This study aimed to view the antioxidant and anti–inflammatory properties of Helichrysum plicatum DC. subsp. plicatum (HP) methanol extract on the urinary tract using an experimentally induced urolithiasis (U) model. The study included four groups: Group 1 was given a standard diet, Group 2 was given a diet added with HP, Group 3 was given a standard diet with induced urolithiasis, and Group 4 received an HP–supplemented diet with induced urolithiasis. Rats in Groups 2 and 4 were administered 500 mg·kg-1·day-1 of HP via gavage feeding for 21 days. Urolithiasis was induced in Groups 3 and 4 by administering 1% ethylene glycol and 1% ammonium chloride in their swig water for 21 days to create a calcium oxalate (CaOx) urolithiasis model. The study analyzed plasma concentrations of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), an indicator of serum oxidative stress (OS), HP, and HP levels. Additionally, oxalate (Ox), urea, calcium, and creatinine clearance levels were measured in both blood and urine, and routine histological evaluations were conducted. The results indicated important higher concentrations of HP in the groups given HP (P<0.001), while plasma TBARS concentrations were lower in Group 4 compared to Group 3 (P=0.001). The findings suggest that HP reduces OS by lowering plasma TBARS levels induced by CaOx, due to its antioxidant and anti–inflammatory properties. Furthermore, the measured biochemical measurements supported the anti–urolithiasis effects of HP. In results, this study supports the hypothesis that HP’s antioxidative and anti–inflammatory properties help prevent OS, which is a factor in stone formation, thereby preventing acute renal damage and stone formation.

Background: One of the most important complications of the wound is tissue infection. One of the most common causes of tissue infections is microorganisms such as Staphylococcus. This research investigates the impact of argan oil and polyhexanide on the healing process in wounds with tissue loss infected with Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Methods: The study involved 45 male mice, with 10 mm skin incisions made on their backs under general anaesthesia to create wounds. After 24 hours, an S. aureus (ATCC) suspension was applied to the scars. Wound cultures were collected from each mouse 48 hours later and this was repeated every 48 hours until cultures confirmed S. aureus infection. Treatment commenced once S. aureus growth was detected. The mice were randomly assigned to three groups: a control group (wound created, but no treatment applied), an argan group (1 mL of argan oil administered to the wound via syringe), and a polyhexanide group (1 mL of polyhexanide administered similarly). The wound diameters and clinical symptoms were monitored daily. On the 7th and 14th days, tissue samples were taken from the sacrificed mice for histopathological examination. Result: Based on clinical and histopathological observations, both argan oil and polyhexanide were found to be effective in treating S. aureus-infected wounds with tissue loss in mice. However, argan oil demonstrated a superior therapeutic potential compared to polyhexanide.

This study explored the effects of comfrey (Symphytum officinale) on treating third–degree burns in a rat model, demonstrating promising results. A hot iron created standardized burns, after which three groups of rats received different treatments: no treatment (control), vaseline, or a 20% comfrey ointment. Histopathological assessments at the 7 days and 14 days marks showed accelerated healing in the comfrey–treated group compared to the control, indicating comfrey’s potential for enhancing wound recovery. Additionally, comfrey’s antioxidant capacity was evaluated using assays such as Fe³+ and Cu²+ reducing power and free radical scavenging activities (DPPH· and ABTS•+ assays). The IC50 values for DPPH· scavenging were 69.30 µg·mL-1 (water extract) and 46.20 µg·mL-1, while for ABTS•+ scavenging they were 77.00 µg·mL-1 and 69.30 µg·mL-1 (ethanol extract). These results confirm that comfrey exhibits significant antioxidant activity, likely contributing to its wound–healing properties. Overall, this study suggests comfrey as a safe traditional treatment option for burn healing, with its benefits likely stemming from its antioxidant activity. The results indicate this combination is a safe traditional medicine for clinical applications at proper doses.

This research aimed to determine regulatory role of sulfated polysaccharides fucoidan from Fucus vesiculosus against oxidative and transcriptional responses in sulfoxaflor exposed mice liver. For this purpose both sulfoxaflor and fucoidan were given orally to mice for 24 hours and 7 days at doses of 15 mg/kg/day (equivalent to 1/50 oral LD50) and 50 mg/kg/day. At the end of the tests, liver samples were collected and used to assess 8-OHdG levels, the mRNA expression levels of DNA damage response genes such as XRCC1, OGG1, APE1, and PARP1. Furthermore, levels of tGSH and enzyme activity of GPx, GR, and GST, as well as TBARS, were also examined. The current study's findings demonstrated that acute sublethal exposure to sulfoxaflor caused lipid and DNA damage in mice liver via raising TBARS and 8-OHdG levels, respectively, and activating antioxidants linked to GSH. Furthermore, sulfoxaflor increased the mRNA expression of XRCC1 and APE1 genes, which are involved in the DNA repair mechanism. This tudy indicated that sulfoxaflor caused oxidative responses via increasing 8-OHdG and TBARS levels and altering the antioxidant status. Fucoidan protected liver cells from sulfoxaflor-induced oxidative effects and regulated the DNA damage response at the transcriptional level in mice liver.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to investigate the protectiveness of resveratrol on cisplatin-induced damage to the ovary using experimental models.METHODS: A total of 30 female Wistar-Albino rats constituted the research material. The rats were categorized into three groups: Group 1 was administered one milliliter of 0.9% NaCl solution, Group 2 was administered 7.5 mg/kg cisplatin, and Group 3 was administered 7.5 mg/kg cisplatin and 10 mg/kg resveratrol. Ovaries were extirpated in all groups and subjected to biochemical and histopathological tests. Cisplatin-induced damage to ovarian tissue was graded and scored as the total histopathological findings score. The ovarian function was assessed using immunohistochemical staining for c-kit expression. Rats' malondialdehyde, catalase, and superoxide dismutase levels were determined.RESULTS: The histopathological finding score was significantly higher in Group 2 than in other groups (p<0.05). The superoxide dismutase and catalase levels were significantly higher in Group 3 than in Group 2 (p<0.001 for both cases). The malondialdehyde level was significantly higher in Group 2 than in Group 3 (p<0.001).CONCLUSION: The study findings demonstrated that resveratrol reduced ovarian injury and enhanced biochemical parameters following cisplatin-induced ovary damage in experimental models.

We aimed to create a mechanical optic nerve damage model in rats and to investigate the neuroprotective effects of topical Coenzyme Q10 + Vitamin E TPGS (CoQ10+Vit E) molecule on retinal ganglion cells. In our study, 30 eyes of 20 male Wistar rats were used. Three groups, each consisting of 10 eyes, were formed as control, experimental, and treatment groups. The control group was used to test the formation of optic nerve damage. Topical CoQ10 + Vit E TPGS solution was applied to the rats in the treatment group, one drop twice a day for 3 weeks. On the other hand, physiological drops were applied to the experimental group 2 times a day for 3 weeks. After 3 weeks, the optic nerves of the rats were dissected and examined histopathologically. In electron microscopic examination of the treatment group, it was noted that the myelin sheath in the majority of myelinated nerve fibers and the normal structures of mitochondria, neurotubules, and neurofilaments in the axoplasm were preserved. It was observed that the oligodendrocytes surrounded the myelinated axons. In the experimental group, significant degenerative changes were observed in myelinated nerve fibers in many areas. The number of myelinated axons was significantly increased in the treatment group compared to the experimental group (p = .0028). In the light of the data obtained, the neuroprotective effect of the topically used CoQ10 + Vit E TPGS molecule was found to be histopathologically effective in our experimental study.

Fucoidan is a sulfated polysaccharide which can be found among a number of macroalgea species. It has a broad spectrum of biological activities including anti-oxidant, anti-tumor, immunoregulation, anti-viral and anti-coagulant. The current study was performed to investigate possible protective effects of fucoidan for sulfoxaflor-induced hematological/biochemical alterations and oxidative stress in the blood of male Swiss albino mice. For this purpose, sulfoxaflor was administered at a dose of 15 mg/kg/day (1/50 oral LD50), and fucoidan was administered at a dose of 50 mg/kg/day by oral gavage alone and combined for 24 h and 7 days. Hematological parameters (RBC, HGB, HCT, MCV, MCH, MCHC, Plt, WBC, Neu, Lym and Mon), serum biochemical parameters (AST, ALT, GGT, LDH, BUN, Cre and TBil), and serum oxidative stress/antioxidant markers (8-OHdG, MDA, POC and GSH) were analyzed. The results indicated that sulfoxaflor altered hematological and biochemical parameters and caused oxidative stress in mice; fucoidan ameliorated some hematological and biochemical parameters and exhibited a protective role as an antioxidant against sulfoxaflor-induced oxidative stress.

We aimed to investigate systematically the impact of adulterants on postmortem in vivo pharmacokinetic of heroin and its metabolites by determining the postmortem redistribution (PMR) of heroin in this study. Heroin (1 mg/kg) was administered intravenously to the rats. The rats were euthanized 1 hour after drug administrations, followed by placed in the supine position at room temperature. Femoral (right and left), subclavian, cardiac blood samples and liver, lung, kidney, myocardium and brain samples were collected at the time of death, postmortem 1st, 4th and 24th hour. Heroin (1 mg/kg) containing adulterants (1 mg/kg paracetamol, dextromethorphan and caffeine) was administered intravenously to the same number of rat groups, and the same procedures were repeated. All blood and organ tissue samples were analysed with validated liquid-liquid extraction methods using a liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometer. The changes in the levels of heroin metabolites during the postmortem interval were determined in different blood and tissue samples included in our study. Accordingly, apart from the minimal statistical differences in morphine concentrations in the left femoral blood, significant differences in each matrix throughout the postmortem interval, especially in heart blood, lung and kidney tissue were observed. In contrast to morphine, there are minimal differences in morphine-3-glucurinide concentrations in heart tissue and other matrices. Graphical differences were observed between morphine concentrations in heart blood, liver, myocardium and lung of animal groups in the presence of adulterants and animal groups in which heroin was administered alone. The findings obtained in this study may play an important role in elucidating heroin-related death cases by forensic toxicologists or pathologists.

Background/Aim: Perineural fibrosis may be seen in some surgeries after unsuccessful transforaminal injections. This animal experiment aims to investigate the effect of steroids and/or local anesthetic substances used in epidural/transforaminal injections on fibrosis. Methods: A total of 14 male Wistar-Albino rats were separated into two groups of 7. After intraperitoneal anesthesia, right and left sciatic nerves were explored in all groups. In group 1, appropriate dose of methylprednisolone acetate and bupivacaine hydrochloride, and in group 2 only methylprednisolone acetate was administered to the explored left sciatic nerves. The right sciatic nerves were identified and explored without the application of any procedure to secure the control side of the groups. All explored areas were marked for later sampling. After 3 weeks, rats were sacrificed and samples were taken around the sciatic nerve for histopathological examination. Results: In group 1, perineural fibrosis around the left sciatic nerve (intervention side) was seen at grade 3 in five rats and at grade 0 in two. In right sciatic nerve as the control side, grade 2 fibrosis was observed in 5 rats, and fibrosis was not observed in two rats. No statistically significant difference was defined with respect to perineural fibrosis (P=0.128). In group 2, perineural fibrosis was seen around the left sciatic nerve (intervention side) at grade 3 in 5 rats, at grade 4 in one rat, and not observed in one rat. In the control side of the second group, perineural fibrosis was seen at grade 3 and 1 in one each, and was not seen in five rats. The difference between intervention side and control side in the rate of perineural fibrosis seen was statistically significant (P=0.026). Conclusions: The application of steroids alone to the nerve was determined to increase the risk of perineural fibrosis development. The addition of local anesthetics to the steroid in the injection may reduce the possibility of perineural fibrosis.

Introduction: To study the efficiency of internal compression therapy (ICT), a new and promising method of treatment for deep venous insufficiency, how that efficiency is achieved, and its potential side-effects, in a porcine model. Material and Methods: The femoral vein diameters of 4 pigs were first measured. ICT was then applied such as to reduce the diameter of these veins by 50%. The femoral vein diameters of 2 pigs were re-measured after 1 month. The femoral vein and its surrounding tissue were excised for immunohistopathological and genetic examination. The same procedures were applied to the remaining 2 pigs 3 months subsequently. Collagen I and IV immunohistochemical staining and Masson’s trichrome and Alcian blue histochemical staining were applied during immunohistopathological examination. Collagen I, III, and IV and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) mRNA expressions were examined for genetic examination. Results: The femoral vein diameters decreased by approximately 50% after ICT application. This decrease persisted after the first and third months. Histopathological examination revealed loose connective tissue around the venous tissue after the operation, particularly in the third month, together with perivascular fibrosis and increased collagen in connective tissue. No difference was observed between regions with and without ICT application in terms of mucinous degeneration, an indicator of tissue injury, during Alcian blue staining. Genetic examination revealed an increase in collagen I and IV and CTGF mRNA expression in perivascular tissue resulting from ICT application. Conclusion: ICT is effective both in terms of creating a durable tissue around the vein and of increasing collagen tissue and stimulating fibrosis, and has no deleterious side-effects on tissue.

Purpose: The aim of this experimental rat study is to investigate whether vancomycin powder directly and topically applied on the sciatic nerve causes perineural fibrosis and chronic inflammation development. Materials and Methods: Thirty young adult male Wistar-Albino rats were included in the study and divided into 3 groups of 10 rats based on the dose to be applied after intraperitoneal anesthesia. After the sciatic nerve exploration, 10 rats (group 1) were administered a single dose of vancomycin powder, 10 rats (group 2) were administered a double dose of vancomycin, and control group was created with 10 animals which were administered no medication (group 3). After 3 weeks, rats were sacrificed, tissue samples were taken around sciatic nerve and sent for histopathological examination. Results: Grade 1 perineural fibrosis was detected in 1 animal (10%) in group 1. Grade 2 perineural fibrosis was detected in 1 animal (10%) and grade 1 perineural fibrosis was detected in 1 of 10 animals (10%) in group 2. In Group 3, grade 1 perineural fibrosis was detected in 1 experimental animal (10%). Chronic inflammation was not detected in any experimental animal. No significant difference was found between the 3 groups in terms of perineural fibrosis (p=0.753). Conclusion: In this experimental animal study, we found that fibrosis development did not differ significantly among the groups. We believe that more objective results can be obtained as a result of experimental studies with larger participation and more detailed histopathological examinations.

Peripheral nerve injury (PNI) is a major health problem that results in loss of motor and sensory functions. In treatment of PNI, various methods such as anastomosis, nerve grafts, nonneural tissue grafts, and nerve conduits are applied. In the present study, it was aimed to investigate the effects of Theranekron and Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) combined treatment on nerve healing in experimental PNI by using histomorphometric, electron microscopic, immunohistochemical and molecular biological methods. Sixty-two Wistar rats were divided into six groups; the normal control group, sham operation group, experimental control group having a crush type injury with no treatment, Theranekron treatment group, ALA treatment group and Theranekron+ALA combined treatment group. Sciatic nerve tissue samples were obtained on days 1, 7 and 14 following injury in all groups. GAP-43 expression was upregulated in all PNI received groups compared to the control group. Krox-20 expression was downregulated in all groups that received PNI compared to the control group. While intensely positive TNF-α and IL-6 expressions were observed up to the 1st to the 14th day for the experimental control group, these expressions were seen as "weakly positive" in the treatment groups from the 1st day to the 14th day. The number of myelinated fibers was higher in the control and sham operation groups. Additionally, the number of myelinated nerve fibers increased in the combined treatment group. In conclusion, these findings suggest that combined therapy of Theranekron and ALA promotes structural recovery and it should be considered as an effective treatment protocol following PNI.

Background/Aim: Primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) is defined as the depletion of the primordial follicle pool in women under the age of 40. New methods for stimulating ovarian follicle cells are being investigated in order to ensure the continuity of the menstrual cycle and fertility. The present study aimed to compare follicle reserves after ovarian striation or ovarian fragmentation in rats with ovarian insufficiency. Methods: Thirty adult female rats in the estrus phase were randomized into three groups. Group 1 and Group 2 were medicated with intraperitoneal 7.5 mg/kg paclitaxel to create ovarian insufficiency. Group 3 was the control group, and intraperitoneal 3 mL 0.9% sterile saline solution was administered. The first laparotomy was performed to evaluate ovarian insufficiency 1 week after chemotherapy. In Group 1, the right ovarian cortex was striated using an insulin injector. In Group 2, the right ovary was divided into five parts. These five pieces were transferred to the pocket created under the right pelvic peritoneum. In Group 3, only laparotomy was performed. After 1 month, all rats underwent a second laparotomy, and the number of ovarian follicles (primordial, primary, secondary, antral) were compared, as were their serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and estradiol (E2) levels. Results: There was a significant difference in the number of follicles among all three groups (P<0.05). The number of follicles (primordial, primary, secondary, antral) was significantly higher in the striated group than in the fragmented group (P<0.001). There were no statistically significant differences between the three groups in terms of mean serum FSH and E2 values measured at the second laparotomy (P>0.05). Conclusion: Ovarian striation on the ovary cortex may be a new method for the treatment of ovarian insufficiency.

In this study, the effects of curcumin, glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, advanced protein oxidation products (AOPP), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) activities in experimental liver damage with diethylnitrosamine (DEN) in Swiss albino mice were investigated. The subjects (n = 9) used in the study were divided into 5 groups as tumor control 1, tumor control 2, curcumin protective, curcumin treatment and healthy control groups Curcumin oral gavage (in 150 mg/kg of ethylalcohol) was given to the protecting group for 19 days, 5 days before the administration of DEN, and 24 h after the administration of DEN. Hundred microliters of ethylalcohol oral gavage was given to the healthy group for 19 days. While MDA levels decreased significantly in the curcumin preservative group (p < 0.05), (p = 0.002), the decrease was not significant in the treatment groups (p > 0.05), (p = 0.128). AOPP levels decreased significantly in the curcumin protective group (p < 0.05), (p = 0.009) but the decrease in the treatment group was not found significant (p > 0.05), (p = 0.073). SOD activities increased significantly in both groups. It was found as (p < 0.05), (p = 0.001) and (p < 0.05), (p = 0.002), respectively. GSH levels decreased but these reductions were not found statistically significant. CAT activities increased significantly in both groups. It was determined as (p < 0.05), (p = 0.001) for both groups.

Purpose: We investigated the effects of Quercetin and Coenzyme Q10 antioxidant, on gentamicin-induced renal failure in rats. Materials and Methods: The rats were given gentamicin (100 mg/kg/day, i.m., once a day), gentamicin (100 mg/kg/day, i.m.once a day) + Quercetin (15 mg/kg i.p. once a day) and gentamicin (100 mg/kg/day, i.m.) + Coenzyme Q10 (8 mg/kg i.m. once a day). Results: In control the BUN value was 26.8 ± 0.8 (mg/100 mL); whereas, it was 117.3 ± 15.4 in gentamicin group. Renal histopathologic examination confirmed acute tubular necrosis in this group. In rats treated with gentamicin + Quercetin and gentamicin + Coenzyme Q10, a partial improvement in biochemical and histologic parameters was observed. BUN values were 117.3 ± 15.4, 44.0 ± 8.3, 47.8 ± 13.8 in gentamicin, gentamicin plus Quercetin and gentamicin plus Coenzyme Q10 treated groups, respectively. Creatinine values were 4.3 ± 0.6, 0.8 ± 0.1, 1.5 ± 0.4 in gentamicin, gentamicin plus Quercetin and gentamicin plus Coenzyme Q10 treated groups, respectively. Conclusion: These results suggest that the administration of Quercetin and Coenzyme Q10 may have a protective effect on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats.

PURPOSE:The effect of botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) on fracture healing of the long bones is controversial, and no controlled clinical or experimental study has investigated the effect of BTX-A on mandibular fractures. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether BTX-A injection into the masseter muscles affects bone healing by reducing the displacing forces in an unfavorable mandibular fracture model. MATERIALS AND METHODS:Forty-eight male New Zealand white rabbits were used. Ten units of BTX-A was injected into each masseter muscle in the animals in the BTX-A group, whereas saline solution was injected in the animals in the control group. A unilateral osteotomy and fixation with a microplate were performed. Bone healing was evaluated by radiodensitometric, biomechanical, histologic, and histomorphometric methods after 21 days. RESULTS:The mean bone mineral density in the fracture area was significantly higher in the BTX-A group (P = .038). The mean failure load and bending modulus values were significantly higher in the BTX-A group than in the control group (P = .032 and P = .005, respectively). The mean histologic bone healing scores, bone volume-total volume values, and trabecular diameter values were significantly higher in the BTX-A group than in the control group (P = .001, P = .001, and P = .026, respectively). CONCLUSIONS:BTX-A application into the masseter muscles improves bone healing of a unilateral mandibular fracture in rabbits.

Thrombosis and accompanying inflammation have been reported to affect the severity of ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) initiates fibrinolysis through the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin. Increased fibrinolysis has been shown to lessen the severity of I/R injury in various organs. This study aimed to investigate the effects of tPA on intestinal I/R injury. Twelve Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into two groups (a sham group, and a tPA group). The superior mesenteric artery was occluded by clamping it for 45 minutes. Then, following the clamp removal, serum physiologic was given to the sham group, and tPA was given to the tPA group, and then all the small intestine specimens were examined by a pathologist. The specimens were scored according to the Park/Chiu classification and immunohistochemical staining of anti-IL-6 and TNF-alpha. The median of the scores was 4 (3-6) in the sham group and 2.25 (2-3) in the tPA group. The difference between the median scores in the sham and tPA groups was statistically significant (P=0.009). The mean anti-IL-6 and anti-TNF-alpha-stained cell counts were significantly different when the sham group and the tPA group were compared (P=0.004 and P=0.004). It was determined that tPA has an essential role in lessening the severity of intestinal I/R injury and it is suggested that further studies should be conducted on the effects of fibrinolytic management on intestinal I/R injury.

This study examined the changes in skeletal muscle contraction parameters after the injection of bupivacaine into the gastrocnemius muscle in diabetic rats. Forty male Wistar albino rats (230–270 g) were divided into four groups: Group I: Untreated healthy control; Group II: Healthy injected with Bupivacaine; Group III: Diabetic control; Group IV: Diabetic injected with bupivacaine. The diabetes was induced with streptozotocin in 0.1 M citrate buffer (pH 4.5) injection at 45 mg/kg in tail vein. On 7th day of streptozotocin injection, the rats in groups II and IV were injected with 0.25% bupivacaine at 8 mg/kg body weight into the gastrocnemius muscle. Three weeks post bupivacaine application, the animals were sacrificed and right leg gastrocnemius muscle was isolated for studying various parameters such as muscle twitch, tetanic force, contraction and relaxation time, and maximum contraction and relaxation rates. The blood glucose estimation showed that the rats in group III and IV developed diabetes at two days after administration of streptozotocin. The administration of bupivacaine resulted in a significant (p less than 0.05) increase in the muscle twitch parameters both in Group II and Group IV. Thus, bupivacaine can increase muscle contractility in diabetic muscles also.

BACKGROUND Recent reports have indicated an improved prognosis in sepsis with beta blocker agents; however, the underlying action mechanism is still under debate. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate the potential effect of propranolol on endothelial dysfunction in septic rats. MATERIAL AND METHODS The cecal ligation and puncture model (CLP) was used to generate sepsis. Adult male Wistar-Albino rats were divided into 4 groups: group 1 was a sham group, group 2 received sterile saline, group 3 received 10 mg/kg of propranolol 3 days before the intervention, and group 4 received 10 mg/kg of propranolol 30 min after CLP. Six rats from each group were sacrificed 24 h postoperatively. The remaining rats were followed for survival. We have also evaluated the effects on systemic inflammation, coagulation and the lung tissue with immunohistochemical and electron microscopic evaluation. RESULTS Serum tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) levels, as well as tissue TNF-α scores were elevated in septic rats. Electron microscopic examination of the lung tissue showed endothelial dysfunction in the sepsis group. Pretreatment significantly improved survival. Moreover, pre-treatment altered serum vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 (VEGFR-1) levels and post-treatment reduced serum PAI-1 and VEGFR-1 levels. In both the preand post-treatment groups, electron microscopic examination revealed improvement of the destroyed lung endothelium and showed only mild alterations in the cytoplasmic organelles, especially in the mitochondria of the endothelial cells. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the improved outcome with beta blockers in sepsis may be due to the ameliorated endothelial dysfunction. Further studies focusing on the potential effect of beta blockers on the endothelium may lead to a better understanding of sepsis.

Objective: The study compares the histological appearances of an induced open wound injury as it heals in rabbits, where healing was assisted by either Batticon (a topical antiseptic solution), or Glubran (a surgical glue). Materials And Methods: The study protocol was first approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Cukurova University. Twenty-eight rabbits with a weight of between 3 and 4kg, of female sex, were subjected to handling every day for a fortnight preceding the experimental injury so that they could be behaviourally assessed. Seven of the 28 rabbits acted as controls, with the 21 others put into one of 3 groups, depending on the day they were to be sacrificed. For the control animals, a portion of the external ear was excised and examined histologically alongside the intervention group animals, to allow comparisons to be made. The intervention group underwent exposure of a 1cm2 area of epidermis bilaterally. The resulting open injury was then treated on one side with topical antisepis using Batticon and on the other with the Glubran tissue glue. At days 2, 4 and 6 post-surgery, the rabbits were sacrificed and sections of the open wound were viewed with the electron microscope. The control group was also examined histologically for comparison. Results: The sections from ears treated with Glubran had electron microscopic appearances indicative of more extensive regeneration than those where Batticon was used at days 2, 4 and 6. Conclusion: The results of the study show that N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate (Glubran) is suitable for the treatment of open injuries to the head or neck.