Our study aimed to investigate the antidiabetic, antioxidative, and antiapoptotic effects of liraglutide on the testes of rats with diabetes and ischemia/reperfusion injury. Subjects were divided into three groups: control, diabetes, and torsion groups. Rats with diabetes were further divided into two subgroups such as diabetes and diabetes+Liraglutide groups. The torsion group was divided into three subgroups such as torsion, torsion/detorsion, and torsion/detorsion+Liraglutide groups. Malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and testosterone levels were measured from blood samples. Also, testicular tissue samples were examined by light and electron microscopy. Apoptosis was assessed using immunohistochemistry for caspase-3. Degeneration of seminiferous tubules and interstitium was observed in the diabetes, torsion, and torsion/detorsion groups, while Liraglutide treated groups showed normal seminiferous tubules morphology. Elevated levels of apoptosis, i.e. caspase-3, were observed in diabetes, torsion, and torsion/detorsion groups (P < 0.05), whereas Liraglutide treated groups had similar levels of apoptosis as the control group. MDA levels of diabetes, torsion, and torsion/detorsion groups were increased (P < 0.05), while SOD and testosterone levels were decreased (P < 0.05). However, Liraglutide treated groups, SOD, MDA, and testosterone levels were found similar to the control group. In conclusion, Liraglutide positively affects structural changes and hormone levels in diabetes and torsion/detorsion groups.

The present study aimed to assess the histological and ultrastructural changes in the testes induced by metformin. Eighteen adult male Wistar rats were divided into three groups: a control group, a low-dose metformin group, and a high-dose metformin group. Following thirty days of metformin administration, blood samples, and testes tissues were collected and subjected to biochemical, histological, and ultrastructural analyses. In the groups treated with metformin, degenerative changes were observed, including irregular seminiferous tubules, disruption of epithelial integrity, a decrease in spermatogenic cells, and dilated intercellular spaces. These changes were evident in both the light and electron microscopic evaluations, and the severity varied depending on the metformin dosage. The findings showed that the diameter of the seminiferous epithelium and epithelium height decreased significantly in the high-dose group. Also, Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), Luteinizing hormone (LH), and testosterone levels altered significantly, with increased levels of all hormones observed in the high-dose metformin-administered group than in the control group. For the markers of oxidative stress and antioxidant status respectively there were no significant differences observed in the levels of Malondialdehyde (MDA) between the groups, however, Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity significantly decreased in the high-dose metformin-administered group compared to the control group.

Uric acid is formed as a consequence of the catabolism of purine nucleotides. The removal of uric acid from the body is mainly carried out by the kidneys via urine and, to a lesser extent, by the intestinal tract via feces. Excretion and reabsorption of uric acid from the intestinal tract, and especially from the kidneys, are carried out by special transporters. Genetic variations in these carriers have been related to increased or decreased serum uric acid levels. Uric acid synthesis increases for various reasons that increase the destruction of purine nucleotides, causing serum uric acid levels to rise. Although hyperuricemia, with a mean serum uric acid level above 6.8 mg/dL, does not always cause gout, if hyperuricemia is not kept under control, it can result in gout; an inflammatory disease characterized by the crystallization of monosodium urate. As well as non-modifiable factors such as age and ethnicity; diet, which is one of the modifiable factors, can promote gout or recurrence of gout flare-ups. Excessive consumption of products with high fructose content can cause hyperuricemia and gout. In addition, the increase in uric acid resulting from excessive consumption of fructose, and overall and sustained high serum uric acid levels have been shown to cause various disorders that will give rise to metabolic syndrome. In this review, the interwoven relationships between hyperuricemia—an increase in serum uric acid levels—and the resulting gout, as well as metabolic syndrome, and the role excessive fructose consumption plays in these, have been investigated.

Objectives: Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME) is a common form of generalized epilepsy with an important genetic component. This cohort study aimed to examine the frequency of EFHC1 gene variants in Turkish JME patients and a healthy control group and evaluate the association between these mutations and disease risk.Methods: We screened 72 JME patients with a mean age of 31.8 +/- 9.9 (20-65) years and 35 controls with a mean age of 29.1 +/- 7.6 (17-50) years from southern Turkey using direct sequencing analyses.Results: EFCH1 single nucleotide variants were detected in 24 of 72 JME patients and 3 of 35 controls. The most common mutations were R182H in JME patients (p = 0.010) and 3 ' UTR in the control group (p < 0.001). The R182H mutation is a common variant in JME (95 % CI: 1.232-76.580, p = 0.031) and the 3 ' UTR mutation may be associated with lower risk of JME in the Turkish population (95 % CI: 13.89-166.67, p < 0.001).Significance: Our results indicate that EFHC1 gene variants carry a risk for JME and the 3 ' UTR variant may have a protective role against JME in the Turkish population. Screening for other genes is needed to further clarify the genetic inheritance of JME in Turkish patients.

Investigation the protective effect of transient receptor potential channel modulator 2-Aminoethoxydiphenyl Borate (2-APB) on aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity caused by reactive oxygen species, calcium-induced apoptosis and inflammation was aimed. Forty Wistar rats were divided (n=8) as follows: Control group; DMSO group; 2-APB group; Gentamicin group (injected 100 mg/kg gentamicin intramuscularly for 10 days); Gentamicin+ 2-APB group (injected 2 mg/kg 2-APB intraperitoneally, then after 30 minutes 100 mg/kg gentamicin was injected intramuscularly for 10 days). Blood samples were collected for biochemical analyses, kidney tissue samples were collected for light, electron microscopic and immunohistochemical investigations. In gentamicin group glomerular degeneration, tubular dilatation, vacuolization, desquamation of tubular cells and hyaline cast formation in luminal space and leukocyte infiltration were seen. Disorganization of microvilli of tubular cells, apical cytoplasmic blebbing, lipid accumulation, myelin figure like structure formation, increased lysosomes, mitochondrial swelling and disorganization of cristae structures, apoptotic changes and widening of intercellular space were found. TNF-α, IL-6 and caspase 3 expressions were increased. BUN and creatinine concentrations were increased. Increase in MDA levels and decrease in SOD activities were determined. Even though degeneration still continues in gentamicin+2-APB treatment group, severity and the area it occupied were decreased and the glomerular and tubule structures were generally preserved. TNF-α, IL-6, caspase 3 immunoreactivities and BUN, creatinine, MDA concentrations were reduced and SOD activities were increased markedly compared to gentamicin group. In conclusion, it has been considered that 2-APB can prevent gentamicin mediated nephrotoxicity with its anti-oxidant, anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory effects.

Regulation of intracellular pH (pHi) is an important homeostatic function of cells. There are three major pHi regulatory mechanisms: the HCO3-/Cl- exchanger (AE), which alleviates alkalosis, and the Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE) and Na+,HCO3- /Cl- exchanger (NDBCE), both of which counteract acidosis. NHE activity, which is high at the germinal vesicle stage of oocyte, is inhibited during meiotic maturation, while this inhibition is abolished when the oocyte reaches the pronuclear (PN) stage of the zygote. On the other hand, we have previously found that NDBCE performs complementary regulation against acidosis during meiotic maturation. Additionally, we found that AE activity, which is a defense mechanism against alkalosis, gradually decreases during preimplantation period of embryonic development. Considering that NHE activity is inhibited during meiotic maturation and AE activity gradually decreases during embryonic development stages, we investigated whether NHE and NDBCE activities, both of which act against acidosis, functionally change from the PN zygote to the blastocyst stage of the embryo and identified these pH -regulating proteins at the molecular level in mice of the Balb/c strain. PN zygotes, two -cell (2-c), four -cell (4-c), morula and blastocyst stage embryos were obtained from 5 -8week -old, sexually mature female Balb/c mice by using the classical superovulation procedure. pHi was recorded by using the microspectrofluorometric technique on zygotes and embryos simultaneously loaded with the pHsensitive fluorophore, 2 ',7 '-Bis(2-carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein (BCECF). The activities of NHE and NDBCE were determined from the recovery curve of induced -acidosis in bicarbonate -free and bicarbonatecontaining media, respectively. Specific inhibitors such as cariporide (1 mu M), S3226 (1 and 10 mu M), EIPA (1, 5, and 25 mu M), and amiloride (1 mM) were used to functionally identify NHE isoforms, and the nonspecific inhibitor 4,4 '-diisocyanatostilbene-2,2 ' disulphonic acid, disodium salt (DIDS) was used to confirm NDBCE activity. The isoforms of the pHi-regulatory proteins were also identified by molecular biology using real-time PCR. We found that NHE activity was high at all embryonic stages, and differences between stages were not significant. Functional and molecular findings indicated that isoforms of NHE 1 and 5 are present in the blastocyst, whereas isoforms of NHE 1, 3, and 4 are functional at earlier embryonic stages. Although the contribution of NDBCE activity to recovery from induced -acidosis was detected at all embryonic stages, it was significant only in the PN zygote and the 2-c embryo. This finding was confirmed by molecular analysis, which detected the expression of SLC4A8 encoding NDBCE at all embryonic stages. In conclusion, NHE is an active and important defense mechanism against acidosis and is encoded by at least two protein isoforms in all stages of the Balb/c strain of mice. NDBCE has a supportive function in all embryonic stages, especially in the PN zygote and the 2-c embryo. Preimplantation stage embryos have effective mechanisms to defend against acidosis in response to their metabolic end products (increased acid load) and the acidic environment in utero.

Lipid nanocarriers have recently arisen with a wide range of uses and research areas, with the advantages they offer in virtue of their unique properties. They are easily synthesized, scaled up, biodegradable, proper to transport many bioactive components, have a high loading capacity, and are convenient for various routes of administration (parenteral, oral, dermal, ocular, etc.). These carriers overcome the problems of bioactive substances such as low solubility, plasma half-life and bioavailability, and side effects, as well as providing controlled release, local delivery, and targeting. Lipid-based nanoparticular systems can be categorized into two basic classes, vesicular and non-vesicular. While liposomes are the most widely used vesicular structures, solid lipid nanoparticles and nano-structured lipid carriers are non-vesicular nanocarriers. These nanocarriers have many medical uses, such as cancer therapy, gene therapy, photodynamic therapy, treatment of infectious diseases and neurodegenerative diseases, vaccines, imaging, etc. It is essential that the synthesis method of lipid-based nanocarriers and the components from which they are composed are selected in accordance with the medical application area and characterization studies are carried out. In this article, liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles and nano-structured lipid carriers will be discussed as lipid-based nanocarriers, synthesis and characterization methods will be emphasized and examples from medical applications will be given.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between mechanical ventilation modes and stress levels by measuring salivary cortisol levels in preterm infants.Materials and Methods: The study group comprised 65 preterm infants on respiratory support and 43 control preterm infants. The Neonatal Infant Pain Scale (NIPS) was used to evaluate pain. To determine the stress level, salivary cortisol levels were studied in saliva samples taken in the morning and evening on the 4th postnatal day.Results: In the study group, morning and evening cortisol levels of the infants were measured 8.33 +/- 5.7 ng/ml and 8.05 +/- 5.6 ng/ml, respectively. In the control group, morning and evening cortisol values of the infants were measured 1.50 +/- 0.7 ng/ml and 1.48 +/- 0.7 ng/ml, respectively. The morning and evening salivary cortisol levels of the infants in the study group were significantly higher than those of the infants in the control group. In the invasive mechanical ventilation group infants, morning and evening cortisol levels of the infants were measured 12.46 +/- 5,3 ng/ml and 12.0 +/- 5,2 ng/ml, respectively. In the non-invasive mechanical ventilation group, morning and evening cortisol values were measured 4.57 +/- 2.7 ng/ml and 4.41 +/- 2.7 ng/ml, respectively. Both morning and evening salivary cortisol levels of infants on invasive mechanical ventilation were higher than those of infants on noninvasive mechanical ventilation.Conclusion: Increased salivary cortisol levels in invasive modes indicate that intubation causes pain and stress in newborns.

Purpose: In our study, we aimed to clarify the relationship between Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) enzyme kinetics and mRNA expression levels of the G6PD gene in Gd-Med patients with and without hemolytic anemia. Materials and Methods: The study group consisted of 30 cases with Gd-Med mutation and 30 cases with enzyme activity levels in the reference range. G6PD activity was determined by the Beutler method. G6PD enzyme was partially purified with DE-52 anion exchange resin, and its kinetic parameters were studied. Gd-Med mutation was genotyped by MboII enzyme digest and sequence analysis. The expression level of the G6PD gene was calculated according to the 2-ΔΔCt formula. Results: In our study, a significant difference was found between the KmNADP+ and KmG6P values of the cases with Gd-Med mutation and the control group. There was no significant difference between KmNADP+ and KmG6P values in Gd-Med mutated patients with and without hemolytic anemia. Gene expression results of 18 patients without hemolytic anemia were significantly higher than 12 patients with hemolytic anemia. In addition, there was a significant difference between these variables and the control group. Conclusion: It might be a possible explanation that the substrate binding site of the enzyme in cases with Gd-Med mutation may have undergone post-transcriptional or post-translational modifications, and therefore gene expression might be changed. As a further study, the decrease in gene expressions of patients with hemolytic anemia with Gd-Med mutation can be clarified by evaluating the promoter side of the gene.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between mechanical ventilation modes and stress levels by measuring salivary cortisol levels in preterm infants. Materials and Methods: The study group comprised 65 preterm infants on respiratory support and 43 control preterm infants. The Neonatal Infant Pain Scale (NIPS) was used to evaluate pain. To determine the stress level, salivary cortisol levels were studied in saliva samples taken in the morning and evening on the 4th postnatal day. Results: In the study group, morning and evening cortisol levels of the infants were measured 8.33±5.7 ng/ml and 8.05±5.6 ng/ml, respectively. In the control group, morning and evening cortisol values of the infants were measured 1.50±0.7 ng/ml and 1.48±0.7 ng/ml, respectively. The morning and evening salivary cortisol levels of the infants in the study group were significantly higher than those of the infants in the control group. In the invasive mechanical ventilation group infants, morning and evening cortisol levels of the infants were measured 12.46±5,3 ng/ml and 12.0±5,2 ng/ml, respectively. In the non-invasive mechanical ventilation group, morning and evening cortisol values were measured 4.57±2.7 ng/ml and 4.41±2.7 ng/ml, respectively. Both morning and evening salivary cortisol levels of infants on invasive mechanical ventilation were higher than those of infants on non-invasive mechanical ventilation. Conclusion: Increased salivary cortisol levels in invasive modes indicate that intubation causes pain and stress in newborns.

Background:Hemoglobinopathies are the most common inherited diseases in humans resulting from impaired globin chain synthesis of hemoglobin. The progression of thalassemia rates is prevented with prenatal screening methods.Aims:To evaluate the hematological parameters of α- and β-thalassemia and normal fetuses aged 17-25 weeks of gestation.Study Design:A cross-sectional study.Methods:Pregnant women who underwent cordocentesis in the second trimester because of the risk of having a baby with thalassemia were included in the study. Hematological indices and molecular DNA methods were analyzed from the cord blood samples of 129 women who were 17-25 weeks into pregnancy. The HPLC method was used for Hb fraction analysis. Amplification refractory mutation system, restriction enzyme analysis, multiplex polymerase chain reaction, and sequencing methods were used for the molecular analysis. Maternal contamination was eliminated by the short tandem repeat method.Results:In total, 112 of the fetuses carry α- and β-thalassemia heterozygous or homozygous (α: 37, β: 58, mixed: 17) and 17 fetuses had a normal genotype for thalassemia. Significant differences in adult hemoglobin (HbA), fetal hemoglobin (HbF), Hb Barts, MCV, MCH, and RDW were detected in three groups compared with the normal group (p < 0.001, except for RBC, Hb, HCT, and MCHC). Differences in HbF, Hb Barts, MCV, MCH, and RDW were observed in the α-thalassemia groups compared with the normal group (p < 0.001). Among the five β-thalassemia subgroups, only HbA and RDW were different from the normal group (p < 0.001).Conclusion:This study could be a good reference for future studies and prenatal diagnostic applications in emphasizing the importance of changes in the blood parameters of fetuses before molecular genotyping. These hematological data give valuable information to clinicians about the fetus to enlighten families in making appropriate decisions during prenatal diagnosis.

There is a well-established complex interaction between vitamin D metabolism and bone and gonad functions. In this study, we aimed to investigate the potential effects of vitamin D therapy on testosterone and osteocalcin (OC) levels in aged male rats. Forty-five adult male rats were divided into three groups in this study. Unlike the control group, the two experimental groups received 50 IU/kg/day and 100 IU/kg/day of vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol), respectively, for a 4-week period using the gavage method. Testicular tissue and blood samples from rats were collected under general anesthesia at the end of the 4-week period. Testicular tissue samples were examined using light and electron microscopy. Additionally, serum testosterone and OC levels were measured in blood samples. The 50 IU/kg dose of cholecalciferol increased testosterone and OC levels, which were lower than normal due to aging, and regulated the organization of the seminiferous tubule epithelium and interstitium more effectively than the 100 IU/kg dose of cholecalciferol. Male fertility functions and bone health, which degrade due to aging, were increased due to the use of exogenous vitamin D, although the higher dose was not associated with more effective results.

Abstract Objective: Respiratory failure is common in preterm infants and mechanical ventilation treatment may be required. Pain and stress in newborns during mechanical ventilation may have negative effects on neurological development of the babies. Salivary cortisol level is one of the important non-invasive tests to detect stress. In this study, we aimed to examine the relationship between mechanical ventilation modes and stress levels by measuring salivary cortisol level of the preterm infants. Methods: The study group consisted of 65 preterm infants on respiratory support, and 43 control preterm infants. Neonatal Infant Pain Scale (NIPS) was used to evaluate the pain. To determine the stress level, salivary cortisol level was studied in saliva samples taken in the morning and in the evening on the 4th postnatal day. Results: The morning and evening salivary cortisol levels of the infants in the study group were found to be significantly higher than the babies in the control group (p<0.001; p<0.001, respectively). Both morning and evening salivary cortisol levels of infants on invasive mechanical ventilation were found to be higher than the cortisol values of infants on non-invasive mechanical ventilation (p<0.001; p<0.001, respectively). Pressure Support mode and Synchronised Intermittant Positive Pressure Ventilation mode did not differ in cortisol levels either in the morning or in the evening (p=0.402; p=0.391, respectively). However in non-invasive modes, nasal Synchronised Intermittant Mandatory Ventilation caused higher cortisol levels compared to nasal Continous Positive Pressure Ventilation mode both in the morning and in the evening samples (p=0.031; p=0.038, respectively). Conclusion: Increased salivary cortisol levels in invasive modes show that intubation causes pain and stress in newborns. For this reason, we assume that physicians and nurses have important duties for the pain and stress management of infants undergoing mechanical ventilation.

Organ rejenerasyonu, hayvanlar aleminde yaygın olarak görülmekle birlikte insanlarda da karaciğer hasarından sonra meydana gelebilir. Bugüne kadar, kardiyak rejenerasyona yönelik klinik çalışmalarda hücre temelli tedavilere odaklanılmıştır. Ancak bu tedavilerin kardiyak fonksiyon üzerindeki etkisi ihmal edilebilir düzeyde olduğundan memelilerde kardiyak rejenerasyonu düzenleyen mekanizmalar üzerinde çalışmalar hız kazanmıştır. Zebra balığının (Danio rerio) endojen kalp rejenerasyonundan elde edilen bilgiler, karmaşık organ rejenerasyonu için doğuştan gelen mekanizmalara yeni bir anlayış kazandırmaktadır. Yapılan çalışmalar memeli neonatal kalplerinin de Zebra balıklarına benzer şekilde rejenerasyon kapasitesinin bulunduğunu, ancak bu rejeneratif kapasitenin doğum sonrası ilk birkaç günle sınırlı olduğunu göstermiştir. Bu süreçte rol oynayan pek çok moleküler ve hücresel mekanizma tanımlanmış olmasına karşın, en büyük ilgiyi Hippo sinyal yolağı görmüştür. Bu yolağın aktivitesi YAP’ın çekirdek/sitoplazmik lokalizasyonuna bağlı olup, ROS, ECM ve miRNA’lar gibi bir dizi moleküler faktör tarafından kontrol edilmektedir. Son birkaç yılda Hippo yolağının kardiyomiyosit hücre döngüsü üzerine etkilerini inceleyen araştırmalar, bu yolağın bileşenlerinin yetişkinlerde kardiyak rejenerasyon için umut verici olduğunu göstermiştir. Bu derlemeyle yetişkin memeli kalp dokusunda hasarın geri döndürülmesindeki önemli yeriyle yeni terapötik hedeflerin geliştirilmesinde önemli rolü olduğunu düşündüğümüz Hippo yolağı ve yolağın bileşenleri hakkında bilgi verilmesi amaçlanmıştır.

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a chemical agent known to have detrimental reproductive and developmental effects. The tissue-specific impacts of BPA exposures and target tissues sensitiveness to BPA are still unclear. The aim of this study was to determine the short- and long-term dose-dependent toxic effects of BPA on rat testes. Forty-eight Wistar albino male rats were divided into four groups each containing 12 rats. To induce toxicity, BPA was administered orally at three different dosages (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) for 14 and 28 days, respectively. Testis tissues were examined using light and electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and biochemical methods. Serum testosterone (T) and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels were measured. Additionally, insulin-like factor 3 (INSL3) as a marker of Leydig cell function was evaluated immunohistochemically. Groups administered high doses of BPA showed severe degenerations such as testicular atrophy, spermatogenic arrest, and interstitial edema in testis. Also, a significant decrease in INSL3 immunoreactivity and serum LH and T levels was found. The results indicated that both increased exposure time and dosage of BPA caused more serious detrimental effects on testes in the rat. Decreased INSL3 and T levels was evidence of Leydig cell function impairment due to BPA.

Bağırsak mikrobiyatası ve beyin birbiriyle çift yönlü iletişimde olan iki sistemdir. Çift yönlü bu iletişim bağırsak mikrobiyatasının beyinden etkilenmesini içerdiği kadar bağırsak mikrobiyatasının da beyni etkilemesi anlamına gelmektedir. Güncel veriler bu iletişimin biyokimyasal, immünolojik ve nörolojik yollarını gözler önüne serer. Bağırsak mikrobiyatasının gelişimi, bütünlüğü ve içeriği konağın metabolizması üzerinde oldukça etkindir. Bu derlemede bağırsak mikrobiyatasının konak metabolizmasına olan etkileri ve bağırsak mikrobiyatası-beyin ekseni biyokimyasal bakış açısıyla değerlendirilmiştir.

Background Intravenous lipid emulsions are commonly used as a part of parenteral nutrition in premature infants. The potential bilirubin-displacing effects of high free fatty acid (FFA) levels during lipid infusions are known. Levels of free bilirubin (FB) predict the risk of bilirubin neurotoxicity more accurately than indirect serum bilirubin levels. In the present study, we decided to compare the effect of two different lipid solutions on free bilirubin and free fatty acids levels in premature infants. Methods Infants were grouped into two groups according to intravenous lipid preparations: Infants in Group 1 received lipid emulsion containing olive oil + soybean oil and Group 2 received containing olive oil + soybean oil + fish oil. The blood samples were gained when lipid intake was 3.5 g/kg/day and FFA and FB levels were analyzed. Results Serum FFA and FB levels were similar in groups (p = 0.26 and 0.69 respectively). There were significant correlation between serum FFA and FB levels in Group 1 (r = 0.74, p < 0.001) and in Group 2 (r = 0.92, p < 0.001). Conclusion Both lipid preparations seem to have similar effects on free bilirubin and free fatty acid levels in premature newborns.

Purpose: The aim of this study is to develop a new procedure with nanopolymer based genosensor for the determination of paternal mutation from cell-free fetal DNA in maternal blood. Materials and Methods: beta-thalassemia IVS1-110 mutation analysis was performed using quartz-crystal microbalance (QCM) and biosensor technologies. For this purpose, the probes of the mutation were immobilized on the genosensor electrode surface by means of Poly HemaMAC nanopolymer and then samples were added to the working cell for detection. Optimization, characterization, sensitivity and specificity studies of the genosensor were performed. Results: Biosensor measurements were obtained between -0.6 and 0.8 V in a constant current range by cyclic voltammetry. Common results were obtained with ARMS method in fetuses who had non-invasive prenatal diagnosis tests. When the ARMS results were compared with the genosensor results statistically, a 99% concordance rate was obtained in the ROC curve drawn. Conclusions: The developed biosensor can detect the presence of paternal mutation of the fetus specific to the probe on its surface. Compared with the traditional methods used in routine, it was found to be more costeffective, faster, with high specificity and detection efficiency.

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, maternal kandaki “cell-free” fetal DNA'dan paternal mutasyon tayini için nanopolimer bazlı genosensör ile yeni bir prosedür geliştirmektir. Gereç ve Yöntem: Kuvars-kristal mikrobalans (QCM) ve biyosensör teknolojilerini kullanılarak β-talasemi IVS1-110 mutasyonun analizine uygulanmıştır. Bu amaçla, mutasyona ait problar genosensör elektrodu üzerine PoliHema-MAC nanopolimeri aracılığıyla bağlandı ve daha sonra örnekler tespit amacıyla çalışma hücresine eklendi. Genosensörün optimizasyon, karakterizasyon, duyarlılık ve özgüllük çalışmaları yapıldı. Bulgular: Biyosensör ölçümleri -0,6 - 0,8 V sabit akım aralığında döngüsel volatmetriyle elde edildi. Girişimsel olmayan doğum öncesi tanı testi yapılan fetüslerde ARMS yöntemiyle ortak sonuçlar elde edilmiştir. ARMS sonuçları genosensör sonuçları ile istatistiksel olarak karşılaştırıldığında çizilen ROC eğrisinde %99 uyumluluk oranı elde edilmiştir. Sonuç: Geliştirilen biyosensör, yüzeyinde bulunan proba özgül olarak, fetüsün paternal mutasyonunun varlığını ortaya koyabilmektedir. Rutinde kullanılan geleneksel yöntemlerle karşılaştırıldığında, daha düşük maliyetli, hızlı sonuç verebilen, özgüllüğü ve saptama etkinliği yüksek olarak bulunmuştur.

Ultrasound is used in many analysis studies, including liquid mixtures. Many mixtures are analyzed to understand their contents or properties in different situations. One of these mixtures is the ethanol-water combination. In this study, the amount of ethanol in the liquid mixture was determined noninvasively by the ultrasonic method using a microcontroller-based system. The results show that the measurements obtained were within the p<0.05 confidence interval. The characteristics evaluation of the system shows that the system can detect ethanol concentration as low as 0.552 g/L, thus the system has a broad and linear determination range for ethanol. Although the system is calibrated and tested with ethanol-water mixture, it can be used for any mixture that changes density related to the substance concentration, including different alcohols which are soluble in water (glycols, glycoethers, etc.) or any other material (solid or liquid) which is soluble in alcohol or different liquid solvent. The system has so many advantages that make it possible to use comfortably in many areas where the amount of ethanol contained in the mixture is essential. These advantages are the high accuracy and sensitivity, being noninvasive, portable, and not having a destructive effect on the substance.