A wideband, dual-element MIMO antenna operating in 2.83-7.21GHz frequency bands is presented in this study.The proposed design consists of a stub-loaded partial ground plane and a stepped feedline with a dual circle-shaped radiator on top.The designed MIMO antenna operates from 2.83 to 7.21 GHz, covering the C band (4-8 GHz) and 5G (sub-6 GHz) applications.The peak gain observed is 4.8 dBi at 6.2 GHz, with a maximum efficiency of 92% at 3.2 GHz.The minimum port isolation and ECC over the bands 2.83-7.21are observed as 22 dB and 0.003, respectively.To achieve the best outcome, a parametric analysis of the proposed antenna is also simulated.Various diversity characteristic metrics, including diversity gain (DG), mean effective gain (MEG), total active reflection coefficient (TARC), channel capacity loss (CCL), and ergodic channel capacity (CC), are thoroughly analyzed to determine how well the MIMO antenna performs in terms of diversity.In all operating bands, the measured values provide good agreement with simulation results, indicating a strong candidacy for operation in the investigated bands.

This academic paper introduces a novel sensor known as the Planar Microstrip-based Triple Ring Bridge Complementary Split Ring Resonator (TRB-CSRR) sensor. The main objective of this sensor is to determine the permittivity and thickness of solid dielectric substances. The TRB-CSRR sensor is meticulously designed to resonate precisely at a frequency of 4.86 GHz, achieving a significant notch depth of -33.5 dB. This configuration displays an enhanced average relative sensitivity of 20.2%. The study undertakes numerical assessments across various scenarios, encompassing situations where the sensor interacts with diverse dielectric materials. These assessments yield insights into alterations in resonant frequencies. By meticulously refining the design, the sensor's capability to confine electric fields precisely at the resonant frequency is amplified, ultimately resulting in heightened sensitivity towards dielectric characteristics. The sensor's efficacy is tested using materials featuring relative permittivity values spanning from 1.006 to 12.9, while consistently adhering to dimensions of 5 mmx5 mmx1.6 mm. To validate the conceptual frame -work, a physical sensor is fabricated, and its response is gauged through the utilization of a vector network analyzer (VNA-AV3672D). Employing curve fitting methodologies, alterations in resonance frequencies due to interactions with the tested materials are presented, underscoring the impact of permittivity and thickness. The outcomes derived from simulations, empirical measurements, and calculations display a robust alignment.

This research suggests a compact, wideband Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) antenna designed for S-band applications, emphasizing high isolation between closely positioned antenna elements.Achieving this isolation is accomplished through the implementation of a Defected Ground Structure (DGS) technique.The DGS is realized by etching two elliptical patterns on an economical FR-4 substrate with inherent loss properties.Three rectangular slots and two L-shaped stubs are introduced to improve isolation and minimize the size of antenna increment by lowering surface wave propagation.To validate the proposed layout, a physical prototype was constructed for a direct comparison of its performance with the simulated parameters.The results demonstrated highly favorable outcomes, including Diversity Gain (DG) exceeding 9.97 dB, Envelope Correlation Coefficient (ECC) registering below 0.05, Mean Effective Gain (MEG) lower than -3 dB, Total Active Reflection Coefficient (TARC) below 0.4, and Channel Capacity Loss (CCL) less than 0.3.Furthermore, the current distribution and radiation pattern were found to be highly suitable for applications in the S-band and the lower part of the C-band, encompassing technologies like Bluetooth, WiFi, WiMAX, 4G, and 5G.

In this paper, a low-cost resin-coated commercial-photo-paper substrate is used to design a printed reconfigurable multiband antenna. The two PIN diodes are used mainly to redistribute the surface current that provides reconfigurable properties to the proposed antenna. The antenna size of 40 mm × 40 mm × 0.44 mm with a partial ground, covers wireless and mobile bands ranging from 1.91 GHz to 6.75 GHz. The parametric analysis is performed to achieve optimized design parameters of the antenna. The U-shaped and C-shaped emitters are meant to function at 2.4 GHz and 5.9 GHz, respectively, while the primary emitter is designed to operate at 3.5 GHz. The proposed antenna achieved peak gain and radiation efficiency of 3.4 dBi and 90%, respectively. Simulated and measured results of the reflection coefficient, radiation pattern, gain, and efficiency show that the antenna design is in favorable agreement. Since the proposed antenna achieved wideband (1.91–6.75 GHz) using PIN diode configuration, using this technique the need for numerous electronic components to provide multiband frequency is avoided.

A multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) system (size 35 x 35 x 0.76 mm(3)) of the four-element antenna with a 4.69 GHz impedance bandwidth (23.56-28.25 GHz) (millimetre wave) is proposed for 5G communication. The band capacity and radiation properties of the antenna are enhanced by modifying rectangular radiating patches with rectangular-shaped slots in ground plane. The proposed MIMO antenna achieved the isolation of 21 dB. The mutual coupling coefficient, envelope correlation coefficient (ECC), total active reflection coefficient (TARC), diversity gain (DG), mean effective gain (MEG), and channel capacity loss (CCL) are investigated to evaluate the performance attributes of diversity, and the obtained values are -21 dB, 0.007, -10 dB, 9.99 dB, & PLUSMN;3 dB, and 0.30 bits/sec/Hz, respectively. The robustness of the MIMO antenna is further demonstrated in different scenario under Gaussian/uniform propagation conditions. Each antenna has an average total efficiency of 92% and a maximum gain of 6.65 dBi. The testing of fabricated antenna provides excellent experimental results in comparison with simulations.

This article presents a quad-element MIMO antenna designed for multiband operation. The prototype of the design is fabricated and utilizes a vector network analyzer (VNA-AV3672D) to measure the S-parameters. The proposed antenna is capable of operating across three broad frequency bands: 3–15.5 GHz, encompassing the C band (4–8 GHz), X band (8–12.4 GHz), and a significant portion of the Ku band (12.4–15.5 GHz). Additionally, it covers two mm-wave bands, specifically 26.4–34.3 GHz and 36.1–48.9 GHz, which corresponds to 86% of the Ka-band (27–40 GHz). To enhance its performance, the design incorporates a partial ground plane and a top patch featuring a dual-sided reverse 3-stage stair and a straight stick symmetrically placed at the bottom. The introduction of a defected ground structure (DGS) on the ground plane serves to provide a wideband response. The DGS on the ground plane plays a crucial role in improving the electromagnetic interaction between the grounding surface and the top patch, contributing to the wideband characteristics of the antenna. The dimensions of the proposed MIMO antenna are 31.7 mm × 31.7 mm × 1.6 mm. Furthermore, the article delves into the assessment of various performance metrics related to antenna diversity, such as ECC, DG, TARC, MEG, CCL, and channel capacity, with corresponding values of 0.11, 8.87 dB, −6.6 dB, ±3 dB, 0.32 bits/sec/Hz, and 18.44 bits/sec/Hz, respectively. Additionally, the equivalent circuit analysis of the MIMO system is explored in the article. It’s worth noting that the measured results exhibit a strong level of agreement with the simulated results, indicating the reliability of the proposed design. The MIMO antenna’s ability to exhibit multiband response, good diversity performance, and consistent channel capacity across various frequency bands renders it highly suitable for integration into multi-band wireless devices. The developed MIMO system should be applicable on n77/n78/n79 5G NR (3.3–5 GHz); WLAN (4.9–5.725 GHz); Wi-Fi (5.15–5.85 GHz); LTE5537.5 (5.15–5.925 GHz); WiMAX (5.25–5.85 GHz); WLAN (5.725–5.875 GHz); long-distance radio telecommunication (4–8 GHz; C-band); satellite, radar, space communications and terrestrial broadband (8–12 GHz; X-band); and various satellite communications (27–40 GHz; Ka-band).

In this study, a reconfigurable wideband antenna with inkjet printing is created using a low-cost resin coated commercial photo paper substrate. A PIN diode is primarily utilized to disperse the surface current, which gives the proposed antenna reconfigurable features in the lower frequency region. The antenna’s dimensions are 28. 94mmx36.36mmx0.44mm, and it has a partial ground that covers the mobile and wireless bands from 3. 32GHz to 7. 73GHz. For the antenna’s design parameter to be optimized, parametric analysis is done. The primary radiator is intended to operate at a frequency range of 4-7. 7GHz, while the L-shaped radiators are intended to work between 3. 3-3.9GHz. Peak gain and radiation efficiency for the suggested antenna were 3. 45dBi and 65%, respectively. Reflection coefficient, gain, and efficiency simulation and measurement findings indicate that the antenna design is in good agreement. This method eliminates the requirement for several electronic parts to provide multiband frequency.

A dual element tapered fed Multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna with an impedance bandwidth of 5.14GHz (27.29-32.43 GHz) using a partial ground plane is proposed for 5G millimeter wave applications. The envelope correlation coefficient (ECC), diversity gain (DG), mean effective gain (MEG), total active reflection coefficient (TARC), and channel capacity loss (CCL) of the MIMO antenna are addressed, and the obtained values are 0.012, 9.98dB, 3dB, − 13dB, and 0.15 bits/sec/Hz, respectively. The maximum gain of 9.20dBi is achieved at 29GHz. Furthermore, in the frequency range of 27.29-32.43 GHz, a radiation efficiency of more than 93% is obtained. The proposed MIMO antenna is built on a Rogers RO 4003 substrate with a dielectric constant of 3.55, a loss tangent of 0.0027, and a dimension of 35×25×0. 76mm 3 .

A quad element multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna with improved impedance bandwidth of 0.126 THz (0.198-0.324 THz) by using defected ground structure (DGS) is proposed for terahertz applications. The four elements are placed orthogonally to one another to reduce mutual coupling and envelope correlation coefficient (ECC). The maximum isolation of the proposed MIMO antenna is 34 dB at 0.290 THz frequency. The diversity performance characteristics of the proposed antenna are studied in terms of ECC, diversity gain (DG), mean effective gain (MEG), total active reflection coefficient (TARC), and isolation between the ports, and the obtained values are 0.05, 9.9, +/- 3, -5, -10, respectively. Each antenna has a peak gain of 4.4 dBi with an average radiation efficiency of 92.5%. The proposed MIMO antenna is designed on a Rogers RO4003 substrate having a dielectric constant of 3.55, and a loss tangent of 0.0027 with a dimension of 700 x 700 x 55 mu m(3). Further analyses of path loss in free space, atmospheric absorption, and roughness factor in indoor surfaces for THz communication are also studied. The designed MIMO antenna is suitable for high-speed short distance communication, video-rate imaging, biomedical imaging, sensing, and security scanning in the THz frequency band.

A compact quad-port Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO) antenna with an electrical dimension of $0.28\lambda _{0}\times 0.28\lambda _{0}$ and impedance bandwidth of 5.03GHz (2.42-7.45GHz) is proposed. By combining a tapered feed line and stubs in the ground plane, which serve as open circuit stubs and whose dimensions are properly tuned to compensate for the antenna’s input impedance, as the inductance and capacitance values are dependent on it, the bandwidth and isolation are improved. The MIMO antenna has a 15dB average isolation and a group delay < 1nsec. In terms of the envelop correlation coefficient (ECC), diversity gain (DG), mean effective gain (MEG), and total active reflection coefficient (TARC), the proposed antenna’s diversity performance characteristics are investigated, and the obtained values are 0.004, 9.99dB, ±3dB, -10dB respectively. Further the channel capacity of the MIMO antenna is also calculated. The maximum channel capacity of the four elements is 21.34bits/sec./Hz. Equivalent circuit of the proposed MIMO is discussed in this article and S-parameter has been compared with simulated results and found good agreement between simulated and circuit results. A prototype was created to compare the calculated parameters with the measured ones to validate the suggested design. In addition, the scattering matrix, which includes the reflection coefficient (S11) and transmission coefficient (S21) between two elements, and other antenna parameters are all advantageous for applications in the Bluetooth (2.400-2.483GHz), ISM band (2.40-2.483GHz, 5.725-5.850GHz), WLAN/Wi-Fi, and 5G (sub-6GHz) bands.

Reconfigurable antennas are required to be upgraded with the extensive utilisation for wireless and Internet of Things (IoT) applications. This works deals with compact and cost-effective antenna design that operates in multiple frequencies by the use of switching circuits. These switching circuits are the PIN diodes connected between the main radiator, the inverse L-shaped radiator and a U-shaped radiator. The four switching states of PIN diodes i.e., "ON-ON", "ON-OFF", "OFF-ON" and "OFF-OFF" connect and disconnect the radiators to provide multi-band frequencies. The non-radiating capacitive element of 10pF is used between the microstrip-line and the main radiator for frequency tuning. The antenna is designed on low-cost paper substrate that makes it inexpensive for production and covers an overall area of 43mm x 40mm x 0.44mm. The antenna efficiently work for bluetooth services, 5G mobile band and ISM band over a frequency range of 1.6GHz to 3.5GHz. The antenna gain and efficiency are 1.1 and more than 80% in the desire band respectively. All the simulated results such as reflection coefficient, gain, radiation pattern and efficiency proves the antenna to be in a favourable concurrence.

This paper offers a elliptical patch dual element multiple input multiple output (MIMO) antenna with an impedance bandwidth of 3.35 GHz (2.17-5.57 GHz) using a defected ground structure (DGS) is proposed for S and C-band applications. The proposed DGS structure provides - 51.15 dB of isolation at 2.62 GHz and a gap of 10 mm between adjacent antenna elements. The write-up contains a thorough discussion on design, simulation, and performance analysis. Envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) was less than 0.002, diversity gain (DG) greater than 9.99 dB, total active reflection coefficient (TARC) less than 0.35, mean effective gain (MEG) less than -3 dB, and channel capacity loss (CCL) less than 0.3 was achieved. The proposed MIMO antenna is favorable for S-band and C-band applications such as Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, WiMAX, 4G and 5G

Car resale value prediction is the technique for estimating the prices of an old car. Second hand cars are in high demand but the process for evaluating their value is flawed which may lead them to be priced at unrealistic rates. Here, we offer our contribution for this issue. In this paper, an ensemble machine learning approach, XG Boost is proposed, which takes the important features of a car into account and assigns the cost based on it. Our proposed system uses multiple gradient boosted trees which minimizes the overfitting and eliminates irregularities from the predictions. Further, the accuracies for different machine learning algorithms such as Linear regression, Lasso Regression, Random Forest, KNN, and CART are calculated and compared with our model. From experimental results, major factors which contributed towards the car prices are found to be year of manufacture, distance driven, fuel type and transmission. The proposed approach contributes promising results in forecasting the resale value of the car, and achieves an accuracy of 93.73%.

In this article, a two-element multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) design is suggested for use in sub-6 GHz 5G wireless access points operating in the 3–4 GHz frequency range. The proposed antenna uses microstrip fed circular shape and the optimized bandwidth and isolation are obtained using an E-shaped stubs associated with partial ground plane. Ansys HFSS simulations are used to describe the proposed antenna's design process. Each antenna element has a peak gain of 2.12dBi. Simulated results are verified with measured results and found a good agreement between them. The diversity performance of MIMO antenna is also studied with envelop correlation coefficient (ECC) $<\ \mathbf{0.15},\mathbf{DG}\approx \mathbf{9.98}\mathbf{dB}$ and mean effective gain (MEG)-ratio within $\pm \mathbf{3}\ \mathbf{dB}$. The proposed antenna is designed on FR-4 substrate with a dimension of $\mathbf{30}\times \mathbf{20}\times \mathbf{1.6}$ cubic millimeter.

Purpose This study aims to present dual band reconfigurable MIMO antenna for 5G (sub-6 GHz) and WLAN applications. Design/methodology/approach To achieve optimum bandwidth, radiation pattern and radiation efficiency, the defected ground structure (DGS) and a rectangular stub connected with the DGS are used. To further cover the sub-6 GHz spectrum (3.4–3.6 GHz) for future 5G communications, a two-element multi-input multi-output (MIMO) antenna configuration is designed by using the single element antenna. The proposed reconfigurable MIMO antenna using a PIN diode is designed on an FR4 substrate with a dielectric constant of 4.4 and a loss tangent of 0.02 and a 35 × 20 × 1.6 mm 3 dimension. Findings The proposed antenna achieved dual operating bands of 3.4–4.1 GHz (5 G sub-6GHz applications) and 4.99–5.16 GHz (WLAN application) in the D = ON state. For D = OFF state, the proposed antenna achieved 3.55–3.65 GHz and 3.66–4.05 GHz frequency bands for 5G (sub-6GHz) applications. In terms of the envelop correlation coefficient, diversity gain, mean effective gain, total active reflection coefficient and isolation between the ports, the proposed antenna’s diversity performance characteristics are investigated and the obtained values are 0.05, 9.9 dB, ±3dB, −4dB, −15dB, respectively. Research limitations/implications The fabricated prototype antenna on FR4 substrate has measurable parameters that are in good agreement with the simulated findings. Due to hardware design limitations, there is a minor difference between software and hardware results. Originality/value The proposed MIMO antenna is compact and reconfigurable for 5G (sub-6GHz) and WLAN applications, and from the graph, the measurements and simulations have been found to be in close agreement.

A dual-element MIMO antenna with enhanced bandwidth of 0.038THz (0.457-0.495THz) by using DGS is presented for THz applications. By utilising a rectangular slot in the ground plane, the suggested MIMO antenna's maximum return loss and isolation are, respectively, -28dB and -31.8dB at the resonant frequency (0.475THz). The diversity performance of MIMO is also studied with ECC < 0.001, DG ≤ 9.98dB and mean effective gain (MEG)-ratio within ±3 dB. The 720×520× 60μm 3 dimension Rogers RO4003 substrate, which has a εr of 3.55 and a loss tangent of 0.0027, serves as the foundation for the proposed MIMO antenna. The planned MIMO radio wire is reasonable for fast brief distance correspondence, video rate imaging, and detecting in the THz band.