Integration of nanoscience in medicine leads to the development of biomedical products that helps the society in a faster and safer manner. In the present studies tungsten nanoparticles were synthesized by green route using aqueous extracts of Moringa oleifera. Characterization was done through UV, SEM, TEM, FT-IR and XRD. The synthesized nanoparticles were spherical in shape with an average size of 10 nm. Various bioactive compounds present in aqueous extract of this plant were responsible for bio reduction of nanoparticles. Further these nanoparticles were tested for various biological activities. In antimicrobial activity, it was observed that potent activity was shown against Bacillus subtilis (18mm) at 80 mu g/ml while against fungus maximum activity was observed against Fusarium oxysporium (20mm) at same dose. The platelet aggregation of nanoparticles was assayed by Prothrombin (PT) and Activated Partial Thromboplastin time (APTT). In PT assay maximum activity was observed at 100 mu g/ml (158 sec) and in APTT it was found at 60 mu g/ml (120sec). Cytotoxicity was also studied by MTT assay against various cell lines. Against MCF-7 (Breast cancer cell line) nanoparticles were active at 200 mu g/ml while in 3T3 (fibroblast cell line) they were potent at 500 mu g/ml. Result showed the biosynthesis of tungsten nanoparticles using aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera is a clean, inexpensive and safe method that is free from toxic substance and consequently does not have any side effects.

The current research article involves one pot synthesis of novel substituted 1-nitro-10H-phenothiazines via Smiles rearrangement. These substituted phenothiazines undergo oxidation to yield 10H-phenothiazine-5,5-dioxides (sulfones) while on treatment with β-D-ribofuranose-1-acetate-2,3,5-tribenzoate yield ribofuranosides. These compounds were screened for their antimicrobial vitalities (in vitro) against selected strains of bacteria and fungi. The characterization of synthesized compounds was done by elemental and spectral studies.

The Total Proteins were isolated and purified from leaves of a dwarf hair garden grass (Elocharis acicularis) and Jowar (Sorghum bicolor). The total proteins were analysed by 2-Dimension gel electrophoresis (2-DE). Three methods of sample preparation a) Phenol/Acetone, b) TCA/Acetone, without Sonication and c) TCA/Acetone with Sonication were compared based on Proteome maps of different protein preparations for 2DE, it was found that the number of protein spots were significantly reproducible when proteins were extracted by TCA/Acetone precipitation method with four cycle of Sonication in Urea and CHAPS buffer. The spot resolution and numbers were consistently better when protein were extracted in precipitation solution with Urea and CHAPS. The images were compared by using master 2-DE Bio-Rad software.

The genus Enterococcus consists of gram positive, facultative anaerobic organisms. The aim of the present was to purify and therapeutic potentialities of enterocin from various species of Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus (VRE) sps. A method for isolation protein was developed Antimicrobial assay was studied by well diffusion assay. It was observed that isolated enterocin showed potent antibacterial activity. Maximum activity was observed in Streptococcus grisveus (18mm) at 80 μg/ml. Maximum activity was observed at 80 μg/ml against Candida albicans. Mainly newly expressed proteins were found to remain from the original mixtures based on SDS-PAGE. The results showed that this protein exhibited great potential of antimicrobial activities. The present results confirm that this protein can be used as drug, in various therapeutic ventures.

The aim of the present study is to purify and to find out the therapeutic potentialities of Phycocyanin(pc) present in Spirulinaplatensis. Novel method for purifying the phycocyanin of S.platensiswas developed by freezing and thawing method. Antimicrobial assay was studied by agar well diffusion assay. The stability of the extracted pc was also confirmed by comparing its antioxidants using Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Potential (FRAP) and 2, 2'-azino-bis 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) assay. Effect of aqueous extract of S. platensiswas investigated on blood platelet aggregation in terms of prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT).Two subunits of pc namely α-pc (15.6 kDa) and β-pc (23.4 kDa) were found to remain from the original mixtures based on SDS-PAGE. The results showed that all S. platensis extracts exhibited great potential antibacterial activities against four bacterial and fungal strains. The study revealed that S. platensis has potent bio compatibilities. The results of the study confirm that the pc can be used as drug, with lot of therapeutic ventures. All these studies confirm the therapeutic ventures of this compound as potent agent.

Some new diorganoantimony(III) and triorganoantimony(V) compounds of Schiff bases derived from amino acids having the general formula Ph2Sb[OC(R)CHC(R′)NC(Y) COOH] [where R=CH3, R′=C6H5, Y=H2CH2(1), −HCH2C6H5(2); R=R′=C6H5, Y=H2CH2(3), HCH2C6H5(4)] have been synthesized by the reaction of Ph3Sb with RC (O) CHC(R′) NHC(Y) COOH in 1:1M ratio. Whereas Ph3Sb[OC(R)CHC(R′)NC(Y) COOH]2 (where R=CH3, R′=C6H5, Y=H2CH2(5), R=R′=C6H5, Y=HCH2C6H5(6)) have been synthesized by the reactions of Ph3SbBr2 with Na [OC(R) CHC(R′)NC(Y) COOH] in 1:2M ratio, respectively in anhydrous benzene. All these compounds have been characterized by elemental analyses and molecular weight measurement. Probable structures of these compounds have been proposed on the basis of spectral studies (I.R. 1H and 13C NMR). Schiff base (R=CH3 R′=C6H5, Y=H2CH2) and its corresponding organoantimony(III) and -antimony(V) compounds have been screened for antimicrobial, antioxidant and antiplatelet activities. These synthesized compounds can be used as new class of antimicrobial, antioxidant and antiplatelet agents with potential for clinical development.

Stress tolerance in plants is a coordinated action of multiple stress response genes that also cross talk with other components of the stress signal transduction pathways. The expression and regulation of stress-induced genes are largely regulated by specific transcription factors, families of which have been reported in several plant species, such as Arabidopsis, rice and Populus. In sorghum, the majority of such factors remain unexplored. We used 2DE refined with MALDI-TOF techniques to analyze drought stress-induced proteins in sorghum. A total of 176 transcription factors from the MYB, AUX_ARF, bZIP, AP2 and WRKY families of drought-induced proteins were identified. We developed a method based on semantic similarity of gene ontology terms (GO terms) to identify the transcription factors. A threshold value (≥ 90%) was applied to retrieve total 1,493 transcription factors with high semantic similarity from selected plant species. It could be concluded that the identified transcription factors regulate their target proteins with endogenous signals and environmental cues, such as light, temperature and drought stress. The regulatory network and cis-acting elements of the identified transcription factors in distinct families are involved in responsiveness to auxin, abscisic acid, defense, stress and light. These responses may be highly important in the modulation of plant growth and development.

Sorghum bicolor (L.) is an important crop of arid and semi arid zones with most of its varieties tolerant to drought, heat and salt stress. Functional identification of many salt tolerant proteins has been reported in Arabidopsis, rice and other plants, however only little functional information has been predicted in sorghum till date. A 2-D gel electrophoresis based proteomic approach with MALDI-TOF mass spectrometer was utilized to analyze the salt stress response of sorghum. Major changes in protein complement were observed at 200 mM NaCl in hydroponic culture after 96 h of salt-stress. Highly expressed five proteins were excised for functional identification. We developed shortest path (SP) analysis based method on Gene Ontology (GO) hierarchy using sum of GO-term’s semantic similarities. In this study, we observed that majority of expressed proteins belonged to the functional category of energy production and conversion, signal transduction mechanisms and ribosome maturation. These identified functions suggest a distinct mechanism of salt-stress adaptation in sorghum plant. The proposed method in this paper potentially has great importance to further understanding of newly identified proteins that can help in plant development.

The availability of the complete genome sequences has facilitated access to essential information to identify proteins. The determination of Arabidopsis genome sequence has had a great impact to annotate data. The genome sequencing of Sorghum bicolor has been only recently completed and hither to the global response to abiotic stresses in this important crop remains largely unexplored. We used 2-D gel electrophoresis based proteomic approach refined with MALDI-TOF to analyze drought-stress response proteins in sorghum. Major changes in protein complement of sorghum were observed in hydroponic cultures at 96 hours under drought stress. Six most highly expressed proteins were excised for functional identification. Here, we developed a method to obtain functional distances between GO terms and analyzed distance values to allocate shortest path (SP) in GO hierarchy. The shortest paths for expressed proteins were noted for most informative common ancestor (MICA) terms, viz. binding, catalytic activity and primary metabolic process. We observed the expressed proteins belonged to the functional group of signal transduction mechanisms, carbohydrate transport and metabolism. These identified functions of proteins suggest a different mechanism of drought-stress tolerant in sorghum. The novel approach applied in this study may have great importance in further identifying proteins involved in abiotic and biotic stress conditions in crops.

Sorghum, an African grass related to sugar cane and maize, is grown for food, feed, fibre and fuel. A proteome study based on 2-D gel electrophoresis and subsequent mass spectrometric identification was performed in order to analyze the salt-stress response of Sorghum bicolor. Overall changes in the protein complement of leaves after 96h exposure to 200mM NaCl in hydroponic culture were studied. Twenty one spots with more than 1.5-fold altered expression on 2-DE gel were excised and identified after tryptic digestion using MALDI-TOF-TOF mass spectrometer. Majority of the differentially expressed proteins belonged to the functional category of signal transduction mechanisms and inorganic ion transport and metabolism. Over-expression of reactive oxygen species-scavenging enzymes e.g. glutathione-S-transferases and l-ascorbate peroxidase was in agreement with previous reports in the context of stress responses in other plants. However, with respect to the physiological functions of other identified proteins such as putative sialin, putative inorganic pyrophosphatase, RNA binding protein, and serine/threonine-protein kinase; there appears to be a distinct mechanism of salt-stress adaptation in sorghum plant. Four differentially expressed proteins could not be assigned any function using Pfam and COGnitor search and warrant detailed investigation to elucidate their exact role in salinity tolerance. This is the first proteomic description of salt stress response in sorghum and a further validation of data reported herewith would likely provide, deeper insight pertaining to the stress physiology of this important crop plant.