The rise of multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens and the limitations of traditional therapies have prompted the discovery of biocompatible nanomaterials. In this study, green, one-pot synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (AS-ZnO-NPs) was performed using Alangium salvifolium seed extract (aqueous) as both reducing and stabilizing agent.Nanoparticles were characterized physicochemically, showing an absorption peak at 387 nm by UV-visible spectroscopy. Dynamic light scattering produced a hydrodynamic diameter of 53.28 nm, which is consistent with a biomolecular capping layer, while transmission electron microscopy showed spherical particles with a mean core diameter of 13.2 +/- 2 nm. AS-ZnO-NPs showed broad-spectrum antibacterial activity (4.2-9.96 mu g/mL) (p < 0.05 compared to levofloxacin control) against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The enhanced antibacterial effect may result from nanoparticle interactions with microbial membranes, leading to oxidative stress. AS-ZnO-NPs displayed high cytotoxicity against A549 lung carcinoma cells (IC50 = 16.38 +/- 1.22 mu g/mL), surpassing both the crude extract and 5-fluorouracil. Mechanistic studies using H2DCFDA fluorescence and DAPI staining indicated ROS-mediated apoptosis, as evidenced by condensed chromatin. The nanoparticles showed relatively low toxicity on normal osteoblasts. The ZnO nanoparticles synthesized from Alangiumsalvifolium show promise as antimicrobial and anticancer agents, emphasizing the need for further in vivo testing and mechanistic studies.

The present paper reports a biogenic synthesis of palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) involving Cannabis sativa leaf extract. The physicochemical characterisations of biogenic synthesised PdNPs were carried out to determine size, shape, morphology, atomic composition, and crystal structure via different techniques involving Ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The standard particle size of the synthesized PdNPs was found to be 3.49 +/- 0.5 nm from the TEM analysis, while XRD analysis showed a crystal size of 4.6 nm with a face-centred-cubic (fcc) structure. FT-IR study of the green synthesis confirmed the presence of phytochemicals which act as reducing and stabilising agents. The synthesised biogenic PdNPs were subjected to antimicrobial analysis for isolated strains of multi-drug resistant (MDR) Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella abony where minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was found in the range of 52.04-68.3 mu g/mL. Moreover, for the cytotoxic effects of biogenic PdNPs, A549 lung cell lines were used, and the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value was evaluated as 22.17 mu g/mL. The present investigation suggests the possible role of C. sativa extract capped PdNPs in the clinical management of lung cancer cells and MDR pathogens.

Recently, herbal medicinal plants have gained more attention worldwide to assimilate in an innovative nanomaterial’s fabrication. Therefore, this is the first report devoted to emphasizing the biogenic synthesis of palladium nanoparticles using Madhuca longifolia or Mahua leaves extract (MLE@PdNPs) for their biomedical applications. In this, we have used the herbal plant M. longifolia leaves as a bioreductant and capping agent. The structural and morphological features of synthesized MLE@PdNPs have been studied using different analytical techniques. Triangular sheet-like stable MLE@PdNPs have an average crystallite size of 16.22 nm with a face center cubic (fcc) structure which has been observed. The biological screening of MLE@PdNPs has been performed against the human lung cancer cells A549 and bacterial strains S. aureus, K. pneumonia, Salmonella, and E. coli. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC or IC-50) value against lung cancer cells A549 has been calculated 29.20 μg/ml. The IC-50 values have been calculated 26.01, 30.11, 32.12, and 35.16 μg/mL against S. aureus, K. pneumonia, Salmonella, and E. coli bacterial strains, respectively. The findings of the present work will become beneficial to expand the studies on the therapeutic potential of MLE@PdNPs in the future. Enthusiastically, MLE@PdNPs can be a promising material for formulating nanomedicine after subsequent clinical experiments.

A wide variety of therapeutic approaches and technologies for delivering therapeutic agents have been investigated for treating cancer. Recently, immunotherapy has achieved success in cancer treatment. Successful clinical results of immunotherapeutic approaches for cancer treatment were led by antibodies targeting immune checkpoints, and many have advanced through clinical trials and obtained FDA approval. A major opportunity remains for the development of nucleic acid technology for cancer immunotherapy in the form of cancer vaccines, adoptive T-cell therapies, and gene regulation. However, these therapeutic approaches face many challenges related to their delivery to target cells, including their in vivo decay, the limited uptake by target cells, the requirements for nuclear penetration (in some cases), and the damage caused to healthy cells. These barriers can be avoided and resolved by utilizing advanced smart nanocarriers (e.g., lipids, polymers, spherical nucleic acids, metallic nanoparticles) that enable the efficient and selective delivery of nucleic acids to the target cells and/or tissues. Here, we review studies that have developed nanoparticle-mediated cancer immunotherapy as a technology for cancer patients. Moreover, we also investigate the crosstalk between the function of nucleic acid therapeutics in cancer immunotherapy, and we discuss how nanoparticles can be functionalized and designed to target the delivery and thus improve the efficacy, toxicity, and stability of these therapeutics.

Arsenic (As) is a toxic element for plants, animals and humans. The mitigation of As stress has been achieved via selenium (Se) and silica (Si) supplementations. However, the effects of combined application of Se and Si against As stress are not known. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Se (0.5 and 1 mg L−1) and Si (10 and 30 mg L−1) on Oryza sativa L. (rice) subjected to during As (4 mg L−1) stress. The rice plants showed reduction in As accumulation in co-treatment of As + Se, As + Si and As + Se + Si in comparison to As alone treated plants (7 d). The maximum reduction of As accumulation in root and shoot was 57

Nanotechnology is a rapidly growing field with many innovations and numerous new characteristics. Nanotechnology, as an interdisciplinary approach, has successfully come up with trailblazing ideas in various fields of science and is also expected to play a vital role in revolutionizing the biomedical fields. Biogenic synthesis of nanoparticles is an environment-friendly and sustainable approach. It is useful in the safe and effective production of nanoparticles. Plants have numerous organically dynamic parts which possess a reducing ability in creating metallic nanoparticles with effective remedial potential. Plant-based products such as vitamins, tannins and aroma are responsible for most of the reduction of metals salts to metal nanoparticles. Phytoremediation is the eco-friendly and natural process in which certain plants and related microbes lower the toxicity in the soil. The major requirement for phytoremediation is the selection of suitable plants. In phytoremediation, the plant extracts toxic elements present in the soil and converts them into less toxic forms without contaminating the food chain. Medicinal and aromatic plants are natural raw material produced as secondary metabolite which shows biological activity and has many limitations but can be overcome with the use of nanoparticles. If used with nanoparticles, they act as elicitors. Aromatic plants possess antimicrobial and antioxidant activity and have been useful for the phytoremediation of heavy metals. There is a lot of examination on the synthesis of nanoparticles involving medicinal and aromatic plants as reducing agents alongside their organic activities enhance the phytoremediation potential of plants.

Nanotechnology has developed at a noteworthy speed over the last decade. Specifically, designed nanomaterials are currently effectively applied in medication, biomedical items, drugs, gadgets, designing materials, farming, ecological remediation, cosmetics, and even kids' toys. With the increasing production and use of nanomaterials in day-to-day life, it is obvious to expect a remarkable increase in nanomaterials in the environment. With the increase in nanomaterials in the environment, it is important to think of ways to remediate nanomaterials before it starts interacting with the environment and making them toxic in any way the nanomaterials in the environment should be reduced to the World Health Organization's maximum contamination limit. Many plant varieties have shown promising results in the ability to accumulate various engineered metallic nanoparticles. Phytoremediation has come across as one of the most promising ways of soil and water remediation, this methodology exploits the extraordinary and specific take-up capacities of plant root frameworks, and applies translocation, bioaccumulation, and ensures the accumulation of these toxic nanomaterials away from the environment in the plant system. Further ecotoxicological studies and prediction of future environmental conditions need to be performed to study the permissible levels for use of different nanomaterials so that phytoremediation can be performed successfully without tarnishing the plant system. Further detailed studies on hyperaccumulators, which have shown promising results in the phytoremediation of nanoparticles, should be done for the optimization of safe use of nanomaterials.

For nanomaterials and nanodrugs formulation, there is a growing need to embrace herbal plants. The advancement of the green approach is achieving new places and importance due to an environmentally sus-tainable methodology of synthesis and other added advantages. This work emphasizes to use of Ricinus communis plant leaves (RLE) as it is a potential source of natural compounds to formulate nanodrug. Hence, a greener approach has been developed to fabricate palladium nanoparticles using aqueous Ricinus communis leaves extract (RLE@Pd/PdO NPs) at 80 celcius. Several analytical tools such as UV-visible (UV-vis), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX) have been used to confirm the fabrication of RLE@Pd/PdO NPs. The as-prepared RLE@Pd/PdO NPs are subjected to test their antioxidant and anti-carcinogenic activity. The components of RLE behave as a supporting material to prevent agglomeration of RLE@Pd/PdO NPs and enhances the surface area of RLE@Pd/PdO NPs (TEM & PCS). Consequently, similar to 76 % radical scavenging activity (RSA) of RLE@Pd/PdO NPs had been observed. Irregular, necrotic, shrunken, and detached morphology from the well surface had been observed using phase-contrast microscopy. An excellent anti-carcinogenic activity against the lung cancer cells (A549 cell lines) had been evaluated with the minimum inhibition concentration (IC-50) of 16.32 mu g/ml. Hence, this study will be a po-tential contribution for attracting interest in RLE plants for future nanomaterials and nanodrugs formulation.

Prostate cancer is the leading and most aggressive cancer around the world, several therapeutic approaches have emerged but none have achieved the satisfactory result. However, these therapeutic approaches face many challenges related to their delivery to target cells, including their in vivo decay, the limited uptake by target cells, the requirements for nuclear penetration (in some cases), and the damage caused to healthy cells. These barriers can be avoided by effective, targeted, combinatorial approaches, with minimal side effects, which are being investigated for the treatment of cancer. Here, we developed a combinatorial nanomedicine comprising abiraterone and enzalutamide bioconjugated survivin-encapsulated gold nanoparticles (AbEzSvGNPs) for targeted therapy of prostate cancer. AbEzSvGNPs were characterized by different biophysical techniques such as UV visible spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, zeta potential, transmission electron microscope, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Interestingly, the effect of abiraterone, enzalutamide and surviving encapsulated gold nanoparticles was found to be synergistic in nature in AbEzSvGNPs against DU 145 (IC50 = 4.21 µM) and PC-3 (IC50 = 5.58 µM) cells and their potential was observed to be greatly enhanced as compared with the combined effect of the drugs (abiraterone and enzalutamide) in their free form. Furthermore, AbEzSvGNPs were found to be highly safe and did not exhibit significant cytotoxicity against normal rat kidney cells. The observed effects of AbEzSvGNPs involved the modulation of different signaling pathways in prostate cancer cells. This delivery system employed non-androgen receptor-dependent delivery of abiraterone and enzalutamide. The anionic AbEzSvGNPs delivered abiraterone and enzalutamide unaltered into the nucleus through caveolae mediated internalization to act nonspecifically on DNA; internalization of the anionic nanoparticles into the cytoplasm was also observed via other routes. AbEzSvGNPs synthesized and evaluated in this study are promising candidates for prostate cancer therapy.

Vincamine, a natural chemical, was used as a reducing agent in the synthesis of IgG antibodies mediated biogenic gold nanoparticles (IgGAuNPs). Eventually, the synthesised IgGAuNPs were bioconjugated with the chemotherapeutic drug methotrexate (MTX-IgGAuNPs). The IgG isotype can target cancer cells through polymorphic Fc gamma receptors (FcγRs) and have therapeutic effects. They can restrict cell division by inhibiting different intracellular signal transduction pathways and activating NK cells and macrophages through antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and macrophage-mediated antibody-dependent phagocytosis, respectively. Further, IgGAuNPs and MTX-IgGAuNPs were characterised by physical techniques. Moreover, 3D conformational changes in the structure of IgG were analysed by fluorescence spectroscopy during and after the synthesis of IgGAuNPs. Furthermore, the IgGAuNPs and MTX-IgGAuNPs were effective against lung cancer (A549 cells), while they were found to be non-toxic against normal cells (NRK cells). The effectiveness of IgGAuNPs and MTX-IgGAuNPs was examined by MTT cytotoxicity assay, DCFDA method for the production of ROS, and release of Cyt-c from the mitochondria for caspase-3-mediated apoptosis. Moreover, the confirmation of internalisation of particles into the nucleus was examined under the DAPI assay, and it was found that particles caused nuclear fragmentation, which was also an indication of apoptosis.

The unique physicochemical properties of nanoparticles due to very high surface energy lead to the alternation of miscellaneous biological functions, specifically the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The nanoparticle’s size, shape, and surface chemistry are responsible for the production of ROS. The critical specific roles of ROS are concentration dependent and it is instrumental in regulating various biological functions. Nanoparticles induced toxicity along with cellular signaling leads to cell death. Redox-based bioconjugation combinational nano therapies are also a better option for the production of ROS. Development of novel immunotherapeutic agents for ROS generation, such as defining synergistic drug combinations, understanding the tumor microenvironment defects in antigen processing and presentation, and the number, type, quality, and distribution of immune cells in a tumor, and the pathways that regulate them are critical for ongoing clinical success. Green synthesis of a nanoparticle is the safest method of synthesis which avoids the production of toxic by-products. Natural components such as organic systems are ideal for solvent free toxic green synthesis. Numerous biological materials like bacteria, fungi, algae, and plant extracts are used for the green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles. In this chapter, we describe the synthesis of biogenic nanoparticles and their role in the generation of ROS to perform various activities. The biogenic synthesis of nanoparticles with the help of biomolecules, organic waste materials, and microbes leads to a reduction in toxicity. The biogenic syntheses not only reduce cost but also reduce hazardous chemicals and promote green synthesis. Moreover, we also describe the bioconjugated drugs with nanoparticles as promising anticancer nanomedicine. Such novel smart drug delivery nanomedicine induces ROS and decreases the side effects and improves the efficacy.

Transition metal oxide NPs have delivered wide applications in various fields. Therefore, in this study, a novel fungus, Alternaria sp. (NCBI Accession No: MT982648) was isolated and characterized from the vicinity of medicinal plants. Eventually, in this method extracted proteins from isolated fungus were utilized to synthesize highly biocompatible zinc nanoparticles (ZnO NPs). The various physical techniques including UV-visible spectroscopy, TEM, HR-TEM, XRD, DLS, zeta potential, and FTIR were used to characterize particles. The UV-visible absorption (λMax) and binding energy for the as-synthesized particles were found to be 329 nm and 3.91 eV, respectively. Further, the polydispersed particles were revealed to have regular crystallinity with hexagonal wurtzite phase of ZnO with the spacing of ~2.46 Å under XRD and HR-TEM. The average size of a particle under TEM was found to be ~18 nm. The evaluation of various surface functional groups of particles was done by FTIR. The average hydrodynamic diameter of particles was found to be ~57 d. nm with 0.44 particle distribution index whereas the nanoemulsion stability was explained by Zeta potential (-9.47 mV). These particles were found to exhibit potential antibacterial and anticancer activities. They were found to be bactericidal against S. abony (MIC 5.73 μg/mL); B. pumilis (MIC 6.64 μg/mL); K. pneumonia (MIC 14.4 μg/mL); E. coli (MIC 8.7 μg/mL); B. subtilis (MIC 5.63 μg/mL) and S. aureus (MIC 12.04 μg/mL). Further, they are also found to be concentration-dependent anticancer and inhibited the growth of A549 cells (IC50-65.3 μg/mL) whereas they were found to demonstrate no any cytotoxicity against NRK normal kidney cell line. The internalization of particles into the nucleus (i.e., nuclear fragmentation and DNA damage) was confirmed by DAPI staining. The intracellular particles were found to generate excessive ROS. Further, the anticancer potential was also estimated by noticing a hike in oxidative stress parameters, cell viability, cell morphology, and change in mitochondrial membrane potential. We effectively synthesized potentially potent antibacterial and anticancer novel bioengineered ZnO NPs.

Known for its high nutritional and medicinal value, okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) is commonly used for replacing plasma and expanding blood volume in humans. It is a major economic crop cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. The present study aimed to investigate and evaluate the nutritional properties and prospective applications of the consumable parts of okra. The total ash content (mineral content), carbohydrate, crude fiber, fat, protein, and moisture fractions of okra pod aqueous extract were determined. The results show that okra aqueous extract contained 84.670–87.650% moisture, 1.514–1.197% ash, 7.857–8.261% carbohydrate, 2.367–3.410% crude protein, and 6.781–8.314% crude fiber. Okra was determined to have high nutritional value, with γ-tocopherol and α-tocopherol contents about 2.67 mg/100 g and 1.62 mg/100 g, respectively. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was performed to determine the sugars present in okra aqueous extract. The water-soluble polysaccharide content was 10.22–16.45 g/100 g. The tested aqueous extract was a rich source of total phenolic compounds in gallic acid equivalents (288.2–3426.2 mg/100 g), chlorophyll a (3.53 mg/100), chlorophyll b (2.43 mg/100), and carotenoids (1.3 mg/100 g). The detected minerals were Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn, Fe, K, Na, and Mn. Atomic absorption spectrometry analysis of these ashed minerals was performed. In addition to the nutritional benefits, okra pods exhibited antimicrobial, anticancer, and antioxidant properties. The aqueous extract was found to be potentially active against bacterial strains of Staphylococcus aureus (MIC value = 21.8 mg/mL), Escherichia coli (MIC value = 18.7 mg/mL), Bacillus cereus (MIC value = 20.7 mg/mL), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (MIC value = 20.2 mg/mL). Okra aqueous extract exhibited inhibitory activity against α-amylase (IC50 = 120 µg/mL) and α-glucosidase (IC50 = 115 µg/mL). The okra extract exhibited high anticancer activity, concentration-dependent and with an IC50 value of about 158.3 mg/mL. The results indicated that okra pods have nutritional and medicinal properties and, hence, can be used as a functional food and broad-spectrum nutraceutical supplement.

The survival rate of metastatic castrate resistance prostate cancer (CRPC) patient can be improved by the secondgeneration anti-androgen drugs such as enzalutamide (enza). But unfortunately, CRPC patients do respond with enza in the beginning and become resistance in due course of time against this drug. Therefore, in the given investigation, enza was delivered to the AR-null cells (PC3 & DU145) via EnSvGNPs (enza bioconjugated survivin polyclonal antibodies encapsulated gold nanoparticles) where SvGNPs (survivin polyclonal antibodies encapsulated gold nanoparticles), as a delivery vehicle, has also got anticancer potential and was found to act synergistically with enza. The confirmation of synthesis and characterizations of biosynthesized EnSvGNPs & SvGNPs were done by using different physical techniques. Survivin, an anti-apoptotic protein was selected to deliver EnSvGNPs via survivin antibodies selectively in the prostate cancer cells because it is over expressed in various types of cancer cells but not in normal cells. The efficacy of enza was also found to increase due to synergistic effect along with SvGNPs where each component of the system potentiated the effect of each other and successfully reduced the effective concentration of each component mutually with patient compliance. Each component of the system targeted different pathway(s) to check the growth of cancer cells. The EnSvGNPs were found safe against NRK cell line. This novel and smart targeted delivery system successfully inhibited the propagation of DU145 (IC50 - 8.21 mu M) & PC3 (IC50-12.3 mu M) cells through AR independent pathways. Different biological parameters, such as cell viability, proliferation, ROS generation, nuclear condensation, membrane potential variation, Cas-3 activity, and apoptosis were assessed.

Bioplastics, synthesized by several microbes, accumulates inside cells under stress conditions as a storage material. Several microbial enzymes play a crucial role in their degradation. This research was carried to test the biodegradability of poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) utilizing PHB depolymerase, produced by bacteria isolated from sewage waste soil samples. Potent PHB degrader was screened based on the highest zone of hydrolysis followed by PHB depolymerase activity. Soil burial method was employed to check their degradation ability at different incubation periods of 15, 30, and 45 days at 37±2°C, pH 7.0 at 60% moisture with 1% microbial inoculum of Aeromonas caviae Kuk1-(34) (MN414252). Without optimized conditions, 85.76% of the total weight of the PHB film was degraded after 45 days. This degradation was confirmed with Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis. The presence of bacterial colonies on the surface of the degraded film, along with crest, holes, surface erosion, and roughness, were visible. Media optimization was carried out in statistical mode using Plackett Burman (PB) and Central Composite Design (CCD) of Response Surface Methodology (RSM) by considering ten different factors. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Pareto chart, response surface plots, and F-value of 3.82 implies that the above statistical model was significant. The best production of PHB depolymerase enzyme (14.98 U/mL) was observed when strain Kuk1-(34) was grown in a media containing 0.1% PHB, K2HPO4 (1.6 gm/L) at 27 ℃ for seven days. Exploiting these statistically optimized conditions, the culture was found to be a suitable candidate for the management of solid waste, where 94.4% of the total weight of the PHB film was degraded after 45 days of incubation.

Prostate cancer is the second-deadliest tumor in men all over the world. Different types of drugs with various delivery systems and pathways were developed, but no one showed prominent results against cancer. Meanwhile, nanoparticles have shown good results against cancer. Therefore, in the given study, citrate mediated synthesized gold nanoparticles (CtGNPs) with immobilized survivin antibodies (SvGNPs) were bioconjugated to the substantially potent drug abiraterone (AbSvGNPs) to develop as a combinatorial therapeutic against prostate cancer. The AbSvGNPs are made up of CtGNPs, survivin antibodies, and abiraterone. The selected drug abiraterone (Abira) possesses exceptionally good activity against prostate cancer, but cancer cells develop resistance against this drug and it also poses several severe side effects. Meanwhile, survivin antibodies were used to deliver AbSvGNPs specifically into cancer cells by considering survivin, an anti-apoptotic overexpressed protein in cancer cells, as a marker. The survivin antibodies have also been used to inhibit cancer cells as an immunotherapeutic agent. Similarly, CtGNPs were discovered to inhibit cancer cell proliferation via several transduction pathways. The given bioconjugated nanoparticles (AbSvGNPs) were found to be substantially effective against prostate cancer with an IC50 of 11.8 and 7.3 μM against DU145 and PC-3 cells, respectively. However, it was found safe against NRK and showed less than 25% cytotoxicity up to 20μM concentration. The as-synthesized nanoparticles CtGNPs, SvGNPs, and AbSvGNPs were characterized by several physical techniques to confirm their synthesis, whereas the immobilization of survivin antibodies and bioconjugation of Abira was confirmed by UV-visible spectroscopy, DLS, TEM, FTIR, and zeta-potential. The anticancer potential of AbSvGNPs was determined by MTT, DAPI, ROS, MITO, TUNEL ASSAY, and caspase-3 activity against DU145 and PC3 cells.

AbstractArsenic (As) is a toxic element for plants, animals and humans. The mitigation of As stress has been achieved via selenium (Se) and silica (Si) supplementations. However, the effects of combined application of Se and Si against As stress are not known. The present study was conducted on a plant (rice;Oryza sativaL.) and human model (keratinocyte HaCaT cell lines) systems to evaluate the effects of Se (0.5 and 1 mg L− 1) and Si (10 and 30 mg L− 1) against As (4 mg L− 1). The rice plants, grown hydroponically for 7 d in various treatments, showed reduction in As accumulation in As + Se/Si/Se + Si treatments in comparison to As treated plants. The reduction in As accumulation in root and shoot was 57% and 64%, respectively in As + Se + Si treatment. The increase in enzymatic antioxidant system (SOD, APX, GPx, GR and GST) along with decrease in oxidative stress markers (MDA, DHA, ASC and H2O2) in As + Se + Si treatment as compared to As treatment signified elevated tolerance of rice plants to As stress. The cytotoxicity amelioration by Se + Si supply was also seen in HaCaT cells exposed to As in terms of cell viability and As-induced shrinking and apoptosis. In conclusion, the results demonstrated that an optimum combination of Se and Si can be effectively used to mitigate As toxicity in plants and possibly humans also.

Airborne fungal pathogens are known as pathogens and cause number of diseases including infections of skin and severe respiratory tract diseases. The presence of mycotoxins in fungi are found responsible for causing infections and these mycotoxins degrade substances also. Keeping in view of this property, a number of researchers explored different fungal species to synthesize nanoparticles which exhibit promising therapeutic properties. Some of the examples of fungi used for nanoparticles include Aspergillus and Trichoderma. The biosynthesis of fungi based nanoparticles is safe, eco-friendly, biocompatible and low cost. Present review deals with the synthesis of selenium nanoparticles using air borne fungus. Selenium is one of the micronutrient required by plants in trace amounts also has therapeutic properties. But large amount of selenium is toxic and may be hazadorous when enters via food chain. Nanoselenium has similar bioactivity like other forms of selenium in humans and has many biological applications in the field of medical and pharmaceutical research to combat threats to number of diseases and for human health. Biogenic SeNPs have antimicrobial, anticancer (cytotoxic), antioxidant activity. The present review emphasizes on myconanotechnology and its application, synthesis of myconanoparticles. Application of selenium and its therapeutic properties as antimicrobial, anticancer and antiviral, whereas can be used as remedy for number of diseases. Collectively, self-assembly of SeNPs-fungal complexes affects their (patho) biological identity, which may impact human health and ecology.

Introduction: Protein-derived biogenic syntheses of inorganic nanoparticles have gained immense attention because of their broad spectrum of applications.Proteins offer a reducing environment to enable the synthesis of nanoparticles and encapsulate synthesized nanoparticles and provide them temporal stability in addition to biocompatibility.Methods: In the present study, Benincasa hispida fruit proteins were used to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) at 37 °C over five days of incubation.The synthesis of AgNPs was confirmed by UV-Vis spectroscopy, TEM, zeta potential, and DLS analyses.Further, these NPs depicted antibacterial and antibiofilm effects.Additionally, the anticancer activities of nanoparticles were also tested against the lung cancer cell line (A549) with respect to the normal cell line (NRK) using MTT assay.Further, the estimation of ROS generation through DCFH-DA staining along with a reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential by Mito Tracker Red CMX staining was carried out.Moreover, nuclear degradation in the AgNPs treated cells was cross-checked by DAPI staining.Results: The average size of AgNPs was detected to be 27 ±1 nm by TEM analysis, whereas surface encapsulation by protein was determined by FTIR spectroscopy.These NPs were effective against bacterial pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella enteric, and Staphylococcus epidermis with MICs of 148.12 µg/mL, 165.63 µg/mL, 162.77 µg/mL, and 124.88 µg/mL, respectively.Furthermore, these nanoparticles inhibit the formation of biofilms of E. coli, S. aureus, S. enteric, and S. epidermis by 71.14%, 73.89%, 66.66%, and 64.81%, respectively.Similarly, these nanoparticles were also found to inhibit (IC50 = 57.11µM) the lung cancer cell line (A549).At the same time, they were nontoxic against NRK cells up to a concentration of 200 µM.Discussion: We successfully synthesized potentially potent antibacterial, antibiofilm and anticancer biogenic AgNPs.