vincristine-induced neuropathic pain (VINP), diabetes, and Alzheimer's disease using in vitro, in vivo and in silico assays. Firstly, the hydroethanolic extract of S. fruticosa (SFEE) was chemically characterized through polyphenolic quantification assays and GC-MS analysis. The findings revealed that the extract contains significant quantity of polyphenols (TPC: 108.07 +/- 0.49 mg GAE/g; TFC: 29.53 +/- 0.37 mg QE/g) and 43 phytconstituents mainly from terpenes and fatty acids classes. In anti-neuropathic pain evaluation, SFEE (400 mg/kg) significantly reduced vincristine-induced allodynia and hyperalgesia and decreased acetic acid-induced writhing responses (p < 0.001). These behavioral effects were associated with restoration of antioxidant status by increasing SOD, catalase, and GSH levels and suppression of inflammation by reducing TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta levels in sciatic nerve tissues. SFEE also inhibited alpha-glucosidase and acetylcholinesterase (AChE), supporting its anti-diabetic and neuroprotective potential, and showed strong antioxidant activity, highest in the CUPRAC assay (IC50 = 15.04 +/- 0.18 mu g/mL). Molecular docking further confirmed strong binding affinities of major metabolites with target enzymes and favorable predicted safety profiles. Overall, these findings indicate that S. fruticosa exerts neuroprotective, anti-diabetic, and anti-inflammatory effects primarily through modulation of oxidative stress and inflammation, supporting its traditional use and highlighting its promise as a functional food and therapeutic candidate against oxidative stress-related disorders.

In this study, the protective mechanisms of chlorogenic acid (CGA) supplementation against high-fat diet-induced hyperlipidaemia and glucose dysregulation were investigated using an integrated multi-omics approach in C57BL/6J mice, encompassing serum biochemistry, targeted hepatic gene expression, gut microbiome profiling, and untargeted metabolomics of gut and liver tissues, complemented by molecular docking analysis. CGA supplementation significantly reduced serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, attenuated hepatic lipid accumulation, and improved glucose handling through downregulation of lipid metabolism-related genes (LOX, CPTP, FABP4, and LPCAT3) and concurrent activation of IRS1 signaling and modulation of CD36-mediated lipid uptake. At the microbial level, CGA markedly reshaped gut microbial composition by enriching Lactobacillus, Ligilactobacillus, and Bacteroides, while restoring key gut metabolites involved in lipid and glucose regulation, including L-glutathione, chenodeoxycholic acid glycine conjugate, N-acetylaspartic acid, and N-acetylcysteine. Liver metabolomic profiling further revealed elevated levels of lithocholic acid, L-proline, and 4-methylcatechol, metabolites associated with enhanced energy metabolism and ferroptosis resistance. Integrative correlation analysis identified a coordinated Lactobacillus-4-methylcatechol-glycerophospholipid metabolism axis as a central mechanistic signature underlying CGA-mediated metabolic improvement. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that CGA exerts pronounced anti-hyperlipidaemic and glucose-regulatory effects by simultaneously restoring gut microbial balance, remodelling host metabolite networks, and activating IRS1/CD36 signalling pathways, supporting its potential as a promising dietary intervention for the prevention and management of metabolic disorders.

Liposomes are among the most extensively studied delivery systems owing to their biocompatibility, structural versatility, and ability to improve the stability and bioavailability of bioactive compounds. Meanwhile, edible fungal polysaccharides (EFPs), particularly β-glucans and heteropolysaccharides, have attracted increasing interest because of their antioxidant, immunomodulatory, prebiotic, and health-promoting properties. The integration of EFPs with liposomal systems has emerged as a promising strategy for developing multifunctional nanocarriers with enhanced physicochemical stability and biological performance. However, current research remains fragmented, and the mechanisms by which EFP molecular structures influence liposome assembly, stability, gastrointestinal fate, and delivery efficiency are poorly understood. Moreover, existing reviews primarily focus on liposomes or fungal polysaccharides independently, without systematically addressing their interfacial interactions, structure-function relationships, and translational applications. This review provides a comprehensive and critical overview of EFP liposomes, highlighting the interactions between fungal polysaccharides and lipid bilayers, including hydrogen bonding, electrostatic interactions, hydrophobic association, and surface conjugation. The effects of EFPs on liposomal physicochemical properties, encapsulation performance, membrane stability, gastrointestinal protection, mucoadhesion, cellular uptake, and biological activity are further discussed. Emerging applications in targeted delivery, oral delivery, gut microbiota modulation, gut-brain axis regulation, and functional foods are also critically evaluated. Importantly, this review identifies key research gaps, including the lack of quantitative structure-function relationships, limited understanding of biological transport mechanisms, insufficient investigation of microbiota-mediated effects, and challenges in scalable manufacturing. By integrating glycobiology, nanotechnology, and food science, this review establishes a unified framework for the rational design and future development of EFP-based liposomal delivery systems.

Background Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.) is sensitive to environmental stress, which can impact its growth, yield, and quality. However, salicylic acid (SA), a plant hormone known to play a critical role in plant stress response and growth regulation. Methods A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of various concentration (1 mM, 2 mM, 3 mM and 4 mM) of SA on growth attributes, physio-morphological characteristics and yield of Zucchini plant. The SA was applied by irrigation at three true leaf stage. Results The result revealed that application of SA significantly influenced the growth attributes, physio-morphological characteristics, and yield of the Zucchini plant. The highest plant growth, yield components, chlorophyll content, stomatal density, and fruit quality parameters were observed in plants treated with 3 mM SA compared to the control and other treatments. This treatment significantly enhanced vegetative growth, reproductive traits, root development, and physiological performance. While maximum fruit length (95.0333 ± 4.416258 cm), fruit weight (43.128 ± 3.319104 g), and fruit pulp weight (29406.37 ± 8445.721g) was recoded in plants treated with 1 mM SA. However, pulp pH revealed non-significant difference in SA treated plants and control. Moreover, no rotten fruits were observed in plants treated with SA, except for the 1 mM treatment, which had one rotten fruit, while the control recorded three rotten fruits. Conclusion In conclusion, the current study showed positive effect of SA in plant growth, development and yield of Zucchini. However, further study is recommended to understand the mechanisms underlying these effects under normal and stress condition.

D-α-Tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS), a water-soluble derivative of vitamin E, has emerged as a versatile biomaterial in nanomedicine with a wide range of applications. Numerous studies have demonstrated its diverse biopharmaceutical uses, emphasizing its effectiveness as a surfactant, permeation enhancer, P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitor, and modulator of biological barriers. TPGS enhances drug delivery by disrupting various biological barriers, including mucus gel and corneal, skin, and blood-brain barriers, thus enabling more effective targeting and penetration of therapeutic agents. Additionally, it mitigates multidrug resistance (MDR) by inhibiting P-glycoprotein (P-gp) efflux pumps, which are commonly implicated in the resistance of cancer cells to chemotherapy. This review critically evaluates TPGS's role of TPGS in advanced drug delivery systems such as micelles, liposomes, nanosuspensions, polymeric nanoparticles, and self-microemulsifying drug delivery systems (SMEDDS). This highlights how TPGS enhances drug solubility, bioavailability, and therapeutic efficacy, making it an essential component of nanocarrier systems. Furthermore, this review explores the promising future of TPGS in the fields of personalized medicine and nanotheranostics, discussing its potential to improve the precision and effectiveness of treatments. Emphasis is placed on the need for more targeted research to optimize TPGS-based formulations for clinical applications.

Pleurospermum candollei (DC.) Benth. ex C.B.Clarke is a wild edible herb, known for its nutritional benefits and has been used in traditional medicines. To explore the bioactivities responsible for its beneficial effects, in this study, we analyzed the n-butanol fraction of P. candollei for phenolic compounds using LC-ESI-MS/MS. It resulted in tentative identification of 12 polyphenols (4-hydroxy benzoic acid, umbelliferone, caffeic acid, quinic acid, pinocembrin, esculin, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid 3-glucoside water adduct, caffeic acid 3-glucoside, kaempferol 7-O-glucoside, luteolin 7-O-glucoside, and 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid) based on MS2 fragments. Molecular docking of the identified polyphenols showed their enzyme inhibitory potential. The IC50 values of the tested fraction for lipoxygenase, acetylcholinesterase, urease, tyrosinase, and monoamine oxidase (MAO) A and B were 68.21 +/- 1.06, 49.09 +/- 1.63, 116.90 +/- 0.72, 52.30 +/- 0.15, 0.48 +/- 0.03, and 2.23 +/- 0.57 mu g mL-1, respectively. Based on current findings, we recommend the exploitation of the n-butanol fraction of P. candollei for use in biotherapeutic formulations.

Nigella sativa L. (black cumin) is widely used as a culinary spice and traditional remedy for inflammatory disorders. This study investigated the chemical composition and pharmacological effects of the hydroalcoholic seed extract (MeOH 80 %: 20 % Water) of N. sativa (HAENS) in a rat model of Staphylococcus aureus-induced septic arthritis. The GC-MS analysis revealed presence of 25 phytoconstituents including thymoquinone in the extract. Oral administration of HAENS (500 mg/kg/day) significantly reduced paw swelling by 67 %, comparable to the 70 % reduction observed with the standard antibiotic linezolid. HAENS treatment markedly decreased erythrocyte sedimentation rate (p < 0.0001) and neutrophil counts (p < 0.05), while significantly increasing lymphocyte levels (p < 0.0001) relative to untreated controls. Radiographic assessment showed substantial improvement in joint damage scores (0.33 +/- 0.58) compared with the negative control (2.67 +/- 0.57), which was further supported by histopathological evidence of attenuated inflammatory changes. Overall, these findings demonstrate that N. sativa exerts significant anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects and may serve as a promising functional food ingredient or complementary approach for managing inflammatory and rheumatological conditions.

Artocarpus heterophyllus, also known as jackfruit, is recently introduced for cultivation in Saudi Arabia. In this study, the ethanolic extract of Artocarpus heterophyllus fruits (EAHF) was explored for its chemical and pharmacological properties. The EAHF was revealed with total phenolic contents (115.5 ± 5 mg GA.Eq.gm-1 DE), total flavonoid contents (77 ± 2.22 mg QU.Eq.gm-1 DE), and total tannin contents (59.33 ± 1.66 mg TA.Eq.gm-1 DE), while 81 phytocompounds were identified by the GC-MS analysis. The extract was found with maximum antioxidant activity in the FRAP method. EAHF showed significant thrombolytic (85.51%) and hemolytic (1.01%) activities. EAHF showed strong enzyme inhibition, against urease (95.65%), tyrosinase(71.01%), and α-amylase(28.17%). The extract showed cytotoxicity potential against breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) in a concentration and time-dependent manner. Furthermore, selected compounds from the GC-MS profile were tested for in silico toxicity, ADMET, and molecular docking study to analyze the interactions between compounds and selected enzymes. Overall, the findings of the study suggest that the EAHF has pharmacological potential and could be a suitable therapeutic alternative for various common diseases. However, further, in vivo toxicological and pharmacological investigations are recommended on this extract.

Objective Pleurospermum candollei is an edible plant, used traditionally to treat several ailments. This study aimed to explore P. candollei's potential as a phytotherapeutic and functional food with increased yield of bioactive contents. Methodology Ultrasound-assisted extraction (70% methanol) to increase the yield of phenolic-rich extract. Spectroscopic and HPLC-PDA analysis for the quantitation of polyphenols. The GC-MS identified phytochemicals selected for molecular docking and ADMET studies. DPPH, ABTS, H 2 O 2 , and nitric oxide free radical (antioxidant), Protein denaturation and 5-lipoxygenase (anti-inflammatory), and monoamine oxidase-A and cholinesterase inhibition assays (cerebral disorders) were used to assess the therapeutic properties of the extract. Results The extract yield: 23.33%. The total phenolic content: 204.92 ± 2.52 mg GaE/g DE. HPLC-PDA revealed significant quantities of benzoic acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, coumarin, kaempferol, and chlorogenic acid. The molecular docking scores (binding energies in kcal/mol) for 5-lipoxygenase (−6.3 to −9.8), myeloperoxidase (−5.7 to −9.1 versus baicalein −7.7), monoamine oxidase-A (−6.1 to −9.2 versus clorgyline −5.5), acetylcholinesterase (−6.6 to −10.0) and butyrylcholinesterase (−6.6 to −12.5). In silico ADMET studies predicted the pharmacokinetics and safety of docked compounds. The IC 50 values for DPPH, ABTS, H 2 O 2 , and NO free radicals were 168.06 ± 1.72, 123.24 ± 0.84, 158.54 ± 1.18, and 149.64 ± 1.02 µg/mL, respectively and hemolysis was 5.18 ± 0.52%. Protein denaturation inhibition: 45.86 ± 1.15% versus diclofenac sodium: 56.79 ± 1.45%. Enzyme inhibition assays showed percent inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase: 59.82 ± 1.89% versus baicalein; 96.56 ± 1.05%, acetylcholinesterase: 58.12 ± 1.81%, butyrylcholinesterase: 37.15 ± 0.98%, and MAO-A: 53.45 ± 0.18%. Conclusion Based on current findings, P. candollei 's phenolic-rich extract, obtained with significant yield and showing health benefits in age-related and chronic ailments, encourages its industrial exploitation, especially in the food and nutraceutical sectors.

Cannabis sativa is one of the most extensively researched plant species that holds promising therapeutic and ethnomedicinal significance. Various parts of the species including fan leaves, flowers and trichomes are well documented for their richness in cannabidiol (CBD) and tetrahydrocannabidiol (THC) contents. However, an overlooked part of C. sativa, the sugar leaves, which are wasted during harvesting has plethora of CBD and THC and yet to investigated. In this study we investigated the ethanol extract of sugar leaves of C. sativa (CSLE) for chemical composition through UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS analysis and pharmacological potential by using various in vitro antioxidant, antidiabetic, nitric oxide inhibition and anticancer studies. Furthermore, in silico molecular docking analysis was performed for 10 selected compounds against α-glucosidase and α-amylase. The UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS profiling of CSLE revealed the tentative identification of 37 compounds including CBD, THC, terpenes and flavonoids. The cytotoxicity studies presented highest activity against breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231, IC50= 18.12 ± 1.13 µg/mL) followed by lung, liver and colorectal cancer cell lines. Similarly, CSLE showed significant antidiabetic activity by inhibiting α-glucosidase (IC50= 3.13 ± 2.78 µg/mL) and α-amylase. The in vitro antioxidant assays gave highest activity in ABTS followed by DPPH method as well as potentially inhibited nitric oxide (NO) formation. The computational analysis revealed good docking interaction of CBD, THC, selected terpene and flavonoids against α-glucosidase and α-amylase. Overall, the findings present the sugar leaves of C. sativa as the undisputed rich source of CBD, THC, terpenes and flavonoids with multifaceted therapeutic potential in diabetes, inflammation and different types of cancers. However, there is need of further investigations on toxicity profile and in-depth pharmacological evaluation through in vivo disease bearing animal models.

As a specialized lignified cell type with negative effects on fruit quality, stone cell formation in pear is closely linked to lignin biosynthesis and deposition. In this study, we review the complicated regulatory mechanisms governing stone cell development, with a focus on genetic pathways and environmental signals. Our analysis demonstrates that stone cell formation is tightly regulated by a hierarchical network of transcription factors (TFs), including synergistic and antagonistic interactions among MYB, NAC, and bZIP families. Furthermore, this process is dynamically influenced by environmental and physiological cues such as light signaling, phytohormones (e.g., auxin), calcium ions, carbon-source signals (e.g., glucose), and intercellular communication. Advances in genetic and multi-omics technologies have revealed novel perspectives for deciphering the spatiotemporal regulatory networks underlying stone cell formation. While significant progress has been made in elucidating transcriptional regulatory networks (TRNs) and signaling pathways, the dynamic interplay between environmental factors and genetic regulation remains poorly understood. Future research should integrate high-throughput genomics and plant phenotyping platforms to establish cross-scale regulatory models, thus providing a robust theoretical framework and actionable strategies for improving pear fruit quality.

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have emerged as versatile platforms for cancer diagnosis and therapy with over 3500 publications indexed annually in PubMed. Keeping in view, the present review synthesizes recent preclinical and clinical evidence (up to August 2025), covering drug and gene delivery, vaccines, diagnostics, imaging, and therapeutic applications of AuNPs. The historical background and characteristics of AuNPs are first detailed, followed by synthesis methods, including chemical, physical, and green approaches. Key considerations such as stability, drug loading efficiency, and surface modification strategies are discussed for each study, along with applications in chemotherapy, photothermal therapy, radiotherapy, sonodynamic therapy, and theranostics. AuNP-based drug delivery systems, including liposome-, polymer-, and exosome-loaded systems, enable pH- and photo-triggered release, improve cellular uptake, and provide synergistic anticancer effects. Preclinical studies demonstrated tumor-targeted delivery with extracellular vesicle-loaded AuNPs ( 25 nm) reducing 4T1 cell viability by 50

Flaxseed cyclolinopeptides (CLs) inhibit the lipid oxidation during in vitro digestion of high-fat meat. However, the effect of CLs on high-fat diet (HFD) induced lipid impairment metabolism remains unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the impact of CLs on HFD-induced lipid metabolism in the liver and pancreas of mice. The results demonstrated that the CLs administration significantly improved serum lipids (TG, TC, and LDL-C) in the HFD-induced model (p < 0.05). Histological analysis using H&E and immunofluorescence staining revealed that CLs significantly restored pancreatic structure, and enhanced the secretion of insulin and glucagon. Furthermore, CLs intervention significantly improved antioxidant capacity in both the liver and pancreas by increasing the levels of GSH-Px, T-GSH and GSH while decreasing GSSG and MDA levels in the HFD-induced model. Lipidomic analysis further revealed that CLs treatment significantly reduced the levels of several lipid metabolites, including lysophosphatidylcholines (LPC), phosphatidylinositols (PI), lysophosphatidylethanolamines (LPE), phosphatidylethanolamines (PE), fatty acyls (FA), and diacylglycerols (DG), while increasing the levels of sphingomyelins (SM) and phosphatidylcholines (PC) compared to the model group. Pathway enrichment analysis indicated that CLs promoted fatty acid metabolism and the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, as supported by the upregulated expression of lipid metabolism genes/protiens (CPT1, SLC7A11 and GPX4) and downregulated expression of lipid transporter genes/protiens (CD36, ACSL4, LPCAT3, and P35). Collectively, these findings suggest that CLs effectively enhance hepatic and pancreatic function and inhibit lipid accumulation in liver and pancreas through modulation of the CD36/p53/ACSL4 signalling pathway.

Vasconcellea pubescens, commonly known as mountain papaya or pawpaw, is a well-known food plant native to South America, valued for its nutritious and therapeutically important fruits. Recently, this species has been introduced for cultivation in Saudi Arabia as part of efforts to expand agriculture in the country. To the best of our knowledge and based on a thorough literature search, the Saudi cultivar of mountain papaya has not yet been investigated for its therapeutic and chemical properties. This study evaluated the chemical composition and biological profile of the hydroethanolic extract of V. pubescens fruits (EVPF) using various in vitro and in silico assays. The results revealed that the extract is rich in phenolics, flavonoids, and tannins. Additionally, GC-MS analysis tentatively identified a total of 49 phytocompounds in EVPF. The extract demonstrated significant antioxidant potential across different assays, with the highest activity observed in the ABTS assay. A notable thrombolytic effect (88.75 %) and low hemolytic activity (1.61 %) were observed using the standard Triton X100 method. The extract exhibited moderate antibacterial activity against both Gram-negative and Grampositive bacterial strains. EVPF also showed significant inhibition of clinically important enzymes, including urease (78.26 %), tyrosinase (89.85 %), and alpha-amylase (36.14 %). Furthermore, the compounds identified by GCMS were subjected to in silico molecular docking studies to explore potential interactions with these enzymes. The best-docked compounds underwent ADMET analysis to assess their pharmacokinetic properties. This study supports the use of the Saudi cultivar of mountain papaya as a food source and a preventive alternative for treating various diseases, while also paving the way for further research and development of mountain papayabased nutraceuticals.