Head and neck cancer (HNC) and its treatments often result in visible physical changes, significantly affect patient’s perception. Body image distress (BID) is a growing psychosocial concern among survivors, influencing emotional well-being, social functioning, and quality of life. To assess the severity of body image concerns among HNC survivors visiting tertiary care hospital for post-treatment follow-ups and evaluate its association with clinical, oncological and sociodemographic factors. This cross-sectional study included 110 patients treated for HNC within the past two years who had completed curative therapy. Demographic and treatment data were reviewed, and body image concerns were assessed by validated FACT/ Mc Gill BIS questionnaire. Associations between BID scores and clinical variables were analysed using chi-square, t test, ANOVA, and multiple linear regression analysis. The mean age was 49.15 ± 18.03 with male preponderance (76.4

Objective: To evaluate the correlation of high-resolution computed tomography-based radiological predictors with the surgical ease of access to the round window membrane in cochlear implant surgery. Method: The systematic review was conducted from April 2020 to May 2020 at the Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, and comprised literature search on PubMed, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature- Plus, Wiley Cochrane Library and Web of Science databases for studies published in the English language between January 2000 and January 2020 that followed the population-intervention-comparison-outcome model. The search was done using key words, such as high-resolution computed tomography, temporal bone, round window and cochleostomy. Studies dealing with paediatric and adult cochlear implantations were included. The included studies were subjected to risk-ofbias assessment using the National Institute of Health study quality assessment tool for case series. The review was duly registered with PROSPERO. Results: Of the 292 studies initially identified, 6(2%) were included for systematic review. Overall patient age ranged between 1-85 years. No significant use of facial recess width for defining intraoperative visibility could be found. The use of the distance between the round window and the facial nerve, the alpha angle, the angle beta and the prediction line were of significance. Conclusion: Radiological facial recess width had no significant use in determining the ease of access to the round window membrane. Keywords: Cochlear implants, Temporal bone, Round window, Middle ear, CT scan temporal bone. PROSPERO ID registration link: https://www.crd.york. ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD420261302451.

To report a case of Ewing sarcoma of maxillary sinus and review of literature. A 31-year-old female presented with the complain of left nasal blockage and intermittent epistaxis for the last 2 months. In January’24 She underwent biopsy which came our positive for Ewing Sarcoma. She presented to our hospital after getting her case discussed with multiple medical and radiological oncologists and otolaryngologist, where we wanted to opt a multi-disciplinary regime approach; chemotherapy followed by surgery. But our patient, despite of multiple visits and recommendations from medical oncologists for neoadjuvant chemotherapy, herself opted for upfront surgery followed by adjuvant chemo-radiation. Ewing Sarcoma is rare to occur in paranasal sinuses. Multiple RCTs are required to have a proper guideline and management plan. Endoscopic approaches should be preferred rather than open techniques as it is more favorable is terms of post-operative morbidity and complications. Counselling of such patients must include long term follow up.

Background Oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the leading cause of cancer in Pakistani males. With 17,000 new cases and 10,000 deaths caused by oral SCC annually, it is imperative to maintain an accurate record to highlight regional distribution, cause of mortality, quality of life, prevention strategies, and issues like under-reporting. Objectives This study aims to determine the quality of data entered at our institute’s registry (Aga Khan University Hospital; AKUH) and to identify the challenges faced while managing this registry. Methods The study includes all patients in our database who presented to AKUH from 2018–2020 and were diagnosed with primary oral SCC. Inclusion criteria for cancer sites was based on The International Classification of Diseases for Oncology ICD-0-3 guidelines. Variables from each patient in the CNExT database were selected and the data was analyzed for completeness, validity, and timeliness. Results In our study, 71% of cases were > 40 years of age with 82% being male. 59% had a history of smokeless tobacco use. Cheek mucosa was the most common site (55%) followed by the ventral surface of the tongue (19%), lower gum (7%) & others (21%). Out of the 200 cases, 59% were clinically staged as IVA, 13% as stage II, and 12.5% as stage III. 96% of patients underwent surgical excision while 63% and 57.5% received radiation and chemotherapy respectively. Disease-free survival was < 1 year for 21% of cases and 1–2 years for 25%. Recurrence was reported in 24% of cases. In addition, patients presenting with T4 disease and ENE positivity recurred earlier. 72% were lost to follow-up. The data was 100% complete with 98.5% validity but 0% timeliness, which reflected the backlog due to resource constraints. Conclusion Cancer registry data quality for HNSCC in LMIC can vary significantly, however, it provides a basis to quantify the cancer burden. Managing data quality has several limitations which can be addressed by capacity-building and bridging cancer registries through national and international collaborations. These initiatives can help improve data quality and enhance cancer control and healthcare planning in LMICs.

Introduction Urinary tract infections (UTIs) represent a rare postoperative complication following thyroidectomy. Objective This study aimed to assess the clinicodemographic factors associated with the development of UTIs and subsequent outcomes among patients undergoing thyroidectomy. Methods This retrospective study used the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database to analyze patients who underwent thyroidectomy from 2005 to 2019. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to identify risk factors and associations of UTIs with postoperative morbidity and mortality. Results In a cohort of 180,373 identified thyroidectomy patients, 0.28% contracted a UTI. Significant risk factors associated with UTIs included age > 60 years (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 2.187, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.618-2.956), female gender (OR 1.767, 95% CI 1.372-2.278), American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) Classification 3 to 5 (OR 1.463, 95% CI 1.185-1.805), partially (OR 4.267, 95% CI 2.510-7.253) or totally dependent functional health status (OR 9.658, 95% CI 4.170-22.370), pulmonary disease (OR1.907, 95% CI 1.295-2.808), chronic steroid therapy (OR 1.649, 95% CI 1.076-2.527), inpatient procedure (OR 1.507, 95% CI 1.251-1.814), and operative time > 150 minutes (OR 1.449, 95% CI 1.027-2.044). Additionally, UTIs were independently associated with postoperative complications, including pulmonary, vascular, or cardiac complication; stroke; acute renal failure; infectious complications; sepsis; septic shock; pneumonia; prolonged length of stay; unplanned reoperation; and mortality. Conclusion While UTIs are rare after thyroidectomy, they carry a significant burden on patient outcomes. Preoperative optimization of comorbidities and reducing operative times may help mitigate the risk of UTIs. Optimized care for postoperative UTI patients is also recommended to prevent complications and improve outcomes.

Objective: To assess whether three-wall surgical orbital decompression confers any benefit over two-wall surgical orbital decompression in terms of decrease in proptosis and new-onset diplopia. Method: The systematic review was conducted in 2020, and comprised literature search on Elton B. Stephens Co, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Wiley Cochrane Library, Web of Science and PubMed databases for studies published from 1948 to 2019 that compared two-wall (medial and inferior) endoscopic decompressions with three-wall decompression. Relevant data was extracted from the literature, and was subjected to qualitative assessment using Cochrane Effective Practice and Organisation of Care criterion by two researchers independently. Results: Of the 111 studies identified, 2(1.8%) met the eligibility criteria, with a total of 72 patients. Of them, 37(51.4%) patients had undergone two-wall decompression and 35(48.6%) had undergone three-wall decompression. There was significant difference seen with change in proptosis in the groups in favour of three-wall decompression (p=0.0003). New onset diplopia showed a greater trend towards two-wall decompression, but not significantly (p=0.39). Conclusion: Limited evidence was found to determine if three-wall orbital decompression is superior to two-wall orbital decompression for thyroid eye disease. Key Words: Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathies, Thyroid eye disease, Grave's ophthalmopathy.

After completing treatment for head and neck cancer (HNC), patients often face oral complications like oral pain, limited mouth opening and dry mouth which significantly reduce their oral health related quality of life (OHRQoL). These issues impact their overall well-being, social activities and long-term survival. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate OHRQoL and its association with sociodemographic characteristics, oral hygiene practices and oral clinical parameters such as oral hygiene status and oral mucositis grade in patients who have completed treatment for head and neck cancer. This cross-sectional study involved 79 HNC-treated patients within first year after completion of cancer treatment attending ENT and dental clinics at outpatient department (OPD) setting in Karachi. Data was collected electronically using structured questionnaire comprising of EORTC QLQ H&N – 35 to measure OHRQoL, patients were also examined for oral hygiene status using oral hygiene index- simplified (OHI-s) and oral mucositis grade using WHO oral mucositis scale. Multiple linear regression was used to test OHRQoL associations with the sociodemographic and different clinical factors. The result showed an overall mean score for oral health related quality of life (OHRQoL) of 25.02 ± 15.86 (95% CI 21.46–28.57), with difficulty in mouth opening 53.16 ± 18.88 and dry mouth 45.14 ± 24.48 being predominant concerns for decline in the OHRQoL in the population. Male predilection was observed among participants n = 60 (75.9%), majority of the participants n = 41 (51.9%) were below 52 years of age. n = 63 (80%) participants received radiotherapy alongside surgery and chemotherapy. Most of participants n = 66 (83.5%) experienced moderate to severe oral mucositis with poor oral hygiene status n = 56 (71%). Significant associations were found between OHRQoL and BMI, OH status, marital status, monthly income, gender and fluoride toothpaste (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that Quality of Life (QoL) among HNC treated patients is negatively impacted by their poor oral health, post cancer treatment. Therefore, it is important to evaluate and modify the current treatment modalities and involve multidisciplinary teams, to improve their OHRQoL thereby enhancing overall QoL.

Objectives: Tracheomalacia is defined as the weakening of the tracheal rings secondary to long-standing compression or inherent structural weakness, leading to stridor and airway compromise. The common etiological factor of tracheomalacia includes compression of the tracheal framework due to a large multinodular goiter. There are various management techniques described in the literature to manage a patient with tracheomalacia including tracheostomy, tracheal stenting, and tracheopexy. However, the evidence of tracheomalacia in the literature is conflicting. Therefore, a systematic review was conducted to estimate the incidence of tracheomalacia after thyroidectomy.Methods: The systematic review was conducted according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. A literature search was performed on PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane library, and Elton B. Stephens Co. cumulative index to nursing and allied health literature plus to determine the incidence of tracheomalacia among patients undergoing thyroidectomy up till October 2021. The eligibility was assessed by two independent authors. A quality assessment of individual studies was performed using the National Institute of Health quality assessment tool. Outcomes were double data extracted and were analyzed using OpenMeta.Results: The online search retrieved 214 papers, out of which 17 studies were included that fulfilled the eligibility criteria. The number of patients included in the systematic review who underwent thyroidectomy was 1108. The mean age was 55.8 ± 7.7 years, ranging from 48 to 75 years. Tracheomalacia was reported in 146 patients (1.4%). Sternotomy was performed in 102 patients to approach the goiters with retrosternal extension. The most common intervention to manage tracheomalacia was tracheostomy or prolonged intubation.Conclusions: Tracheomalacia is a rare complication. In cases where tracheomalacia is encountered, common methods of management include tracheostomy or prolonged endotracheal intubation. Prospective, long-term studies are required to accurately assess its true incidence and associated factors.

IntroductionPostoperative sepsis represents a rare complication following thyroidectomy. We aimed to explore the incidence, risk factors, sources, and outcomes of postoperative sepsis and septic shock among adult patients undergoing thyroidectomy.MethodsData from the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program were used in this retrospective cohort study. Patients aged ≥18 y who underwent elective thyroidectomy between 2005 and 2019 were included. Multivariable binary logistic regression models were computed to explore risk factors and outcomes of 30-d sepsis and septic shock.ResultsAmong the 180,373 included patients, 0.1% developed sepsis or septic shock. Male gender, low body mass index, American Society of Anesthesiologists classes 3-5, functional dependence, smoking, diabetes mellitus, pulmonary disease, inpatient surgery, malignant indication, clean-contaminated wound classification, and operation time ≥150 min were significant risk factors for development of sepsis or septic shock. Common infectious sources of sepsis included surgical site infections (29.6%), pneumonia (18.6%), urinary tract infections (16.2%), and multiple infections (6.9%). Patients with postoperative sepsis or septic shock were significantly more likely to develop complications, including wound disruption, stroke, cardiac and renal complications, thromboembolism, prolonged length of stay, unplanned reoperation, and mortality.ConclusionsSepsis is rare following thyroidectomy. Our study provides insight into risk factors and procedural characteristics which may contribute to the development of postoperative sepsis or septic shock in this population.

Approximately five billion people do not have access to necessary surgical treatment globally and up to 85% of children in LMICs are affected with conditions requiring surgical care by the age of 15 years. It is crucial to identify common surgical conditions in children in Pakistan to inform healthcare professionals and policymakers for effective resource allocation. This representative cross-sectional household survey conducted on children aged 5-10 years assessed existing surgical diseases and healthcare-seeking behaviors in the two largest provinces (Sindh and Punjab) of Pakistan. The data was collected through a validated cross-sectional survey tool [Surgeons OverSeas Assessment of Surgical Need (SOSAS)]. Caregivers were asked about their child's recent and past surgical conditions in six distinct anatomical regions and pictures were taken of identified conditions after appropriate consent for further diagnosis. Health-seeking behaviors including the kind of treatment sought, the nature of care received, and the reasons for not receiving care were noted. 13.5% of children surveyed reported a surgical condition, with a similar distribution across urban (13.2%) and rural (13.7) areas and the most common cause was trauma. The greatest number of surgical conditions were found to be on the head and neck region (57.7%), while the back accounted for the least number of conditions (1.7%). Our results outline a need for organizing all entities (governmental, non-governmental, and private) involved in child health to ensure efficient resource allocation to cater to existing surgical problems.

Introduction Despite the evidence against drain placement after thyroidectomy, there is a lack of consensus on drain use in patients with substernal goiter. Objective To assess the factors that increase the likelihood of drain placement and its impact on postoperative hematoma and other 30-day complications among adult patients undergoing thyroidectomy for substernal goiter. Methods A retrospective cohort study that used data from the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP). Adult patients (aged >= 18 years) who underwent elective thyroidectomy for substernal goiter from 2016 to 2020 were included. Cases with closed suction neck drains placed upon completion of surgery were included in the drain group, and the remaining cases formed the nondrain group. Results A total of 1,229 patients were included (46.5% with drain placement). The factors that increased the likelihood of drain placement included body mass index (BMI) >= 30 kg/m(2), score between 3 and 5 on the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status classification, sternal split/transthoracic surgical approach, operative time >= 90 minutes, and surgery conducted by otolaryngologists. Patients with clean-contaminated or contaminated wound classifications were less likely to be submitted to drain placement. In addition, drain use had no impact on postoperative hematoma formation but was found to independently increase the risk of prolonged length of hospital stay. Conclusion Thyroidectomy without drain placement might be safe for substernal goiter. However, this decision should be individualized for each patient. Level Of Evidence: 3

Objective: The importance and potential of the use of stem cells as therapeutic tools is enormous and therefore, health professionals should be expected to have thorough knowledge and a positive attitude towards their utilization in medical practice. Hence this study was carried out to report and assess the knowledge and attitude regarding stem cell in our region. Methodology: The study was conducted amongst the residents employed at the Aga Khan University hospital, Karachi Pakistan from September-October 2022 with a sample size of 57. Results: Amongst our survey participants, 33 (54.2%) responded with a score of 48 and above (i.e., 60% or above); 25 (40.9%) of the study participants scored between 50-60% only 3 (4.9%) had a score 40-50% Conclusion: Our survey shows a reasonable level of knowledge of the generic principles and implications Stem cell therapy amongst the residents Keywords: Stem cell, Head and Neck, Risk, Cell, Tissue, Therapy

We present a case that describes the airway management of a patient with recurrent head and neck cancer and confirmed COVID-19 infection. Securing airway of these patients with anticipated difficulty and at the same time limiting virus exposure to providers can be challenging. The risk of aerosolization during awake tracheal intubation is extreme as it carries a high risk of transmitting respiratory infections. A multidisciplinary team discussion before the procedure highlighted aspects of both airway management and the urgency of surgical procedure where particular care and modifications are required. Successful flexible bronchoscopy and intubation was done under inhalational anaesthetics with spontaneous breathing. Although fiberoptic intubation during sleep,in anticipated difficult airways, have led to enhanced intubation time, this technique was opted to minimize the risk of aerosol generation associated with topicalisation, coughing and hence reduced incidence of cross infection to health care workers.

Abstract Background Patients after completing their treatment for HNC, are often functionally challenged by the acute and chronic complications in the oral cavity such as oral pain, limited mouth opening, xerostomia etc. These complications are known to reduce their OHRQoL, because of restricted food intake, limited social activity and economic growth, therefore impacting their overall well-being and survival. This study aims to assess the OHRQoL and its associated sociodemographic factors, oral hygiene related factors and oral clinical parameters such as OH status and OM grade in HNC survivors within one-year post cancer treatment.Methodology This was a cross-sectional study performed among HNC survivors at the ENT and dental clinics of Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi. OHRQoL was assessed using EORTC QLQ H&N – 35, patients were examined for oral hygiene status using OHI- simplified and oral mucositis grade using WHO oral mucositis scale at one point in time. One sample t- test and multiple linear regression was used to test OHRQoL and its associations with the sociodemographic and clinical factors.Results The results of the study showed an overall higher mean score for OHRQoL of 25.02 ± 15.86 (95% CI 21.46–28.57), with difficulty in mouth opening and dry mouth because of salivary dysfunction among the most affected domains with higher symptoms scores in the study population. Significant association of OHRQoL were found with BMI, OH status, marital status, monthly income, gender and fluoride toothpaste use in HNC patients within one-year post cancer treatment (p < 0.05).Conclusion: High mean score for OHRQoL in HNC patients suggests their QoL is negatively impacted by their poor oral health post cancer treatment, therefore it is important to evaluate and modify the current treatment modalities and involve multidisciplinary teams, to improve their OHRQoL thereby enhancing overall QoL.

ABSTRACT Background Surgical conditions are responsible for up to 15% of total DALY lost globally. Worldwide estimates have found that approximately 4.8 billion people have no access to surgical care. Within South Asia, greater than 95% of the population does not have access to care for conditions that require surgical management. Considering that greater than 50% of the population in the least developed regions worldwide is children, the surgical burden amongst children in LMICs is immense. In this study we use the SOSAS and PediPIPES in TMK district to assess the surgical needs of children under-5, quality of health facilities, and care seeking behavior in the community. Material and Methods The research was reviewed and approved by the Aga Khan University (AKU) Ethical Review Committee (ERC) and the National Bioethics Committee (NBC). Confidentiality of all collected data was assigned high priority at each stage of data handling. Data was collected through the SOSAS and PediPIPES survey tools between November 2019 and February 2020 from a total of 3,643 households in the TMK, Sindh, Pakistan. The SOSAS survey was conducted by research associates trained for data collection. Household mothers provided information about their children and data was recorded electronically. Health facilities were assessed using PediPIPES survey form. Information was collected on hard copies from all 39 health care facilities in the district, including RHCs, BHUs, DCDs, and DHQ. Data was collected by core team and entered onto an excel sheet. Results A total of 3,643 households participated and information of 6,371 children was collected. A total of 1,794 children were identified to have 3,072 lesions that required surgical attention. We categorized the lesions requiring surgical care according to six regions of the body. Head and neck accounted for the greatest number of lesions (n = 1,697) and the most significant unmet surgical need (16.6%). The chest region had 102 lesions and the least unmet surgical need of 5.9%. The back accounted for 87 lesions with an unmet surgical need of 6.9%. The abdomen had 493 lesions and an unmet surgical need of 13.4%. A total of 169 lesions were found on buttocks/groin/genitalia region with an unmet surgical need of 14.8%, while extremities presented with 296 lesions amounting to 11.8% unmet surgical need. A total of 39 health facilities, consisting of one DHQ, three RHCs, 14 BHUs and 21 DCDs, were surveyed. Trained staff were only present at the DHQ. Basic procedures such as suturing, wound debridement, I&D were performed more commonly than the more complex procedures. Most hospitals were found to have a good availability of equipment and supplies. PediPIPES scores and indices were calculated for the 39 health facilities in the area. The DHQ was found to have the highest score. Conclusions This study holds great significance for evaluation of pediatric surgical burden in Pakistan. It provides important insight into the burden of children’s operative disease in Pakistan’s rural district of TMK. The results show a significant need for provision of surgical care and has important implications for the global operative community as well as for strengthening the local health system in Pakistan. This data is useful preliminary evidence that emphasizes the need to further evaluate interventions for strengthening surgical systems in rural Pakistan.

Mucosal melanomas can occur at various different sites and have an incidence of about 1% among all melanomas. They are usually diagnosed at an advanced stage with a poor prognosis, mostly because it is quite difficult to catch the early signs and symptoms of a mucosal melanoma due to its anatomic localization. In addition, the prognosis of oral melanomas is worse than the melanomas of skin as local recurrence is very common in patients with oral melanomas. Meticulous surgical excision with clear margins is the only potential curative option for mucosal melanoma. Here, we present a rare case of an oral mucosal melanoma of the left lower alveolar mucosa in a 32-year-old male patient.

Objectives To assess the incidence, risk factors, and complications of blood transfusions (BTs) in elective thyroidectomy patients. Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted using the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program. Adult patients who underwent elective thyroidectomy from 2005 to 2019 were divided into two cohorts based on whether they received BT or not. Multivariable binary logistic regression models were used to identify risk factors of BT and its impact on postoperative complications. Results Of 180,483 patients, 0.13% received BT. Risk factors for BT included underweight body mass index (BMI) (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 3.179, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.444–6.996), bleeding disorders (OR 2.121, 95% CI 1.149–3.913), anemia (OR 4.730, 95% CI 3.472–6.445), preoperative transfusion (OR 7.230, 95% CI 1.454–35.946), American Society of Anesthesiology physical statuses 3–5 (OR 3.103, 95% CI 2.143–4.492), operative time >150 min (OR 4.390, 95% CI 1.996–9.654), and inpatient thyroidectomy (OR 5.791, 95% CI 3.816–8.787). In addition, transfusion was independently associated with any postoperative complication, non‐infectious, cardiac, pulmonary, renal, vascular, or infectious complications, surgical site infection, sepsis, septic shock, wound disruption, pneumonia, unplanned reoperation, prolonged length of stay, and mortality. Conclusion Recognition of risk factors of BT is imperative to identify at‐risk patients and reduce transfusions by controlling modifiable risk factors such as anemia, operative time, and BMI. In cases where transfusions are still indicated, surgeons should optimize care to prevent or adequately manage transfusion‐associated complications. Level of Evidence 3 Laryngoscope , 132:2078–2084, 2022

Surgical conditions are responsible for up to 15% of total Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALY) lost globally. Approximately 4.8 billion people have no access to surgical care and this studies aim is to assess the surgical disease burden in children under the age of five years. We used Surgeons OverSeas Assessment of Surgical Need (SOSAS) and Pediatric Personnel, Infrastructure, Procedures, Equipment, and Supplies (PediPIPES) survey tools in Tando Mohammad Khan (TMK). A set of photographs of lesions were also taken for review by experts. All the data was recorded electronically via an android application. The current surgical need was defined as the caregiver’s reported surgical problems in their children and the unmet surgical need was defined as a surgical problem for which the respondent did not access care. Descriptive analysis was performed. Information of 6,371 children was collected. The study identified 1,794 children with 3,072 surgical lesions. Categorization of the lesions by the six body regions suggested that head and neck accounted for the greatest number of lesions (55.2%) and the most significant unmet surgical need (16.6%). The chest region had the least unmet surgical need of 5.9%. A large percentage of the lesions were managed at a health care facility, but the treatment essentially consisted of mainly medical management (87%), and surgical treatment was provided for only 11% of lesions. The health facility assessment suggested that trained personnel including surgeons, anesthetic, or trained nurses were only available at one hospital. Basic procedures such as suturing and wound debridement were only performed frequently. This study suggests a high rate of unmet surgical need and a paucity of trained health staff and resources in this rural setting of Pakistan. The government needs to make policies and ensure funding so that proper trained staff and supplies can be ensured at district level.

Introduction The coverage of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) immunization uptake has been impacted by the acceptance of regular vaccine uptake and, like many other vaccination attempts in the past, it also faces issues of vaccine hesitancy. Through this study, we hoped to assess the conspiracy theories and beliefs attached to the COVID-19 vaccination efforts in Pakistan Methods This study was conducted among the general population of Pakistan, aged 16 and above, from April 29 to May 29, 2021. The data was collected through English and Urdu questionnaires by a method of convenient sampling. A total of 600 participants were asked to fill in 34 questions pertaining to vaccine hesitancy and conspiracies. We used the Modified Kuppuswamy Socioeconomic Scale, Kuppuswamy Socioeconomic Scale, Conspiracy Mentality Questionnaire (CMQ), and Vaccine Conspiracy Belief Scale (VCBS) as our questions. Results A total of 591 participants responded to our questionnaire. The majority were females (56.7%), had an undergraduate degree (41.5%), and belonged to the upper middle socioeconomic class (40%). Factors like occupation (p=0.001), education (p=0.001), socioeconomic status (p<0.001), any family member who contracted coronavirus (p=0.016), source of knowledge (p=0.002), and total monthly income (p<0.001) were found to be statistically significant. Conclusion The findings of this study suggest that conspiracy theories and misinformation about vaccinations are prevalent in our region. They are influenced by propaganda and negative cultural values among the population To combat and restrict the spread of this problem, our study can provide useful data to develop more appropriate policy measures.