Soil salinization is a complex phenomenon affecting both inland and coastal areas of the world.It poses a severe challenge in arid and semi-arid regions where it threatens agrifood systems and food production(FAO,2021).However,soil salinity rarely exhibits homogeneous distribution across natural soil profiles;marked dis-parities persist between surface and subsurface soil in both salt content and chemical speciation.A further complex element is the seawater intrusion process into groundwater along coasts that is threatening coastal agriculture(Ghirardelli et al.,2025).

The inhibition efficacy of synthesized rare earth tartrate (RETar) compounds (RE—Ce, Y, La, Nd) on mild steel in NaCl solution has been examined. The experimental results demonstrate that CeTar has the maximum inhibition, and YTar has the least inhibition when added to the optimum concentration. This is because the cerium is present on the metal surface as ceria (CeO2), which is more stable than the other metal oxides. Weight loss data demonstrate that all RETar compounds reduce corrosion for up to 6 months. Further, when 600 ppm CeTar inhibitor is added to the NaCl solution, the maximum inhibition efficiency obtained is 88

This research paper delves into the realm of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis to optimize the thermal performance of automobile radiators through the application of coatings. The study focuses on the impact of three different coating sizes, namely 50 micrometres, 80 micrometres, and 100 micrometres, aiming to enhance heat transfer efficiency and overall radiator performance. To systematically investigate the influence of these coatings on thermal behaviour, the L9 Orthogonal array is employed as a robust experimental design. The experimental methodology involves simulating the radiator's heat dissipation capabilities using CFD techniques, considering the interaction of fluid dynamics and heat transfer within the coated radiator. The L9 Orthogonal array provides a systematic and efficient approach to conducting experiments, allowing for the exploration of various coating combinations and their effects on thermal performance. The research not only analyses the impact of different coating sizes on the overall heat transfer efficiency but also seeks to identify optimal combinations that yield superior results. Insights gained from this study contribute to the development of advanced thermal management strategies in automotive engineering, aiming to enhance the cooling efficiency of radiators while maintaining operational and material constraints. Key findings highlight the significant role that coating thickness plays in augmenting the heat dissipation capabilities of automobile radiators. The outcomes of this research bear implications for the automotive industry, guiding future design considerations for improved radiator performance in terms of heat transfer efficiency, energy consumption, and overall system sustainability.

Skeletal muscle (SkM) mass loss is directly related to increased oxidative stress, inflammation, and muscle protein degradation mediated by proteolytic systems. Growing evidence suggests the interdependency of autophagy and UPS in the progression of SkM atrophy. Hence, the current study was performed to understand the interdependency of autophagy and UPS and their impact on SkM atrophy. 6-week-old male Wister rats undergone denervation were randomized into different treated groups for one week alone and in conjunction with UPS and autophagy inhibitors. Further assessments were achieved by morphological aberration (via histopathology), mRNA (via RT-qPCR), protein expression of muscle-specific markers (via western blotting), calpain activity (via Zymography) and biochemical alteration. In denervated rats, treatment mainly with chloroquine and somehow with velcade tried to normalize the activity of mitochondrial complex I and IV, calpains activity, levels of ROS, pro-atrophic markers TWEAK, FoxO3, NFkB, Smad3/4, UPS promoting E3 ligases; Atrogin1, MuRF1, autophagy promoting factors; LC3β, Atg5, p62, LAMP2A, PINK1 and myosin heavy chain. In denervated skeletal muscles, inhibition of autophagy affects the activity of proteasome and vice versa. Hence, autophagy and UPS both are interdependent systems in SkM atrophy. Autophagy inhibition attenuates muscle atrophy more precisely than proteasomal and both systems inhibitions.

Gynecological malignancies are one of the leading causes of early mortality in women of all ages, whether they originate from any part of the female genital tract. Coming to demography, gynaecological malignancies account for around half of all cancers in women (45.2

The present study describes how vegetation (the tree layer) is shaped along the elevation gradients in the eastern part of the Indian Himalayan Region. Various vegetation attributes, distribution, population structure, and regeneration patterns of 75 tree species belonging to 31 families were studied. Tree species richness shows a low plateau (peaked between 1,300–1,500 m) with a linearly decreasing pattern above 1,500 m asl. Ericaceae was found as the dominant family, followed by Lauraceae and Rosaceae. The distributional pattern of species-to-genera ratio (S/G) did not follow any particular trends, while β-diversity increased along the elevation gradient. The Margalef index of species richness, the Menheink index of species richness, and the Fisher alpha were found to be highest at lower altitudes (1,000–1,500 m), while the Simpson index was highest at middle altitudes (2,600–3,000 m). Random distribution was shown by maximum tree species (47.3%), followed by a contagious distribution (42.9%), and regular distribution (10.8%). The regeneration of tree species was found to be good with a healthier number of seedlings (10.2%), fair (43.5%), poor (30.3%), while 16% were observed not regenerating. Acer laevigatum (1,500 m), Prunus nepalensis (3,300 m), Viburnum sympodiale (3,400 m) were among the new regenerating species at the respective altitudes. The population structure of tree species in terms of proportion of individuals in seedlings, saplings, and the adult class varied in all the elevation transects. Species with better regeneration on upper distribution limits have been recognized as probable for upward movement.

Irrigation development is essential to meet global food demands and contributes significantly to achieving United Nations “Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) like Zero Hunger (SDG2) and Life on Land (SDG15)”. However, improper irrigation management can result in dual water challenges—rising water tables and salinization in irrigated areas. Currently affecting over 20% of global irrigated regions, these issues could impact over 50% of such lands by 2050 if unaddressed. This research examines the long-term effects of “diverse management strategies on water table depth and groundwater salinities.” Utilizing the SaltMod salt and water balance model, the study focuses on an irrigated area in India facing salinization and waterlogging issues. Pioneering in this region, the study aims to enhance understanding of dynamic processes causing system imbalances, with potential applicability to global challenges. “Calibration, validation, and sensitivity analysis of model parameters” preceded their use in simulating future impacts of water management scenarios. The model demonstrated high performance, evidenced by elevated “R-squared and model efficiency values and low mean error (ME) and root mean square error (RMSE) values.” Simulated scenarios project a continuous rise in groundwater levels in the study area under existing conditions, with the aquifer increasing by an average of 0.07 m annually. Therefore, recommended management strategies include reducing rice cultivation, diminishing canal water use, and augmenting groundwater utilization. The optimal scenario suggests that minor adjustments of two to eight percent in various inputs could prevent further waterlogging and secondary salinization. Implementing these alternatives can significantly mitigate the rise in groundwater levels and the associated risk of secondary salinization in irrigated lands.

Introduction:Multiple factors alter the microRNAs (miRNAs) at cellular level and promote oncogenesis in oral mucosa. The present study was performed with an aim to find any expression of miRNA-145 in oral squamous cell carcinoma and correlate it with CD-133 immuno-expression, clinicopathological, and demographical variables in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) with respect to controls.Materials and methods:In a prospective observational study 50 samples from patients of OSCC and 20 from unremarkable oral mucosa were studied. After initial detailed histology, miRNA-145 profiling was performed using qRT-PCR, followed by CD-133 immunohistochemistry (IHC).Results:The mean age of patients with oral cancer was 47.5 ± 10.25 years. Mean miR-145 levels in OSCC were 0.4312 ± 0.32026 and mean in healthy controls was 0.99 ±0 .21771. There was significant downregulation of miRNA-145 in cases with respect to controls. Significant reduced levels of miRNA-145 with respect to higher clinical tumor size, pathological pT tumor, nodal status, and resultant clinical tumor stage was observed. As far as presence and absence of stem cells was concerned it was seen that tumors displaying presence of stem cells highlighted by CD-133 had lower levels of miRNA-145 as compared to tumors with absent CD-133 staining.Conclusions:miRNA-145 is significantly altered in OSCC in our patient population and its reduced values carry a poor prognosis. Its interaction with CSCs may not be significant but mean miRNA-145 levels are lower in tumors with CSCs. There should be further studies on the larger sample size for these two biomarkers, to know its value.

The sustained rice yield plays an important role in the country’s GDP. The diverse weed flora is a potential biotic threat to the sustained yield in the DSR system. The crop faces severe competition the resources from its beginning (germination of crop seedlings) to the panicle initiation with the diverse weeds flora as it grows quickly in moist conditions, resulting in severe yield losses up to 65 per cent. Thus, an effective and economical weed control strategy in DSR is often required to overcome the losses. In such situations, sequential application of herbicides may provide broad-spectrum weed control in DSR. A field experiment was conducted on silty loam soils to assess the herbicidal effects on weed dynamics and growth & yield productivity of direct-seeded rainy (Kharif) rice at Agronomy Research Farm of Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya (U.P.) during the years, 2016 and 2017. The field trial was carried out in Randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications and twelve treatments. The treatments consisted of nine pre & post-emergent herbicide combinations along with three distinct controls, i.e. a) Hand weeding (at 20 & 40 DAS), b) Weed Free (weeding at every 15 days interval from seedling to the PI stage), and c) Weedy Check. The results of the field study revealed that the weed-free plots recorded the highest weed control efficiency, and they registered the least weeds density and dry weight of weeds associated with direct seeded rice fields. However, the application of herbicides, namely, pendimethalin (1000 g a.i. ha-1) as pre-emergent and Bispyribac-Na (1000 g a.i. ha-1) as post-emergent coupled with a hand weeding at 40 DAS provided the statistically comparable results to weed-free and is effectively controlled the diverse weed flora by 81.9-84.5 per cent in DSR system. And both the treatments gave significantly better growth (plant height, number of tillers, dry matter, LAI) and yields (grain and straw) of rice as compared to the weedy-check. Among the diverse weeds associated with the DSR fields, sedges were dominant as compared to broad leaves and grasses. The study also recorded the rice-grain yield reduction by 40.9 per cent due to the presence of diverse weed flora in weedy check plot as to weed-free plot.

Soybean is a valuable crop that provides protein and oil. The soybean yield and quality are affected by abiotic stresses viz. drought and heat stress. The process of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation is an essential component of crucial cellular processes, including abiotic stress tolerance. This study is an attempt to unravel the function of Glycine max poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases ( GmPARPs ) using Agrobacterium -mediated transformation in soybean. The present study has identified and characterized the GmPARPs gene in soybean using bioinformatic and molecular analyses. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) results showed the differential expression of GmPARPs under drought and heat stress conditions. Further, to elucidate the function of the GmPARPs in drought and heat stress, soybean GmPARPs-RNAi transgenic lines were raised which were confirmed by molecular analyses. Various physiological traits such as Fv/Fm ratio, H 2 O 2 production, and proline and chlorophyll content demonstrated the tolerance of GmPARPs-RNAi lines under drought and heat stress conditions. Besides, the role of stress-associated genes, Allene oxide synthase and Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase were studied to dissect the pathways involved in conferring drought and heat tolerance in GmPARPs-RNAi lines, which were consistent with the previous studies. Our study indicated that the downregulation of the GmPARP1 efficiently improves drought and heat tolerance in soybean. However, GmPARP2 knockdown could only protect soybean plants under drought stress. Thus, GmPARPs may also serve as an important target for the improvement of soybean cultivars and other crops.

This study reports the experimental results carried out to optimise containers and miltdilution ratios for carp sperm cryopreservation, in order to make the process simple andcompatible with the needs of commercial carp seed production, which is a small-scale andlow technology sector in Asia. The procedure optimisation for up-scaling was assessedby the ability of cryopreserved sperms to fertilise Cyprinsu carpio eggs and hatchingpercentage, in three different experiments. In the first experiment, we tested the effect ofmilt to different extender dilutions (1:4, 1:6 and 1:8); the second experiment tested theeffect of container capacities (0.5 ml French straw; 2 ml and 5 ml cryovials) with two dilutionratios (1:3 and 1:6) and in the third experiment, the efficacy of pre-mix of extender salts andindividually pre-weighed salts stored over 5 months was compared with fresh preparationof extender. Out of the three dilutions tested, two dilutions viz., 1:4 and 1:6, yielded hatchingabove 50%. We also used the milt cryopreserved at dilution of 1:3 which was post-thawdiluted with extender, to make final dilution of 1:6, to fertilise the eggs. This post-thawdilution in the ratio 1:6, yielded the results comparable to the milt cryopreserved in 1:6dilution. This approach can help small-scale seed producers to store more sperm withinthe limits of the cost of liquid nitrogen. The extender salt composition, pre-weighed andpre-mixed, was also found to give comparable results to the fresh composition after storageover 5 months. This can assist in developing ready to use, cost-effective, working kitsavailable to semi-technical hatchery seed producers. The parameters optimised in the studyhas potential to be transformed as an easy strategy with the use of 5 ml vial, cryopreservedat 1:3 dilution, with further post-thaw dilution at site, thus aiding in fertilisation of largevolume of eggs produced by high fecund carp species within the limited time available formaintaining good gamete quality. Keywords:Cryobanking, Cryovials, Dilution, Salt premix

Irrigation development is crucial to satisfy the rising food demands of the growing worldwide population. This is mainly imperative in dry regions where “crop water requirements are largely met by supplemental irrigation due to poorly distributed and erratic rainfall. Irrigation development is also essential for accomplishing many UN’s SDGs” such as “SDG2 (Zero Hunger), SDG3 (Good health and well-being), and SDG15 (Life on Land).” However, “without proper management, irrigation development can cause twin water resource issues, i.e., rising water tables and salinization in irrigated dry regions.” A long-term groundwater recharge estimation is indispensable to manage the abovementioned problems. This study develops and employs a simple water balance model to estimate the long-term (40 years, e.g., from 1979 to 2019) seasonal groundwater recharge for evaluating the rising water tables in a study region of India. “The investigation is the first in the study region and is easy to follow, and it can also be replicated in other regions of the world dealing with similar problems. The analysis disclosed that the developed model performs very well in estimating the groundwater recharge.” This is also verified statistically by the high R-squared (0.959) and model efficiency (0.956) values and low ME (0.0183 m) and RMSE (0.1178 m) values. The analysis divulges that the study area receives a normal net recharge of 5.9 Mm3 that causing a normal yearly water table rise of 0.13 m throughout the study period. Since the water table is by now high, a further rise would aggravate the situation. Alternative management plans should be considered for sustainable water management in the region. As a follow-up action, four potential alternatives were studied using the developed model. The analysis of the alternatives disclosed that rice areas should be reduced and substituted with other crops with low water requirements as the latter would have lower seepages which are needed to maintain a favorable water balance. Similarly, the conjunctive use of water resources requires to be augmented for irrigating crops which supports more groundwater draft from the region. The other alternative proposes the implementation of improved irrigation methods, i.e., sprinkler and drip, to mainly irrigate the non-rice crops as it would reduce the substantial water losses to the groundwater system which is associated with the conventional surface-flooding irrigation method. The analysis implies that realizing a combination of multiple changes altogether would be more beneficial as compared to the distinctive changes in baseline conditions.

Background: Corn is one of the major popular cereals in the world and forms the staple food source in many countries. After rice and wheat, maize is the third-most significant food crop in India.Corn is also used as food and raw material for industrial use. Corn, various types of a highly cultivated multipurpose cereal are grown all over the world. Methods: The present study was designed for to analyse physical properties of corn different five verities. Five corn varieties to determine the physical properties of corn grains by using different methods. Physical characteristics of grains play a crucial vital function in determining the quality of grains. Results: The physical property of corn was carried out such as 1000 kernel weight (g), 1000 kernel volume (mm3),True density(kg/m3), Bulk density (kg/m3), Porosity (%), Sphericity (%), Angle of repose° (%) respectively. The results demonstrate range of 283.491 to 301.028 (g), 292 to 308 (mm3), 1197.043 to 1380.259 (kg/m3), 726.949 to 766.062 (kg/m3), 36.001 to 47.320 (%), 0.551 to 0.616 (%), 23.38 to 29.75 (°C), respectively.

Purpose: The objective of this paper is to identify the factors that drive CS and provide a clear understanding of its dimensions, thereby laying a roadmap for modern-day organizations, striving to achieve sustainability. Design/methodology/approach: In this paper, an exploratory study has been undertaken through an extensive literature review of research papers and articles from varied journals, books, reports and online sources. Findings: Based on the literature reviewed, the paper identifies environmental responsibility, social responsibility, corporate reputation, compliance issues and organizational factors as the five major drivers of CS. It also gives an overview of Triple Bottom Line (TBL) based definitions of CS, proposed by different scholars and provides favourable arguments towards the adoption of a holistic TBL approach, maintaining a balance between the environmental dimension (planet), social dimension (people) and economic dimension (profit). Research limitations/implications: The research provides a conceptual framework related to the drivers and dimensions of CS. However, further research is required to find the right mix of drivers that fuel CS in companies and to understand the actual balance of the TBL dimensions that exists in the modern-day organizations. Originality/Value: The paper provides findings which are useful for academicians as well as practitioners. It provides a conceptual foundation for future researches with vast potential, worthy of empirical validation, along with sound theoretical knowledge about the drivers and dimensions of CS, necessary for smooth implementation of CS practices and initiatives in their organizations.

The burgeoning population has endangered the sustainability of urban areas where over half of the total global population will live by 2050. The population growth has increased the rate of waste production noticeably during the recent past. And its disposal and management are a serious environmental problem across the world. The problem is severe in developing nations because of the quick populace rise and urbanization, the absence of funding and policies, and poor and irregular waste management services. Besides, most municipal authorities in developing nations mainly focus on waste disposal and not management. Appropriate management of municipal solid waste (MSW) is essential for accomplishing many United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (UN’ SDGs) such as SDG6 “Clean Water and Sanitation,” SDG11 “Sustainable Cities and Communities,” and SDG12 “Responsible Consumption and Production.” This paper assesses the use of diverse systems engineering models and remote sensing, GIS, and GPS for appropriate disposal and management of MSW issues. All the possible sources of related and up-to-date literature have been accessed and more than 210 publications were collected and thoroughly analyzed for this review. The past literature analysis revealed that the cost–benefit analysis models were used to appraise a waste management system’s positive and negative economic effects. In contrast, optimization models were used to reach the best solution among several options, considering a set of objectives. The analysis also revealed that the GPS applications were primarily done for tracking waste bins and collection vehicles for monitoring collection time and location. Moreover, the investigation revealed that the combined applications of GPS and GIS techniques performed better than their specific applications. The analysis of numerous global case studies disclosed that political, socioeconomic, hydrological, geological, and environmental factors should be taken into account for a proper landfill siting.

Skeletal muscles are considered the largest reservoirs of the protein pool in the body and are critical for the maintenances of body homeostasis. Skeletal muscle atrophy is supported by various physiopathological conditions that lead to loss of muscle mass and contractile capacity of the skeletal muscle. Lysosomal mediated autophagy and ubiquitin-proteasomal system (UPS) concede the major intracellular systems of muscle protein degradation that result in the loss of mass and strength. Both systems recognize ubiquitination as a signal of degradation through different mechanisms, a sign of dynamic interplay between systems. Hence, growing shreds of evidence suggest the interdependency of autophagy and UPS in the progression of skeletal muscle atrophy under various pathological conditions. Therefore, understanding the molecular dynamics and associated factors responsible for their interdependency is necessary for the new therapeutic insights to counteract muscle loss. Based on current literature, the present review summarizes the factors that interplay between autophagy and UPS in favor of enhanced proteolysis of skeletal muscle and how they affect the anabolic signaling pathways under various conditions of skeletal muscle atrophy.

An efficient plant regeneration and transformation system is a prerequisite for soybean crop improvement. To establish such a regeneration system for soybean genotype JS 335, the combination of plant hormones benzyladenine purine (BAP), indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and kinetin (Kn) at a concentration of 3.0 mg L−1, 0.2 mg L−1 and 0.5 mg L−1, respectively, produced the best results using the whole cotyledonary nodes as explants. Furthermore, there is a necessity to improve the efficiency of transformation for gene function studies and to develop soybean transgenics with new traits. There have been decades of research in the field, nonetheless, due to the recalcitrant nature of soybean, the transformation efficiency continues to remain low. This study used the Agrobacterium-mediated cotyledonary node transformation system and the bar gene as the plant selectable marker coupled with glufosinate as a selective agent. Explants were cultured on Gamborg’s B5 medium supplemented with 1.67 mg L−1 BAP and glufosinate at 3 mg L−1 for the selection of transformants. The transformation status of the primary transformants (T0) and T1 generation progeny was confirmed by various molecular analyses. Using the cotyledonary node explants and the bar selection system, we have successfully developed an improved and reliable transformation system than the earlier reported work on Indian genotypes of soybean, and this established protocol could provide a useful tool for genetic improvement and functional genome studies in soybean.

Alcohol and several therapeutic drugs, including acetaminophen, are metabolized by cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) into toxic compounds. At low levels, these compounds are not detrimental, but higher sustained levels of these compounds can lead to life-long problems such as cytotoxicity, organ damage, and cancer. Furthermore, CYP2E1 can facilitate or enhance the effects of alcohol-drug and drug-drug interactions. In this review, we discuss the role of CYP2E1 in the metabolism of alcohol and drugs (with emphasis on acetaminophen), mediating injury/toxicities, and drug-drug/alcohol-drug interactions. Next, we discuss various compounds and various nutraceuticals that can reduce or prevent alcohol/drug-induced toxicity. Additionally, we highlight experimental outcomes of alcohol/drug-induced toxicity and potential treatment strategies. Finally, we cover the role and implications of extracellular vesicles (EVs) containing CYP2E1 in hepatic and extrahepatic cells and provide perspectives on the clinical relevance of EVs containing CYP2E1 in intracellular and intercellular communications leading to drug-drug and alcohol-drug interactions. Furthermore, we provide our perspectives on CYP2E1 as a druggable target using nutraceuticals and the use of EVs for targeted drug delivery in extrahepatic and hepatic cells, especially to treat cellular toxicity.

People living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) are at an increased risk of severe and critical COVID-19 infection. There is a steady increase in neurological complications associated with COVID-19 infection, exacerbating HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) in PLWHA. Nutraceuticals, such as phytochemicals from medicinal plants and dietary supplements, have been used as adjunct therapies for many disease conditions, including viral infections. Appropriate use of these adjunct therapies with antiviral proprieties may be beneficial in treating and/or prophylaxis of neurological complications associated with these co-infections. However, most of these nutraceuticals have poor bioavailability and cannot cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB). To overcome this challenge, extracellular vesicles (EVs), biological nanovesicles, can be used. Due to their intrinsic features of biocompatibility, stability, and their ability to cross BBB, as well as inherent homing capabilities, EVs hold immense promise for therapeutic drug delivery to the brain. Therefore, in this review, we summarize the potential role of different nutraceuticals in reducing HIV- and COVID-19-associated neurological complications and the use of EVs as nutraceutical/drug delivery vehicles to treat HIV, COVID-19, and other brain disorders.