This study examines how entrepreneurship education (EE) dimensions drive graduate employability (GE) through the moderated-mediation mechanisms of employability orientation (EO) and career awareness (CA) in the higher educational context in Bangladesh. Grounded on Social Cognitive Career Theory and Human Capital Theory, this study demonstrates entrepreneurship education as an educational investment and a psychological stimulation approach. This study analyzed 437 complete responses applying structural-equation modeling (PLS-SEM). The findings reveal that entrepreneurship courses, entrepreneurship faculty, entrepreneurship knowledge, and skills have significant effects on EO, which further drives employability outcomes with a negligible effect of the entrepreneurial-university climate. The findings moreover reported that CA showed a significant moderation on the association between the EO-GE, signifying that students with higher career awareness tend to have greater possibility of being employed than with lower ones. The study makes valuable contributions to the field by integrating the Human Capital theory and the Social Cognitive Career theory within a moderated-mediated framework in an emerging economy context. Our findings fosters understanding of how EE can simultaneously serve as a driver of employability and a mechanism for national human-capital development.

The industry of Islamic banking and finance (IBF) has undergone rapid expansion over the past forty years. However, it's imperative that this sector continues to evolve-making sure it aligns with contemporary market trends while staying abreast with modern financial practices. With financial offerings becoming more complex than ever before, adhering closely to shari'ah principles certainly poses a newer level of daunting challenges that need urgent attention in this burgeoning field. Moreover, the infamous products and current shari'ah governance of Islamic banks have been widely debated following the publication of an article titled "Terrible November for Islamic banks" in a reputable newspaper, Prothom Alo, 2022. In order to bridge the gap this study investigates drivers, enablers, and inhibitors of shari'ah-compliant products and the successful implementation of shari'ah governance for sustainable Islamic banks in Bangladesh. The qualitative data have been collected through in-depth personal interviews and focus group discussions with 41 well-known scholars. The analysis shows shari'ah board and research division are required to collaborate to develop shari'ah-compliant products as outlined in the Qur'an and Hadith. Additionally, a strong legislative framework for shari'ah-compliant product development and shari'ah governance is essential to promote a sustainable Islamic banking industry. Good shari'ah governance and compliance in a banking institution are significantly dependent on the good intentions of its board members and operational managers. The study offers a legal framework and core value-based banking that develops unique and fully shari'ah-compliant products to uphold sustainable development goals (SDGs). Important policy implications are discussed.

This study examines the growth effects of Real Exchange Rate (RER) misalignment and capital flight in Turkey during the period 1981-2019. The World Bank’s residual method suggests that capital flight is a widespread problem in Turkey and the Single Equation Approach adopted to delineate the series of RER misalignment identifies that Turkey’s RER is significantly misaligned throughout the sample period. Their growth effects are then examined using the AutoRegressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds approach and we document that RER misalignment degrades per capita output growth while growth faltering capital flight is evident in the presence of policy variables along with currency misalignment.

Purpose This study aims to offer an up-to-date estimate of capital flight from selected emerging Asian economies and examine the anti-growth phenomenon of capital flight by using annual data for the period 1981–2019. Design/methodology/approach The study relies on residual methods to derive the estimate of capital flight with necessary adjustments. It then applies the autoregressive distributed lag Bounds testing approach in examining the impact of capital flight on the economic growth of Asian emerging economies. Findings The study identifies capital flight as the attributor to the slower economic growth of the selected emerging economies of Asia. Practical implications Apart from appropriate policies addressing the issues causing capital flight, unleashing the way of private sector-led growth of the emerging countries with necessary policy, infrastructural, institutional and regulatory support can rather help them retain and repatriate domestic capital. Originality/value The capital flight estimates in earlier studies are antithetical as they differ in terms of definition and estimation procedure. Again, the growth effect of capital flight in these economies has received meager attention in research and policy debates. Furthermore, being country-specific or region-specific, existing studies are unable to compare the growth effect of capital flight for different emerging economies in this region. Examining the growth effects for a large number of countries separately based on a common estimate of capital flight can resolve these issues that this study aims to do.

Purpose This study looked into the scope of integrating the aspirations of zakah and corporate social responsibility (CSR) to counter poverty, inequity, illiteracy, malnutrition and environmental pollution to ensure peace, happiness, prosperity and sustainability as envisaged in sustainable development goals (SDGs). Design/methodology/approach This is a qualitative research study conducted using both primary and secondary data. Primary data were collected from 29 business enterprises in Bangladesh employing a semi-structured interview protocol. The secondary data were collected through content analysis of annual reports, websites and CSR publications of sample organizations. Finally, collected qualitative data have been analyzed thematically following the due procedures to address the research questions. Findings The findings reveal that integration of the aspirations of zakah and CSR is a convenient and wholehearted approach for entrepreneurs resulting in pursuing SDGs. In addition, business entrepreneurs in Bangladesh consider such practices as killing two birds with one stone because this approach warrants performing both religious and social obligations simultaneously. Interestingly, the study explores that shariah compliance acts as a guiding force for selecting well-being-oriented projects in zakah-funded CSR resulting in pursuing the priority goals – No Poverty (1), Zero Hunger (2) – of SDGs, thereby addressing some of the most critical issues of emerging economies such as Bangladesh. Practical implications The findings of this research can be used as a guide to incorporate the spirit and principle of zakah into the CSR programs aimed at pursuing SDGs mainly in Muslim countries representing one-fourth of the world population. Originality/value Integration of the aspirations of zakah and CSR is an innovative move and net addition to the literature on sustainability, CSR and zakah because Muslim business entrepreneurs will now conveniently be able to use the entrepreneurs' zakah money – readily available in each financial year – to fund the entrepreneurs' various CSR projects (within shariah framework) relating to poverty alleviation, humanitarian and disaster relief, health and sanitation and environmental conservation which will eventually contribute to pursuing various SDGs.

Established and well-known employers in Bangladesh often complain that suitable candidates are not available for employment in their organizations, despite the millions of unemployed graduates in the country. This bears clear witness that graduates in Bangladesh are mostly unable to fulfill the needs and expectations of established and well-known employers. Employing a qualitative research approach, this article explores the desired employability skills and graduates' work readiness from the perspective of established and well-known employers in Bangladesh. The study identified the desired skills and traits as 'communication' 'teamwork and collaboration', 'problem solving', 'computer literacy and technical skill', 'honesty and integrity', 'hardworking and willingness to take on extra work', 'achievement orientation', 'adaptability', 'time management', 'leadership', 'personality' and 'academic results and knowledge'. The study also revealed that graduates mostly lack the necessary skills as envisaged by Bangladeshi employers. As employers have outright authority in the selection of graduates, it is suggested that universities work together with industries to develop the skills and traits they demand. This is the first study, to the authors' knowledge, to explore employability skills and graduates' work readiness from the perspective of established and well-known employers in Bangladesh.

Capital flight from Turkey throughout the last few decades is one of the major policy concerns for the development prospects of the economy. Several studies address the issue of capital flight from Turkey, but there is no significant study that examines its impact on the economic growth of the economy. The study investigates the effect of capital flight from Turkey on its economic growth during 1981-2019. It measures the extent of capital flight from Turkey adopting the World Bank’s residual method and examines its growth effect in a setting of Barro’s growth model. The study employs the Johansen cointegration approach to determine whether there exists an association between flight capital and the output growth of Turkey in the long run. The study results support the view that the flight of capital from Turkey deteriorates the country’s output growth in the long run. It implies that the government should adopt policies to reduce capital flight, increase domestic investment, and stimulate economic growth. IIUC Business Review Vol. 9, Dec. 2020 pp. 9-26

This study aimed to identify the challenges in implementing green supply chain management (GSCM) practices in Bangladeshi manufacturing industries and pathways to address those challenges. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analysed employing thematic analysis ( N = 20, mean age = 42 years). The results demonstrated that among other challenges that impede implementing GSCM practices in the Bangladeshi manufacturing sector, lack of organizational policy, lack of infrastructure and technology, lack of knowledge, lack of management support and interest, and financial constraints are the significant ones. The findings also reported that setting and implementing effective organizational policies, monitoring, allocating sufficient resources, building informed and open collaboration with suppliers, developing knowledge and awareness, introducing environmental educational subjects and programs, and providing training and orientation programs may be effective pathways in implementing GSCM practices manufacturing firms can use to overcome challenges for GSCM practices. The findings may help managers, policymakers, supply chain professionals, and the management of the manufacturing industries to identify and address challenges of applying GSCM practices in Bangladesh.

Using the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), this study examines the mediating role of Entrepreneurial Passion (EP) in the association between Entrepreneurship Education (EE) and Entrepreneurial Intentions (EI), and also the moderating role of Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy (ESE) on the association between EE and EP. The study collected data through an online survey from 359 private university students residing in Dhaka and Chittagong. SPSS 23 and Amos 24 were utilized to test the proposed hypotheses. The findings revealed that EE positively improves the EI of university students via EP. The study further demonstrated that the influence of EE on EP is more significant for student with high ESE then low ESE. The study extends the existing literature on the EE-EI link by integrating the TPB from the private higher education perspective during the COVID-19 crisis. The findings offer valuable insight and guidance for policymakers and university management regarding how and when EE leads to better EI among university students. This is one of the pioneering empirical studies highlighting the importance of EE on EI among private university students in an emerging South-Asian setting. Moreover, the study confirms that entrepreneurial passion plays a key role in explaining how EE drives EI.

Drawing on the Social Exchange Theory (SET), the present study aimed to determine the factors underlying the association between workplace social support and female bankers' intention to quit. To this end, the study adopted a moderating-mediating model to measure the turnover intentions of 361 female employees of private commercial banks (PCBs) using time-lagged data. The findings revealed that affective commitment fully mediated the association between coworker support and turnover intentions, while it partially mediated the relationship between supervisory support and the intention to leave. Further, passion for work moderated the relationship between affective commitment and turnover intentions. This study contributes to the literature by exploring the role of workplace social support, affective commitment, and passion for work on the turnover intentions of female bankers. The results may help policymakers and practitioners formulate effective policies to retain and promote women in the banking sector.

Studies suggest several issues and challenges of financial management practices in Islamic banks and insurance companies and Islamic non-bank financial institutions (INBFIs) in Bangladesh. The purpose of the research is to examine the issues and challenges of Islamic Financial Management (IFM) from an empirical perspective. The study relies on a structured questionnaire survey in prominent Islamic financial institutions (IFIs) of Bangladesh for achieving its objective. After confirming data reliability based on Cronbach's alpha, the study proceeds to analyse by applying descriptive statistics and principal component factor analysis using correlation, Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) and Bartlett's Test and VARIMAX Rotation. The study finds that there is no separate regulatory framework to supervise and monitor IFIs in Bangladesh rather the central bank regulates the Islamic financial system based on the existing laws and regulations of the conventional financial system. The findings of this study suggest that the government should establish a separate regulatory body for monitoring the IFI’s functions so that they can perform their activities smoothly in the congenial environment in Bangladesh. JEL Classification Codes: G10, G21, G23.

This study mainly aims to examine whether the institutional characteristics matter for external sources of funds of microfinance institutions (MFIs) in Bangladesh considering unbalanced panel data of 258 MFIs for the period of 2009-2014. The study considers four institutional characteristics of MFIs, namely, the number of branches, profitability measured by return on assets, location, and age of MFIs as well as several macroeconomic variables such as interest rate cap, economic growth, and inflation. The external sources of funds are decomposed into five sub-panels, that is, government funds, loans from commercial banks, loans from Palli Karma Sahayak Foundation, donors' funds, and loans from other MFIs in order to draw more conclusive evidence. It also helps provide a comparative analysis on the effects of each institutional characteristic of MFIs on different types of external sources of funds. The study employs the Poisson pseudo maximum likelihood method which is supposed to be more appropriate in the present case for avoiding the problem associated with zero value of dependent variable. The estimation results suggest that institutional characteristics of the MFIs contribute considerably in supporting the growth and development of the industry by drawing funds from external financial sources albeit some indicators of institutional characteristics refer to adverse impact on a few external sources of funds. In the case of macroeconomic factors, market intervention through the interest rate cap limits the operation of microfinance institutions making funds scarce for them. Additionally, the comparative analysis of alternative funding both from the debt and equity sources will help policymakers and managers to adopt an appropriate policy to attain the cost-effectiveness of MFIs of Bangladesh which is one of the important policy implications of the study.

This study is an attempt to examine the impact of currency misalignment on the trade balance of emerging market economies from 1980 through 2016. It firstly measures the equilibrium RER and corresponding misalignment series of 21 EMEs separately adopting a single equation approach and then includes them in the trade regression together with undervaluation and overvaluation to estimate the dynamic relationship between the trade balance and real exchange rate misalignment employing the system generalized method of moment estimation approach. The study suggests that, being a composite series of undervaluation and overvaluation, higher real exchange rate misalignment helps recover trade imbalances. It also identifies that undervaluation improves trade balance, while overvaluation cuts it down. The study identifies that the misalignment series of RER for most of the EMEs are substantially dominated by overvaluation episodes, and hence the opposing impact of undervaluation and currency misalignment on the trade balance of EMEs is not surprising. From the policy perspective, competitiveness achieved through currency movements helps emerging market economies not only to improve trade balance but also to withstand vulnerability that arises from huge external borrowings creating a strong external payment position.

Purpose The study mainly aims to examine the currency misalignment of Turkish lira and evaluate if it has an impact on economic growth of Turkey. Design/methodology/approach It relies on Johansen cointegration technique for measuring currency misalignment relying on single-equation approach and the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach to evaluate how misalignment affects economic growth. The sample period covers from 1980 to 2016. Findings The study identifies that terms of trade, relative productivity differences, net foreign asset, investment and trade openness determine the equilibrium REER of Turkey, and the degree of currency misalignment is observed at a substantial level. The outcome of the ARDL approach suggests that higher currency misalignment reduces economic growth. Turning to the separate impacts of undervaluation and overvaluation, while the former falters economic growth, the later promotes it, a finding contrary to the conventional expectation. Therefore, the use of exchange rate as a policy variable is a critical concern to avoid misalignment for sustained economic growth. Practical implications The anti-growth effect of undervaluation and misalignment is an indication of redistribution of income which could be verified by examining the aggregate consumption behavior of the economy in response to RER movements. Originality/value The impacts of currency undervaluation and overvaluation on economic growth of Turkey have been studied in a number of time-series studies. But there is no documented study on the role of currency misalignment on Turkish economic growth. This study is the first that examines how the economic growth of Turkey is influenced by currency misalignment together with the impact of undervaluation and overvaluation.

Purpose – This study’s main purpose is to investigate the effect of real exchange rate misalignment on economic growth performance for 21 emerging markets from 1980 through 2016. Methods – The study individually measures the real exchange rate misalignment series for 21 emerging markets by using the single-equation approach and then estimates the effect of real exchange rate misalignment, undervaluation, and overvaluation on economic growth performance through dynamic panel system generalized method of moments approach. Findings – The study finds that the real exchange rate of emerging markets is significantly misaligned. The study also argues that any deviation of the real exchange rate from its equilibrium value impairs economic growth. The view that overvaluation erodes growth is customarily accepted, while a real undervaluation is found to be a growth deteriorating fact. Implication - From the policy perspective, policymakers should be cautious enough in setting exchange rate policies to check its sustained misalignments over time so that it can enrich the ability of concerned authorities to attain the growth target by using it as a policy instrument. Originality – The study is in response to the need felt for a common analytical framework for examining misalignment in the real exchange rate to make a more inclusive decision relating to its effects on the growth performance of emerging markets.

The study investigates the causal nexus between export and output growth of Japan to identify the validity of the export-led growth (ELG) hypothesis in a modified theoretical setting. The study is unique in the sense that it takes the Japanese crisis of 1992 into account and also addresses the possible income identification problem that most of the earlier studies largely ignored. The direction and extent to which the explanatory variables, namely, exports, imports, capital expenditure, total labor productivity and a dummy representing the crisis affect the industrial output are investigated employing both Granger causality and Leveraged Bootstrap Simulation Techniques. Both of the approaches suggest that the relationship between exports and output growth is not unidirectional which implies that export promotion cannot be regarded as a tool to promote economic growth for Japan that has important implications for policymakers to set suitable strategies to boost its economic growth.

In this study, an integrated eVALUE model is introduced to examine the relationship between organizational performance and electronic Human Resource Management (eHRM) practice. The model also explored the drivers of electronic Human Resource Management (eHRM) practice in the organizations. The primary data collected by using a pilot survey and closed-ended questionnaire designed on Likert 7-point scale. Simple random sampling was adopted to yield 674 acceptable responses from 165 organizations in Bangladesh. The structural equation modeling results indicate that only six drivers out of nine namely senior executives’ attitude, IT skill of HRM professionals, perceived compatibility, senior leadership support, firm culture and competitive pressure are revealed a strong positive effect on eHRM practice. The study revealed a positive and significant relationship between eHRM practice and organizational performance. Moreover, the effect of job satisfaction of HRM professionals is observed to partially mediate on practice - performance relationship. The practical implication of the outcome of study and the extent of further research are postulates at the conclusion.

Green banking or sustainable banking is one of the issues of the concern of all stakeholders of the world. Following this concern, this study has investigated the status of green banking practices of the non-bank financial institutions (NBFIs) and commercial banks of Bangladesh. Analyzing the contents of annual reports as well as websites of banks and NBFIs, the study finds that 44 out of 57 banks and 13 out of 33 NBFIs, to a varying degree, have exposures in direct or indirect green financing. But only 45 banks and 25 NBFIs conducted environmental risk rating. Most of the banks and NBFIs practice green banking only in a limited scale and volume and disclose green banking information in a semi structured manner in both the annual reports and corporate websites. However, except one, all the 56 scheduled banks and all the 33 non-bank financial institutions (NBFIs) have their own green banking policy guidelines. They also have green office guide for conducting in-house green activities. The study finds that green banking disclosures in their annual reports exceed that in their websites. It is also found that both private commercial banks (PCBs), and foreign commercial banks (FCBs) have surpassed state-owned commercial banks (SCBs) and state-owned specialized development banks (SDBs) in terms of the green financing.