As early as the first year of life, developmental changes are found in prefrontal cortex and in the cognitive abilities dependent on prefrontal cortex. However, prefrontal cortex, and the cognitive abilities that depend on it, continue to develop until early adulthood. The ages of roughly 12 months, 6 to 7 years, and 10 to 11 years appear to be watersheds in the development of prefrontal cognitive abilities. Prefrontal cortex is required when concerted concentration is needed—exactly those times when going on ‘automatic pilot’ is not possible or would lead to error. This article focuses on two of the abilities dependent on prefrontal cortex: working memory and inhibitory control, the abilities needed to hold in mind what you should do and to resist doing what you should not. For each age period (0–1, 1–3, 3–7, and 7–22), advances in these abilities are discussed and then changes in prefrontal anatomy and biochemistry during that age period are discussed.

Lack of difference in response to Rebetron by race in prior interferon non-responders (NRs) with chronic hepatitis C

1003 Questionnaires that measure physical activity in detail can be lengthy to administer and are not always suitable for use by health professionals. The objective of this study was to develop a valid and reliable short questionnaire that could adequately classify people into one of four categories according to their level of participation in physical activity(LPPA) of at least moderate intensity. Data from two merged nationally representative random sample surveys (n=6, 159) revealed that the measure of LPPA showed a strong relationship to measured fitness (r=.68 for men and r=.63 for women). VO2 max was estimated from a submaximal treadmill test conducted on a sub-sample of n=2, 758. The relationship between LPPA and a combination of self reported activity and attitudinal questions relating to physical activity was investigated, using multiple regression, to identify which variables were associated with LPPA. The self reported activity variables were found to be related to LPPA, and these were then used to develop a similar but simpler scale called LPPA2. Discriminant analysis showed that LPPA2 could accurately classify people into the correct activity categories of LPPA (72% of men and 81% of women were correctly classified). From these variables a short questionnaire has been designed. Further research is now needed to test the validity of this short questionnaire against a longer version through a field trial on a representative sample of the population.

and 13 UK centres.AIMS To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of a single flexible sigmoidoscopy (FS) screen in prevention of colorectal cancer.To recruit 195,000 subjects and to screen 40,000.METHODS The trial is in progress.All patients, aged 55-64 years, of participating general practitioners (n = 1397) are sent a questionnaire asking about interest in screening FS.Interested respondents are randomly assigned to intervention or control groups in the ratio (1:2).The intervention group are invited to undergo FS; the controls are not contacted.Small polyps are removed during the procedure.Criteria for referral for colonoscopy include: -> 3 adenomas, size > 1 cm, villous histology or severe dysplasia.RESULTS Of 258,297 mailed a questionnaire, 135,539 (52%) have responded indicating an interest in FS and have been entered into the trial.The positive response rate has varied between 41% and 61% in the 13 trial centres.Of the 22,690 invited for screening by 11/97, 16,381 (72%) have attended.The attendance rates in the trial centres have varied between 62% and 78%.Of 15,335 subjects screened before 10/97, pathology is available so far for 98.2%.Polyps have been detected in 27.2%, adenomas in 10.9% and high risk polyps requiring colonoscopy in 4.7%.85 (5 per 1,000) cancers have been diagnosed.

529 The national `Active for Life' campaign aims to increase participation in physical activity among adults in England. The campaign promotes activity in line with the 1995 CDC/ACSM recommendation encouraging participation in at least 30 minutes of moderate intensity physical activity on at least five days of the week. Professional and public materials have been developed to promote activity with young women aged 16-24 years. Public materials include magazine advertising, posters, postcards and an internet site. Materials were pre-tested in fifteen qualitative focus groups at the design concept stage. The sample included young women of various activity, socio-economic, educational and motherhood status. Materials for professionals' include a guidance document on promoting physical activity with young women, referenced fact sheets and ideas on potential interventions. Materials used in the previous year's campaign were evaluated via postal questionnaire to all material recipients. Preliminary results show the majority of respondents consider materials to be appropriate and effective.

A national survey was carried out to collect data on current levels of physical activity amongst the four main ethnic groups in the UK. A random sample of adults (age 16-74) from the main ethnic communities were sampled: people from India (n=1063), Pakistan (n=1145), Bangladesh (n=1173) and the Caribbean (n=1071). Face-to-face interviews were carried out using a questionnaire collecting data on participation in a wide range of types of physical activity. This was translated into four languages and where appropriate the interviews were conducted in the mother tongue. The key measure was participation in the recommended amount of moderate intensity physical activity (RMPA, defined as activity >= 5kcal/min for >=30 minutes on 5 or more days of the week.) and was compared to data from a previous survey among the general population, which showed that 36% of men and 24% of women participated in RMPA. Results showed no significant difference between participation in RMPA by African-Caribbean men and women, and Indian men, compared to the general population. Activity levels amongst the other groups were significantly lower however: among men, 28% of Pakistanis, and 25% of Bangladeshis participated in RMPA. Among women, 17% of Indians, 14% of Pakistanis and 18% of Bangladeshi participate in RMPA. The results demonstrate an urgent need for education programmes to promote physical activity amongst the major ethnic groups in the UK. This is particularly important as these groups are known to suffer greater rates of cardiovascular disease than the general UK population.

The national “Active for Life” campaign aims to increase participation in physical activity among adults in England. The campaign promotes physical activity in line with the 1993 ACSM/CDC recommendation encouraging taking part in 30 minutes of moderate intensity physical activity on at least five days of the week. The campaign is directed at two key audiences: the general public; and health and leisure professionals. Materials for the public aim to provide information about the benefits of physical activity, and encourage people to be more active. These include a forty second television advertisement, a set of six posters, and an information leaflet(translated into four minority languages). Materials were pre-tested in qualitative focus groups with the target audience at design concept stage. Professional materials include: a guidance document on promoting physical activity with older people; a campaign guide; a pack containing ideas for promoting physical activity with the target group. Professional materials underwent a process of peer review.

Health and leisure professionals play a vital role in the promotion of physical activity and in the dissemination of advice in England. A series of tracking studies has been conducted to provide indicators to assess professionals' awareness and knowledge of a new physical activity message. The campaigns promote participation in at least moderate (with an energy cost of>=5 kcal/min) physical activity of at least 30 minutes on five or more occasions a week. To date, three tracking surveys have been conducted among Family Doctors (FDs), Primary Care Nurses (PCNs), Health Promotion workers(HPWs) and Leisure Professionals (LPs) (n=800). The studies consisted of independent nationally representative cross sectional surveys that were conducted on CATI (Computer Assisted Telephone Interviewing). The results from the first tracking survey, or baseline, showed that knowledge and awareness of the recommended physical activity message was very low among all four professional groups (1% of FDs, 1% of PCNs, 2% for HPWs and 3% for LPs). The second tracking survey (post professional campaign) showed that only HPs showed a statistically significant increase in their knowledge of the message,(from 2% to 30%) whilst the other three groups showed no change. These results led to a strategic change in the methods used to communicate the physical activity message to health and leisure professionals - especially the FDs, PCNs and the LPs. The third tracking survey (post public campaign and professional interventions) showed a significant increase in knowledge of the message among all four professional groups.

Health and leisure professionals play key roles in the promotion of physical activity and in the dissemination of advice in England. A survey of these professionals was conducted to obtain baseline data and to provide indicators to assess their awareness and knowledge of a new physical activity message which recommends participation in at least moderate (with an energy cost of >=5 kcal/min) physical activity of at least 30 minutes on five or more occasions a week. The survey was a nationally representative random sample of Family Doctors (FDs), Primary Care Nurses, Health Promotion workers and Leisure professionals (n=800), which was conducted on CATI (Computer Assisted Telephone Interviewing). The results of the survey showed that only Leisure professionals (53%) regarded physical activity as the most important factor to improve the average person's health. Whereas the rest of the professional groups regarded smoking as the most important factor (87% of FDs, 70% of Primary Care Nurses, and 67% of Health Promotion workers). All four groups stated they were reasonably confident about their knowledge of physical activity, (71% of FDs, 78% of Primary Care Nurses, 63% of Health Promoters and 73% of Leisure Professionals). However, knowledge levels of the new message were low in each professional group (1% of FDs, 1% for Primary Care nurses, 2% of Health Promotion workers and 3% of Leisure professionals). The results have informed the design of a national campaign, which targeted health and leisure professionals to increase their knowledge of the new physical activity message. A repeat survey will be conducted in one year to evaluate the effectiveness of the campaign.

A major national campaign will be launched in England, aiming to increase adult participation in physical activity. This will focus on encouraging regular participation in at least moderate intensity physical activity (RMIPA) defined as physical activity with an energy cost of >=5 kcal/min, for a duration of at least 30 minutes, on five or more occasions per week. A survey was conducted to provide baseline measures, monitor future change and evaluate the effectiveness of the campaign. The survey has a panel design, with a multi-stage random sample of adults aged 16 to 74 in England. CAPI (Computer Assisted Personal Interviewing), was used to carry out 7,500 individual interviews in the first year. The key indicators were i) participation in RMIPA, ii) knowledge of the recommended amount and type of RMIPA; and iii) attitudes towards the physical activity promotional messages. In addition, new questions were developed to measure respondents' readiness to change regarding participation in RMIPA, according to the transtheoretical model of behaviour change. Results showed that although knowledge about, and participation in RMPIA were low, respondents' attitudes towards it were positive. The results have provided important data to provide a baseline for measuring the effectiveness of the campaign in future years, and to inform future campaign development.

AnaesthesiaVolume 46, Issue 2 p. 83-84 Free Access The future development of chronic pain relief A. Diamond, A. Diamond Frenchay Hospital, Bristol BS16 1LESearch for more papers by this author A. Diamond, A. Diamond Frenchay Hospital, Bristol BS16 1LESearch for more papers by this author First published: February 1991 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2044.1991.tb09343.xCitations: 7AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Reference 1 Melzack R, Wall PD. Pain mechanisms: a new theory. Science 1965; 150: 971– 9. 2 Bowsher DR, Foy PM, Shaw MDM. Central pain complicating infarction following subarachnoid haemorrhage. British Journal of Neurosurgery 1989; 3: 435– 41. 3 Kepes ER, Duncalf D. Treatment of backache with spinal injections of local anaesthetics, spinal and systemic steroids. Pain 1985; 22: 33– 47. 4 Flor H, Turk DC. Etiological theories and treatments for chronic back pain. I. Somatic models and interventions. Pain 1984; 19: 105– 21. 5 Vincent CA, Richardson PH. The evaluation of therapeutic acupuncture: concepts and methods. Pain 1986; 24: 1– 14. 6 Vincent CA, Richardson PH. Acupuncture for the treatment of pain: a review of evaluative research. Pain 1986; 24: 15– 40. 7 Leijon G, Boivie J, Johansson I. Central post stroke pain-neurological symptoms and pain characteristics. Pain 1989; 36: 13– 25. 8 Feinmann C. Pain relief by antidepressants; possible modes of action. Pain 1985; 23: 1– 8. 9 Roberts WJ. A hypothesis on the physiological basis for causalgia and related pains. Pain 1986; 24: 297– 311. 10 Bengtsson A, Bengtsson M. Regional sympathetic blockade in primary fibromyalgia. Pain 1988; 33: 161– 7. 11 Mechanic D. The concept of illness behavior. Journal of Chronic Diseases 1962; 15: 189– 94. 12 Fordyce WE. Behavioural methods in chronic pain and illness. St Louis , MO : Mosby, 1976. Citing Literature Volume46, Issue2February 1991Pages 83-84 ReferencesRelatedInformation

There are a number of similarities between chicken bursal lymphomas and human Burkitt's lymphomas. Both lymphomas are associated with viral infection, by LLV in bursal lymphomas and Epstein-Barr virus in Burkitt's lymphoma. Avian lymphoid leukosis virus integration is associated with enhanced c-myc expression, while the role EBV plays in tumorigenesis remains unclear. In Burkitt's lymphoma, however, c-myc activation does occur as a result of specific chromosomal translocations involving the human c-myc locus. Furthermore, the activated transforming genes detected by transfection of both bursal lymphoma and Burkitt's lymphoma DNAs are homologous members of the Blym family of genes. These similarities between chicken and human lymphomas provide evidence that viral involvement and oncogene activation are significant in tumor development and suggest they are involved in the multi-step progression to the neoplastic phenotype. The function of the Blym genes remains to be determined. Although the chicken and human Blym genes are only distantly related, they have maintained their homology to the amino-terminal regions of transferrins. This fact may reflect some functional constraint on the evolution of these genes. It is therefore possible that transforming genes such as Blym may function via a transferrin-related mechanism.

The nucleotide sequence of a human Blym-1 transforming gene activated in a Burkitt's lymphoma cell line was determined. This sequence predicts a small protein of 58 amino acids that is 33 percent identical to the predicted product of chicken Blym-1, the activated transforming gene of chicken B cell lymphomas. Both the human and chicken Blym-1 genes exhibit significant identity to an amino-terminal region of transferrins.

Blym-1, a transforming gene detected by transfection of NIH 3T3 cells with DNA from Burkitt lymphomas, was mapped to the short arm of chromosome 1 (1p32) by chromosomal in situ hybridization. The Blym-1 gene was not physically linked to the cellular myc oncogene or to any of the immunoglobulin gene loci implicated in the characteristic chromosomal translocations in Burkitt lymphoma.

Journal of Cellular PhysiologyVolume 121, Issue S3 p. 193-198 Article Characterization of the Blym-1 transforming genes of chicken and human B-cell lymphomas Joan M. Devine, Corresponding Author Joan M. Devine Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115Search for more papers by this authorAlan Diamond, Alan Diamond Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115Search for more papers by this authorMary-Ann Lane, Mary-Ann Lane Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115Search for more papers by this authorGeoffrey M. Cooper, Geoffrey M. Cooper Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115Search for more papers by this author Joan M. Devine, Corresponding Author Joan M. Devine Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115Search for more papers by this authorAlan Diamond, Alan Diamond Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115Search for more papers by this authorMary-Ann Lane, Mary-Ann Lane Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115Search for more papers by this authorGeoffrey M. Cooper, Geoffrey M. Cooper Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115Search for more papers by this author First published: 1984 https://doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1041210422AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Volume121, IssueS3Supplement: Proceedings of a Symposium on the Cellular and Molecular Biology of Neoplasia1984Pages 193-198 RelatedInformation