The increasing reliance on fossil fuels poses critical challenges for energy systems. A novel power generation system integrating electricity/hydrogen production, oxy-fuel combustion, and CO2 liquefaction is evaluated through technical analysis and multi-objective optimization. Further, biomass-derived syngas powers the system, while a solid oxide electrolyzer (SOE) converts surplus energy into hydrogen, enhancing flexibility and efficiency. CO2 liquefaction reduces the levelized cost of electricity, contributing to economic feasibility. In addition, the system achieves optimized results with a cost of $0.37/kWh and $4.9 million in cash flow, demonstrating its potential as an efficient, sustainable energy solution with a 5.4% reduction in power.

In hot and desert regions, buildings have a considerable share in electricity consumption, so supplying electricity in critical hours for building cooling is always challenging for the electricity supply grid. In this numerical study, using sensible and latent-based storage approaches, the goals of peak shaving and load shifting were pursued. The sensible-based approach (first technique) was followed by adding a cold water storage tank which is responsible for cooling the building during critical hours. The tank is charged by the chiller during off-peak hours. The latent-based approach (second technique) was achieved through phase change materials (PCMs) integrated into building envelopes. Owing to using the sensible-based approach, not only was the electricity consumption completely cut during critical hours, but the peak hour was postponed to the early hours of the next day (i.e., load shifting). Based on the results, using the first technique does not necessarily lead to peak shaving. To follow the goal of peak shaving, the use of the second technique is recommended. The simultaneous use of both approaches made the building meet the cooling requirements during critical hours without receiving electricity from the supply grid. Moreover, the building receives up to 54.9 % less electricity from the grid (peak shaving), and simultaneously peak hour was postponed by at least 6 h (load shifting).

Packed bed thermal energy systems (PBTES) are recognized as one of the innovative technologies in the field of energy storage. This study numerically investigates the effects of a porous medium, magnetic field, mechanical vibrations, and various configurations of concrete-phase change material (PCM) on the performance of PBTES. The results indicate that substituting PCM for concrete can increase the discharge-to-charge energy ratio by over 300 times. The presence of a porous medium in the PBTES system with PCM significantly enhances the charge energy ratio (by 3.81-4.14 times) compared to scenarios without a porous medium, due to its influence on the melting process of the PCM. The presence of a magnetic field, along with an increase in its intensity, positively affects the melting process and enhances charge energy, potentially increasing it by approximately 4.132-5.281 times compared to cases without a magnetic field. Mechanical vibrations also influence charge energy in the PBTES system, resulting in an improvement of 4.41-4.56 times compared to the no-vibration scenario, with optimal efficiency achieved at A = 1e-5 m and f = 0.1 Hz. Notably, the use of a porous medium, magnetic field, and forced vibrations reduces discharge energy by approximately 0.34-0.37, 0.36 to 0.47, and 0.39 to 0.41 times, respectively, compared to the baseline scenario. Utilizing the Group Method of Data Handling (GMDH) neural network model based on the available data in this study, the discharge energy to charge energy ratio has been estimated, and the model has accurately predicted the desired parameter with a high degree of precision.

The primary goal of this research is to investigate the impact of partial slip and variable permeability on the dynamics of blood flow in a constricted artery filled with a porous medium, and to assess the influence of an externally applied magnetic field on the blood flow. The blood is modeled as an incompressible Newtonian fluid. By employing a stream function formulation, the coupled nonlinear flow equations are transformed into a single dimensionless equation, which is solved using the Adomian decomposition method (ADM). Key parameters such as the slip parameter, permeability parameter, Hartmann number, and Reynolds number are examined in relation to their effects on the flow field. The results reveal significant changes in blood flow dynamics within the stenosed section of the artery, particularly due to the incorporation of variable permeability in the porous medium and the partial slip condition along the arterial wall in the presence of the magnetic field. Notable outcomes include the escalation in axial velocity with increasing permeability and slip, as well as the formation of flow separation and recirculation zones in regions of high stenosis height. Additionally, the magnetic field was found to suppress axial velocity while increasing shear stress, particularly near the throat of the stenosis. These findings provide deeper insights into how variable permeability and slip conditions influence blood flow in clinical scenarios such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Importantly, the results in specific cases align with established findings from existing literature, validating the approach and offering new contributions to the understanding of MHD flow in constricted arteries.

This investigation is specifically centered on quantitatively assessing the heat transfer and fluid movement within a shell and spiral tube heat exchanger comprising three distinct designs. Water was considered as the heat transfer fluid, operating within the spiral coil and the shell. In this setup, the hot fluid circulates inside the coil while the cold fluid is contained within the shell. The research covers a range of Reynolds numbers from 500 to 2000 and is split into two parts. The first part of the study examines the impact of three different spiral coil models and evaluates their thermal performance. In the second part, the best spiral coil is selected based on the findings from the first part. Three different spiral winding pitches (P) are considered: 60 mm, 50 mm, and 40 mm, with the results compared to those of a simple winding. Among the three models analyzed in the first part, model (A) with a special helical coil design exhibited the greatest thermal productivity across different Reynolds numbers. Findings showed that the helical coil with the model (A) design enhances the energy exchange between hot and cold fluid particles owing to the reinforcement of centrifugal force, intensified secondary flow, and improved radial mixing of particles. As a result, this particular coil displayed significant thermal perform effectiveness because of the intensified vortex movement of liquid particles and the thinning of thermal boundary layers. The second part of the study revealed that the thermal performance of the spiral coil with a 60 mm pitch surpassed that of the other two models. At a Reynolds number of 500, it was observed that the thermal performance coefficient increased by 60 % for the model with a 60 mm pitch, 45 % for the model with a 50 mm pitch, and 28.8 % for the model with a 40 mm pitch. This indicates a significant improvement in thermal performance as the pitch size decreases.

This paper investigates the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI), notably Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs), to analyze heat transfer in moving radiative porous triangular systems with heat generation (HTMPTHG). AI-based RNN models are employed to simulate and forecast the complex heat transfer behavior in these environments, offering a more precise and efficient analysis as compared to traditional numerical methods. The findings of the study highlights the intricate interactions among thermal radiation, porous media, and internal heat generation which plays an integral role in a number of industrial and engineering applications. Recurrent neural network (RNN) is validated to examine the temperature distribution efficiency in a new configuration of triangular, porous, moving fins. Various dimensionless parameters are analyzed for their impact on the effectiveness of portable, transparent, triangular fins. These parameters include permeability, radiation-conduction, Peclet number, thermo-geometric factors, convection-conduction, and surface temperature. The Lobatto III-A numerical technique for HTMPTHG is simulated computationally to provide the synthetic datasets. Then, the RNN supervised computational technique is applied to the generated datasets and the RNN outputs show negligible errors and closely align with numerical observations for all model variant. The effectiveness of Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) is rigorously proved through extensive experiments, demonstrating iterative convergence curves for mean squared error, control metrics of optimization and error distribution via histograms.The mean absolute percent error (MAPE), mean absolute error (MAE), and Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) are all nearly zero, while the coefficient of determination (R2) is close to 1.Furthermore, there is strong evidence of the prediction accuracy and dependability of the RNN in the regression results for the HTMPTHG model.

The investigation of thermal mechanisms in traditional as well as advanced fluid phases grabbed huge attention of the engineers around the globe. These fluids have a bright future in numerous fields including but not restricted to chemical, applied thermal, and heat transfer applications. Therefore, the present analysis emphasized on the development and investigation of a new nanofluid model under physical constraints like viscous dissipation, squeezing, and nanoparticle concentration effects. The fourth-order heat transfer model is formulated using new thermophysical properties of tetra nanofluids and similar transformative functions. Then, the model was analyzed numerically and a deep discussion of the results was provided. It is noticed that the motion reduced near the bottom wall rapidly when the tetra nanoparticles concentration is taken from 0.01 to 0.04 and inward the sheet movement enhanced it. The fluid motion can be augmented by accelerating the top sheet in an outward direction by keeping.. = 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0. Moreover, the shear drag increased in the range of 2.63952 to 2.74291 and the heat transfer rate enhanced from 1.461390 to 3.653470 and 1.475600 to 1.504010 when E-c and P increased.

The fluid flow over a revolving disc has gained significant attention in several engineering fields due to their superior heat transfer characteristics and thermal conductivity. Some potential applications include heat exchangers, cooling systems, aerospace industry, renewable energy systems and manufacturing processes. Therefore, in proposed model, the Iron (II, III) oxide or black iron oxide along with silver nanoparticles are mixed up vacuum pump oil for the synthesis of hybrid nanofluid. Furthermore, the magnetohydrodynamics couple stress hybrid nanofluids flow with an application of Hall current and heat radiation is studied. The effects of Joule heating and Cattaneo-Christov heat-mass flux theory are also employed on the fluid flow. Motile microorganisms have the potential to strengthen the mixing and dispersion of nanoparticles within the nanofluid, resulting in more enhanced heat transport properties; that is why, they are additionally introduced to the base fluid. The modeled equations are reset into the non-dimensional lowest order form, by using the traditional Von Karman's similarity approach. The obtained system of nonlinear differential equations is numerically resolved through parametric computation. It has been noticed that the variation of solutal and thermal time relaxation parameters drops the concentration and energy profiles of the Hnf. The heat conduction rate is amplified with the rising impact of thermal radiation.

Owing to enhanced thermal properties and stable features, the hybrid nanofluids offer dynamical applications in the renewable energy, heat exchangers, thermal management systems, power management systems, heavy heat transfer devices etc. The hybrid nanofluids are the combination of two different nanoparticles with base fluids with more strengthened thermal properties. The shape features play and important role in flow of hybrid nanofluids due to their influence on various key factors related to thermal phenomenon, fluid flow and system efficiency. The available research on hybrid nanofluids convey that less attention has been paid to towards investigation of various shape features like blade-shaped and spherical shape for performances of hybrid nanofluids. The motivated research aims to is to explore the thermal applications of magnetized hybrid nanomaterial with evaluation of distinct shape features. The hybrid nanofluid is assumed to be decomposition (50:50)% of ethylene glycol (C2H6O2) and water (H2O) based fluids with silver (Ag) and alumina (Al2O3) nanoparticles. The flow analysis is driven by obliquely driven stagnation point flow. The insight of heat transfer is addressed by incorporating the nonlinear radiative effects. The transport of heat transfer is addressed for blade-shaped and spherical nanoparticles. The convective thermal constraints are used for performing the analysis. The thermo-physical properties of hybrid nanomaterials are incorporated. The solution scheme for modelled equations is based in implementation of Runge Kutta Fehlberg (RKF 5) technique. It has been observed that thermal phenomenon boosted more exclusively for blade-shaped nanoparticles. The temperature profile for mono nanofluid and hybrid nanomaterial enhances due to nanoparticles volume fraction and Biot number.

Riga plate is a new, sophisticated magnetic field device that may be created by adjusting a group of permanent magnets and a different electrode over a plane surface. The heat transport and fluid movement in such physical setup are of paramount interest and have numerous engineering and industrial application particularly in submarines technologies. Due to the fixed magnetics the field produced which imperatively affect the model dynamics. Keeping in mind the influential applications of such physical setup, the purpose of this study is to introduce a new model based scrutinization of heat transport of stagnation point flow of Al2O3/water along vertically oriented convectively heated Riga surface. The conventional stagnation point flow model extended for nanofluid via radiative heat flux, dissipation effects and the first order thermal slip. The values of thermal conductivity values estimated via Corcione model and achieved the final nanoliquid model. For the results interpretation, the numerical scheme used and portrayed the results using different parametric ranges. The fluid motion is observed very slow due to stronger mixed convection and higher concentration of Al2O3 nanoparticles. The temperature is determined very high against the stronger convection effects and radiation number. However, the fluid layers in the vicinity of Riga surface have high heat transmission ability. Further, thermal slip and viscous dissipation effects also boost the temperature of Al2O3/water. Further, buoyancy number δ resists the fluid movement and thermal boundary region reduces in the presence of buoyancy factor.

Based on enhanced thermal performances of hybrid nanomaterials, various multidisciplinary applications of such hybrid nanofluids are presented in the cooling processes, HVAC systems, energy sectors, boosting the energy sources, automotive thermal systems etc. Owing to such motivated applications in mind, different mathematical models are developed. However, the thermal analysis for hybrid nanofluid with help of fractional models is not focused properly. Therefore, the objective of current research is to develop a mathematical model for enhancement of heat transfer by using the hybrid nanofluid. The decomposition of zinc oxide ( ZnO ) and ferric oxide ( Fe 3 O 4) with kerosene oil base fluid is used for identifying the thermal reflection of hybrid nanofluid. The motivations to improve the thermal prospective of kerosene oil is due to its importance in the energy sources as a fuel and industrial applications like solvent, degreaser and operation of air craft. The vertical moving surface is used to initiates the flow. The natural convective flow is further perturbed with applications of mixed convection effects. The evaluation for heat transfer is inspected by incorporating the external heat source. The mathematical modelling of problem is presented via fractional expressions. The Prabhakar scheme is used to develop the analytical expressions. The accuracy of implemented scheme is inspected by comparing the numerical data computed via Zakian, Stehfest and Tzou's algorithms. The significance of problem is visualized in view of involved parameters like fractional parameters, nanoparticles volume fraction, Grashof number and Prandtl number. The results claim that the enhancement in heat transfer due to decomposition of zinc oxide and ferric oxide nanoparticles is more exclusive as compared to simple nanofluid. The heat transfer enhanced due to nanoparticles volume fraction.

The present investigation deals with the natural convection (NC) of Al2O3-Cu-water hybrid nanofluid (HNF) within a “ π”-shaped cavity under the influence of an externally applied magnetic field (MF). Also we studied the porous media with radiative effect as well as common heat transfer for better fitting to real industrial problems. The inverse U shaped-cavity design includes upper walls that are partially heated and wavy right and left walls designed for cooling purposes, while the remaining walls are maintained as adiabatic. A FORTRAN home code using finite difference method-based approach is adopted to solve the governing equations. A verification is performed by comparing with previous numerical investigations to substantiate the precision of the established numerical model. The findings are expressed in term of stream function, isotherms, and local and averaged Nusselt number. It was found that by increasing amplitude (A), location of the heater (D), thermal radiation parameter (Rd) and wavelength (λ) about 140%, 94%, 775%, and 28% Nuavg increases, respectively. In addition, by increasing Dimensionless of heat source/sink length (B), Ha, and heat generation/absorption coefficient (Q) about 20%, 1.1% and 28% Nuavg decreases, respectively. Also, Nuavg first decreases and then increases by increasing Ra.

Thermal radiation and viscous dissipation play crucial roles in the phenomenon of boundary layer flow, especially in engineering and industrial applications involving high temperatures, such as in combustion engines, gas turbines, and furnaces, thermal radiation becomes a significant mode of heat transfer whereas viscous dissipation signifies the conversion of kinetic energy into thermal energy due to the frictional forces in the fluid. The key findings of the current investigations is to explore 3D magneto-hydrodynamics radioactive Eyring-Powell nanofluid flowing towards a stretchable porous surface using a three-stage Lobatto numerical. The influence of velocity and thermal slip under convective boundary constraints are also incorporated in the present investigations. The Eyring-Powell model, known for its relevance in non-Newtonian fluid mechanics, is used to simulate a nanofluid's flow dynamics and heat transfer characteristics. The mathematical Navies-Stokes equations are transformed into a system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) by adopting a similarity variable, which are then solved numerically with the aid of the MATLAB bvp4c package. Results highlight the significance of physical parameters involved in the model like magnetic field strength, slip parameter, Eckert number, Lewis number, thermophoresis parameter, Brownian motion parameter and their impact on velocity temperature, and concentration profiles are displayed in the form of graphically. The data reveals an 11.2% increase in the heat transfer rate and a 6.65% increment in mass transfer when the radiation parameter is raised from 0.1 to 0.4. Results also elucidate that fluid temperature at the boundary rises as the Biot number increases because the rate of heat transfer between a solid surface and the surrounding fluid becomes more efficient. To check the validity and reliability of the present study, our calculated results are compared with the previous one, which shows stable agreement.

Entropy analysis in nano as well as conventional fluids is of paramount interest and highly affected by the active physical quantities. The research provides comprehensive comparative entropy performance of multiple nanofluids in the view of model quantities. The physical model considered in the presence of solar radiations, dissipation energy and magnetic field. The multiple fluids squeezed in a channel formed by two horizontal sheets with upper non-stationary surface. The entropy modeling performed using similarity variables for transient flow and governing laws. The numerical approach (RK method coupled with shooting scheme) is used for entropy results which obtained for ternary, hybrid, nano and base fluids. It is found that entropy optimized in ternary nanofluid while hybrid, nano and common fluids caused reduction in it. Dissipation effects (Ec=0.1,0.3,0.5,0.7) increases the entropy while significant reduction is observed for Ω1=0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4. The solar radiations in the range of Rd=1.0 to Rd=7.0 contributes effectively to improve entropy phenomena in both inward and outward plate movement. Thus, the system can be maintained at low entropy by strengthening the effects of Ω1 and optimum entropy is subject to Eckert number, α=0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4, radiations (Rd=1.0,3.0,5.0,7.0) for S>0.0 and S<0.0, respectively.

The hybrid nanofluid (Hnf) flow with heat and mass transmission under the magnetic field and activation energy consequences across parallel double-rotating surfaces has been studied. In order to synthesize the Hnf, polymer/CNT matrix nanocomposites (MNCs) are dissolved in water. Polymer/CNT MNCs are highly efficient and have exceptional properties. These MNCs are helpful in various applications, from engineering to biomedical research, because of their incredible thermophysical properties. Keeping in view the significant uses of the polymer/CNT MNC hybrid nanofluid flow, we have formulated the fluid flow in the form of the system of PDEs (partial differential equations), which are reformed into the non-dimensional form of ODEs (ordinary differential equations) and then solved numerically through the Matlab package (bvp4c). The numerical outputs for velocity, heat and mass profiles are compared with another numerical approach ND-solve. It has been determined that the outputs are precisely correct and reliable. Furthermore, the fluid velocity drops with the influence of suction/injection, Reynold number, and polymer/CNT MNC. The increasing quantity of polymer/CNT MNC in water reduces the energy and mass profiles. The energy field enhances with the upshot of the heat source term, whereas the concentration field falloffs with the effect of Schmidt number.

The use of hybrid nanofluids in real-world situations is essential for enhancing the efficiency of heat transmission, especially in cooling semiconductor technology and industrial processes. The entropy generation on unsteady Al2O3 -Cu/H2O hybrid nanofluid flow over a three-dimensional shrinking sheet is addressed numerically in this study, taking into account the effects of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD), nonlinear thermal radiation, porous media, heat generation, viscous dissipation, joule heating, and convective conditions. Using well-known non-similarity transformations, the model is carefully converted from partial differential equations (PDEs) to ordinary differential equations (ODEs). Afterwards, the behaviors of critical physical characteristics are uncovered across different parameter configurations by a numerical solution using the finite difference technique in bvp4c MATLAB. The velocity profiles of hybrid nanofluid grow proportionately with increases in the values of phi 2, M, A, K and lambda parameters. As Rd, theta w, Ec, Bi, H and phi 2 increase, the temperature of the hybrid nanofluid rises, but as M and A increase, the temperature falls. The local skin friction in both the x and y - directions is increased by enhancing the unsteadiness A, nanoparticle volume fraction phi 2, magnetic M, porous media K, and the ratio of strain rate lambda parameter on the shrinking surface. The local Nusselt number is improved by cumulative the unsteadiness A, nanoparticle volume fraction phi 2, magnetic M, and Biot number Bi parameter in the direction of a shrinking surface, while the Nusselt number decreases when Eckert number Ec, thermal radiation Rd, heat production H, and temperature ratio theta w are improved. An upsurge in the magnetic parameter leads to the development of entropy generation. Increasing levels of the magnetic parameters led to a reduction in the Bejan number. At a nanoparticle volume fraction of 1 % and a nonlinearity radiation scenario, where the unsteadiness values are 0.5, the Nusselt number for hybrid nanofluid shows an estimated improvement of 10.55 % compared to regular nanofluid.

In this study, ZnO nanoparticles were successfully synthesized through a sol-gel route using zinc acetate precursor, polymer N-Vinylpyrrolidone (PVP), Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide (CTAB), and Poly-Ethylene Glycol (PEG). The nanoparticles were examined with Crystal Violet (CV) dye photodegradation under UV irradiation. The addition of polymers controlled size, shape, and morphology of the particles and reduced the formation of agglomerates. The size and crystallinity of polymer/ZnO nanoparticles were analyzed using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). UV-visible spectroscopy was used to study the optical properties and bandgap of the nanoparticles, while nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms were used to analyze their pore structure and surface area. XRD showed that all the lattice constants changed and the bandgap energy declined with the addition of polymers, which can be attributed to the improvement in crystallinity of the polymer specimens. The ZnO bandgap can be tuned in the range of 3.29, 3.251, 3.275, and 3.254 eV, using pure ZnO, CTAB, PEG, and PVP, respectively. All obtained BET isotherms can be classified as type II isotherms, characteristic of nanoporous material. ZnO-pure has high photocatalytic efficiency (69.66%), which was significantly decreased after the surface of the ZnO nanoparticles was capped with PVP (43.16%), PEG (19.82%), and CTAB (14.36%). On the same surface, the catalytic activity of ZnO-PVP was improved by 28% compared to pure ZnO, with a photodegradation efficiency of 97%.

Supercapacitors are considered a potential source of energy conversion systems due to their advantages like high energy density, extensive cycle life, and quick charging and discharging. However, because of excessive voltage drops, they exhibit low energy density and durability. In this work, high content heteratom with various con-centrations in a spinel system fabricated by hydrothermal technique. The materials were then analysed by different physical characterization methods including X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Using these techniques, the impact of dysprosium ions on ZnSm2O4 structure and morphology was studied. Moreover, the samples were subjected to various electrochemical tests including a polarization curve (CV), chronoamperometry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Among all high content heteroatom samples, 20% Dy-added ZnSm2O4 displayed the highest electrochemical activity. The sample shows 1908 F g+1 specific capacitance and 1.85 Wh g+1 specific energy at 0.03 A g+1 current density. The fabricated sample also showed long term stability and shows up to 95% capacitance retention after 2000 cycles. The Dy+ doping improves compound integrity that enhances electro-chemical performance. These results open a new path for the enhanced electrochemical performance in the application of supercapacitor.

Photo-catalyst nanoparticles (NPs) find applications in many diverse fields, including environmental remediation, energy conversion, and organic synthesis. By optimizing the nanoparticle's composition, size, morphology, and surface properties, the photo-catalytic performance can be enhanced to develop more efficient and sustainable catalytic systems. This work aligns with this innovative approach and aims to improve the photo-catalytic degradation of Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) through the intensification of the photo-catalyst and the micro-reactor. ZnO-NPs were synthesized using the sol-gel method. Zinc Acetate (Z.A) and sodium hydroxide were used as precursor materials. The resulting ZnO-NPs were characterized for their structure and crystallinity using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and the photo-catalytic activity was assessed with a micro-structured polymer reactor. The degradation of SMX through photo-catalysis proceeds through several stages that involve coupled processes, such as the transportation of molecules and chemical reactions. To solve the mathematical equations governing the transport and photocatalytic reaction, COMSOL Multiphysics software was utilized. The characterization results demonstrate the excellent crystallinity and high purity of the synthesized ZnO-NPs, enabling the estimation of the average diameter of the NPs under different synthesis conditions. The grain growth is faster (3.5 hr) at higher temperatures (70, 80, and 90 °C), and slower (4 hr) at lower temperatures (50 and 60°C). The photo-catalytic degradation is significantly more efficient on 16 nm ZnO-NPs than 50 nm ZnO-NPs. At this size, the conversion rate reaches 96%, surpassing the performance of commercial ZnO-NPs, which only degrades 81% of SMX. The conversion rate obtained through simulation is slightly higher than that achieved in the experiments. However, this difference remains negligible, and overall, the model fits well with the experimental data. This validation of the chosen model confirms its reliability and accuracy.