The effect of different types of contractions (eccentric/concentric) has gained attention in the last years, where it was suggested that eccentric training would promote better results regarding the muscle mass development, affecting the functionality of older adults PURPOSE: Analyze the effect of 16-weeks of eccentric and concentric training on functionality and body composition of older adults. METHODS: Sixteen-weeks of strength training with an emphasis on concentric/eccentric contractions were applied in 35 older adults, which were randomized into three groups: Eccentric Training N=12 (ET); Concentric Training N=12 (CT) and Control Group = 11 (CG). Functionality was analyzed through the timed up and go test (TUG), 30-second chair test, and handgrip strength. Body composition was accessed through the amount of lean body mass (LBM) and body fat (%BF), analyzed with a Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA). Muscle thickness of biceps brachialis (BTH) and femoris rectus (FRTH) were accessed with an ultrasound (Eco III CHSON). All the analyses were made at the beginning of the intervention and after 16-weeks of the training protocol. RESULTS: TUG was significantly lower in ET and CT compared to CG after 16 weeks of strength training (13.6 ± 0.7 to 17.02 ± 0.7 and 13.8 ± 0.6 to 17.02 ± 0.7 with p=0.001) without significant difference between intervention groups. The 30-second chair test was significantly higher in ET and CT compared to CG (11.9 ± 0.73 to 6.1 ± 0.71 with p= 0.001 and 10.9 ± 0.64 to 6.1 ± 0.71 with p=0.01 respectively). Hand Grip was statistically better in ET and CT compared to CG (21.5 ± 0.50 to 17.2 ± 0.5 with p= 0.001 and 21.4 ± 0.46 to 17.2 ± 0.5 with p=0.002). The %BF reductions were 6% higher in ET compared to CT and 19% higher compared to CG. BTH was significantly higher in ET compared to CG (0.46 ± 0.143 cm to 0.08 ± 0.137 with p=0.001) without differences between ET and CT. FRTH was significantly higher at the end of 16 weeks in ET and CT compared to the pre-test (2.40 ± 0.2 to 2.67 ± 0.19 cm with p=0.001 and 2.35 ± 0.193 to 2.61 ± 0.1 cm with p=0.05), with the control group presenting a significant decrease (2.58 ± 0.19 cm to 2.36 ± 0.18 cm with p=0.001) CONCLUSIONS: Both ET and CT promote improvements in the functionality and the body composition of older adults; however, no statistical change was observed between ET/CT groups.

BACKGROUND: Caffeine has dose-dependent benefits on endurance, but the effect of different doses of caffeine on strength are inconclusive. PURPOSE: We aimed to analyze the acute effect of different doses of caffeine on strength and metabolic stress in recreationally trained men. METHODS: The effect of different doses of caffeine on strength, creatine phosphokinase (CPK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and uric acid (AU) were assessed in 17 recreationally active young adults (19.2 ± 2.5 yrs of age), who performed three tests, separated by 14 days between trials. Day one involved collection of baseline data and brief explanation of the strength test protocol. The protocol used to analyze the effect of different doses of caffeine on strength was examined by three different exercises (bench press (BP); deadlift (DL); and squats (SQ) following a 10 RM test protocol. Blood samples were collected immediately upon arrival to the laboratory, followed by consumption of a standardized isocaloric shake along with capsules containing different doses of caffeine: 6mg • kg -1 (CF1), 8mg • kg -1 (CF2), or placebo (CG). Another blood sample was collected 45 minutes after caffeine/placebo consumption and immediately after the execution of each exercise. The supplementation followed a double-blind, randomized model. RESULTS: The strength on BP, DL and SQ statistically improved between CG and CF2 (BP 98.5 ± 3.2 to 106.7 ± 2.7; DL 123.2 ± 6.5 to 138.3 ± 9.1; SQ 116.4 ± 7.9 to 135.1 ± 5.7 p=0.01); no other statistical differences were observed for strength outcomes. CPK statistically improved in CF2 in comparison to CF1 and CG one hour after strength tests (198.1 ± 10.1U/L to 171.8 ± 7.4U/L and 198.1 ± 10.1 U/Lto 169.4 ± 11.2 U/L with p=0.001). The LDH levels were significantly higher in CF2 after the third exercise compared to CG and CF1 (229.1 ± 8.3 U/L to 179.3 ± 11.4 U/L and 229.1 ± 8.3 U/L to 220 229.1 ± 13.2 U/L with p=0.001). AU levels were significant higher in CF2 at 60 minutes posttest compared to GC (7.1 ± 0.8 mg/dL to 5.5 ± 0.6 mg/dL with p=0.01). CONCLUSION: An 8 mg • kg -1 dosage of caffeine seems to be more effective than 6 mg • kg -1 and placebo for improving strength levels on BP, DL and SQ. In addition, higher doses of caffeine increased LDH and uric acid concentrations compared to other treatments, which may imply a higher oxidative stress condition.

The aim of this study was to investigate the weight loss behaviors among Brazilian professional mixed martial arts (MMA) athletes. One hundred and seventy nine Brazilian professional MMA athletes (164 males and 15 females; age: median 25 years, range = 19–37 years) from different regions of the country answered an adapted version of a questionnaire developed to characterize weight loss behavior. In addition, questionnaire scores were associated with extremes in behavior. All athletes stated that they had engaged in weight loss procedures to make weight for competition and ~ 35% had engaged in weight loss procedures twice in the last season, usually losing a magnitude of up to 10% of their body mass. About 26% started their weight loss procedures in a time span of 30 days prior to competition. When athletes were analyzed by sex and weight classes, no significant differences were found in the questionnaire score. In contrast, international level athletes showed significant differences in the questionnaire score when compared to state (P < 0.001) and national (P < 0.05) level athletes. Athletes also reported always use a combination of gradual diet (64.2%), restricting fluid intake (62.6%), and sweat suits (55.9%) as methods to cut weight. Additionally, athletes reported the usage of diuretics (~ 49%) and laxatives (~ 32%) at least once in their professional MMA carrier. The most influential sources of weight management behaviors were coaches, training partners, and physical trainers. Brazilian professional MMA athletes commonly undergo weight loss procedures through harmful and illegal methods regardless of sex, weight class, although international level athletes demonstrated weight management behavior that was found to be even more aggressive.

The aim of this study was to examine the cardiac autonomic nervous system differences following either continuous vs. discontinuous exercise in males and females. Forty-seven healthy male and female subjects (M=19, F=28; Age=36.95 +/- 13.79) underwent a baseline test for VO (2peak) and tilt table testing. They were assigned to a one-month control period before returning to repeat the testing and then begin one month of either continuous aerobic treadmill work for 30min at 70% peak heart rate (N=23) or 3 bouts of 10min at 70% of peak heart rate with two 10-min break periods in between (N=24). Following exercise, both groups demonstrated a significant improvement in VO (2peak) (p<0.001). Treatment differences were detected while tilted in continuous as a decreases in the percentage of instances within an hour that the normal sinus interval exceeds 50ms (p=0.036) and in the high-frequency component (p=0.023). While supine, the discontinuous group saw reduction in heart rate (p=0.004), and an increase in high-frequency (p=0.018). These data suggest that for healthy people either continuous or discontinuous aerobic training is effective in improving measures of fitness; however discontinuous is better able to improve supine indices of vagal activity on heart rate variability.

Current literature indicates that positive results were obtained on strength, hypertrophy, power, and cognitive performance when strength training protocols were chronically applied in the elderly. Twelve weeks appears to be enough to improve strength and cognitive performance. On the other hand, the age range was large, starting with 60 years through 90 years old in the same study. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine if elderly individuals aged 60 years old to less than 70 years old presented different responses in strength and cognitive performance after 12 weeks of a strength training program. METHODS: Thirty elderly women were separated into a control group (CG) (n=7), 60 years old group (G60) (n=14) and 70 years old group (G70) (n=9). The participants had body mass, height, upper lean limbs (ULL), lower lean limbs (LLL), and cognitive performance measured after answered the Montreal Cognitive Assesment (MoCA). The data was analyzed was via a one-way ANOVA with p<0.05. RESULTS: The CG indicated a difference between the G60 and G70 (p=0.05) for ULS, LLS, and MoCA, while G60 and G70 had no significant differences in strength capacity and cognitive performance. CONCLUSIONS: After 12 weeks of a strength training program all groups improved strength capacity and cognitive performance compared to CG, however no differences were observed between G60 and G70.

The purpose of this study was to compare the hemodynamic, arterial stiffness, and blood flow changes after 4 weeks of either continuous or discontinuous aerobic exercise in adults. Forty-seven subjects between the ages of 18 and 57 were recruited for 1 month of either continuous aerobic treadmill work for 30 minutes at 70% max heart rate or 3 bouts of 10 minutes of exercise at 70% of max heart rate with two 10 minutes break periods in between, totaling 30 minutes of aerobic work. After exercise, both continuous (CON) and discontinuous (DIS) groups demonstrated a significant improvement in maximal oxygen uptake (<(V) over dot>O(2)max, CON 35.39 +/- 1.99 to 38.19 +/- 2.03; DIS 36.18 +/- 1.82 to 39.33 +/- 1.75), heart rate maximum (CON 183.5 +/- 3.11 to 187.17 +/- 3.06; DIS 179.06 +/- 2.75 to 182 +/- 2.61), decreases in systolic blood pressure (CON 119 +/- 1.82 to 115.11 +/- 1.50; DIS 117.44 +/- 1.90 to 112.67 +/- 1.66), diastolic blood pressure (CON 72.56 +/- 1.65 to 70.56 +/- 1.06; DIS 71.56 +/- 1.59 to 69.56 +/- 1.43), augmentation index (CON 17.17 +/- 2.17 to 14.9 +/- 1.92; DIS 19.71 +/- 2.66 to 13.91 +/- 2.46), central pulse wave velocity (CON 8.29 +/- 0.32 to 6.92 +/- 0.21; DIS 7.85 +/- 0.30 to 6.83 +/- 0.29), peripheral pulse wave velocity (CON 9.49 +/- 0.35 to 7.72 +/- 0.38; DIS 9.11 +/- 0.37 to 7.58 +/- 0.47), and significant increases in average forearm blood flow (CON 4.06 +/- 0.12 to 4.34 +/- 0.136; DIS 4.26 +/- 0.18 to 4.53 +/- 0.15), peak forearm blood flow (FBF) after reactive hyperemia (CON 28.45 +/- 0.094 to 29.96 +/- 0.45; DIS 29.29 +/- 0.46 to 30.6 +/- 0.38), area under the curve (AUC) of FBF (CON 28.65 +/- 1.77 to 30.4 +/- 1.08; DIS 30.52 +/- 1.9 to 31.67 +/- 1.44), and AUC peak FBF after reactive hyperemia (CON 222.3 +/- 5.68 to 231.95 +/- 4.42; DIS 230.81 +/- 6.91 to 237.19 +/- 5.39). These data suggest that for healthy people either 4 weeks of continuous or discontinuous aerobic training is effective in improving measures of fitness and vascular health.

Healthy aging is a challenge to the world population, not only due to age related cognitive impairment but also dinapenia and sarcopenia which can affect strength dependent activities. Therefore, it is of interest to evaluate the effects of strength training concurrent with cognitive performance. The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of 12 weeks of strength training on cognitive performance changes in overweight older women. Twenty-one elderly overweight women were recruited and divided into a Control group (n = 5) and Intervention Group (n = 16). Participants had body mass, height, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, waist to height ratio, Upper Lean Limbs (ULL) Lower Lean Limbs, (LLL) and cognitive performance measured. To evaluate differences between the control group and intervention group, a 2-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc comparison was used. The results indicate that after the intervention period with strength training, there were no differences in anthropometric variables. However, significant differences were found (p <0.05) in ULL, LLL and cognitive performance. Strength training in elderly overweight women exerts positive effects on upper and lower limb strength and also increases cognitive performance.

Resistance training is considered a beneficial strategy to reduce the impact of high glycemic levels in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is considered one of the most common pathologies during pregnancy, affecting pregnant women and their children both during the pregnancy and after birth. High glycemic index and type 2 diabetes (DM2) are also associated with macrosomia during and after pregnancy. PURPOSE: Analyze the chronic effect of 9 months of resistance training on glycemic levels and macrosomia incidence in 54 pregnant women. METHODS: Fifty-four pregnant women without any complications related to DM and who were completely inactive before the study were recruited. Participants were randomized into two groups: a control group (CG) who remained inactive during the 9 months of pregnancy or an intervention group (IG) who performed resistance training (60% of 1 RM x 3 times per week). Training was progressively increased every two weeks to sustain the intensity of training. Glucose levels were analyzed before and after the training protocols and two months after pregnancy. The APGAR score was used to determinate the health of the newborn and the incidence of macrosomia. The weight gained during the pregnancy was used to compare CG to IG. RESULTS: A significant difference between CG and IG was observed on glycemic levels during the last 3 months of intervention (122 ± 8.5 to 105 ± 7.2 mg/dl p=0.012). Weight gain was significantly lower in IG compared to CG (21% less, p<0.05). Fetal macrosomia incidence was significantly lower in IG compared to CG (4.32 ± 1.2 to 13.19 ± 3.9 p=0.001). CONCLUSION: Regular resistance exercise appears to be a good strategy to avoid GDM, eliciting positive outcomes during the pregnancy and afterwards. The reduction of glycemic levels were significantly correlated in reducing the risks related to macrosomia.

Although the benefits of caffeine on aerobic performance have been well-established, knowledge about the effect of different doses of caffeine on strength and mechanisms related to calcium release, such as inhibition of specific phosphodiesterases and antagonistic actions at the level of adenosine receptors are lacking. We aimed to analyze these effects on resistance exercises. PURPOSE: Analyze the acute effect of different doses of caffeine on strength and calcium release in recreationally trained men. METHODS: The effect of different doses of caffeine on strength, calcium release, RPE, and TG were assessed in 13 recreationally active young adults (age 19 ± 2 yrs), who performed three tasks on three different occasions with a washout of 14 days between sessions. Day one involved collecting baseline data and acclimating participants to the protocol to determine the weight loads at each subject’s 10 RM. Participants were instructed to avoid food or beverages that may contain caffeine two days before the tests. The effect of different doses of caffeine on strength was evaluated in three different resistance exercises: bench press (BP); deadlift (DL); and squats (SQ). Blood samples were collected immediately upon arrival to the laboratory, followed by consumption of a standardized isocaloric shake along with capsules containing different doses of caffeine: 6mg • kg -1 (CF1); 8mg • kg -1 (CF2); or placebo (CG). A additional blood samples were collected 45 minutes after caffeine/placebo consumption and immediately after the execution of each exercise. The supplementation followed a double-blind, randomized model. RESULTS: The strength on BP, DL and SQ statistically improved between CG and CF2 (BP 94.3 ± 5.2 to 101.4 ± 3.4; DL 120.7 ± 7.7 to 136.3 ± 7.09; SQ 119.4 ± 7.4 to 132.1 ± 5.2 p<0.05). Although a strength increase was found at CF2 compared to CF1, no other statistical differences were found (BP 98.1 ± 3.8 to 101.4 ± 3.4; DL 130.2 ± 8.3 to 136.3 ± 7.09; SQ 129.5 ± 8.01 to 132.1 ± 5.2 p=0.001). Calcium release statistically improved in CF2 in comparison to CF1 and CG (10.9 ± 0.2 to 8.9 ± 0.4 and 10.9 to 8.3 ± 0.2 p=0.001). CONCLUSION: An 8 mg • kg -1 dose of caffeine seems to be more effective than 6 mg • kg -1 for improving strength levels in the BP, DL and SQ; these enhancements were directly related to improvements in calcium release during CF2.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to verify the effect of the rapid weight loss (RWL) induced by the restriction of fluids at different moments on the manual grip strength in mixed martial art (MMA) athletes. METHODS: Twenty-seven male amateur MMA athletes (age 24.0 ± 5.3 years, height 175 ± 8.2 cm, body mass 76.0 ± 14.66 kg) and twenty-three women (age 19,0 ± 6,9 years; height 164,0 ± 6,1 cm; body mass 66,0 ± 6,70 kg) participated in this study. All athletes had BM, handgrip strength, and hydration status assessed at baseline (10 days before the onset of RWL), the official match weigh-in, and again 24 h later (match time). RESULTS: A repeated measures ANOVA showed for men and women, basal body weight (male: 75,0 ± 2,0; female: 66,1 ± 6,7) was significantly higher than at the time of weighing (male: 65,2 ± 2.1; woman: 56,9 ± 4,9) and match time (male: 68,5 ± 2,1, female: 59,6 ± 6,1). Density for males was higher at baseline (1.039 ± 0.1) compared to 24 h later (1.018 ± 0.1). However, women presented a difference in density for the three moments (baseline: 1,040 ± 0,2 > 1,030 ± 1,0 > 1,017 ± 0,1). In the handgrip for men it was evidenced difference between baseline (44,2 ± 13,8) and weighing (40,3 ± 17,7); however for women not found difference. CONCLUSIONS: Rapid weight loss showed to reduce significantly manual grip strength. In addition, was observed that this technique leads the athlete to dehydration. This would possibly interfere in a negative way in the performance of the athletes. In this way, the subjective criterion of a supposed advantage in the reduction and supercompensation of the weight must be well planned so that there is no deleterious effect on the performance and health of the athlete.

Background To determine the effects of a low dose, short-term Creatine monohydrate (Cr) supplementation (0.03 g.kg.d−1 during 14 d) on muscle power output in elite youth soccer players.Methods Using a two-group matched, double blind, placebo-controlled design, nineteen male soccer players (mean age = 17.0 ± 0.5 years) were randomly assigned to either Cr (N = 9) or placebo (N = 10) group. Before and after supplementation, participants performed a 30s Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT) to assess peak power output (PPO), mean power output (MPO), fatigue index (FI), and total work.Results There were significant increases in both PPO and MPO after the Cr supplementation period (P ≤ 0.05) but not the placebo period. There were also significant increases in total work, but not FI, after the Cr supplementation and placebo periods (P ≤ 0.05). Notably, there were differences in total work between the Cr and placebo groups after (P ≤ 0.05) but not before the 14 d supplementation period.Conclusion There is substantial evidence to indicate that a low-dose, short-term oral Cr supplementation beneficially affected muscle power output in elite youth soccer players.

The amount of time that older adults exercise is influenced by their fitness, physical function, and self-efficacy to participate in physical activity. As the population of older adults is continuing to increase and become more diverse, it will be important to recognize and investigate differences among them, including variance in exercise time. The usefulness of self-report instrumentation by older adults to determine the optimal amount of time spent exercising to enhance fitness components and physical function is still largely unknown. PURPOSE: To investigate the relationship between self-reported exercise habits, fitness levels, and physical function among healthy older adult women. METHODS: Two groups of older adult women (mage = 69 years) were instructed to continue their normal routines of attending group exercise classes at the local YWCO for a 10-week period. Group 1 (n=15) self-reported a weekly average that was equal to or lower than 360 minutes of exercise per week. Group 2 (n=15) consisted of those participants who reported averaging more than 360 minutes of exercise per week. The Senior Fitness Test (SFT) was used to assess the overall fitness and physical function of both groups of participants at baseline, after five weeks, and again after 10 weeks of exercising. RESULTS: Statistical analysis showed no significant interaction effect for time*group (p<.05) for chair stands [F(2,52)=2.288, p=.112], arm curls [F(2,52)=2.138, p=.128], 2min step [F(2,52)=1.048, p=.358], chair sit & reach [F(2,52)=1.290, p=.284], and back scratch tests [F(2,52)=1.102, p=.340]. However, a significant interaction effect existed for time*group for the 8-foot Up & Go test [F(2,52)=4.685, p=.013]. CONCLUSION: Study findings suggest that perhaps 360 minutes of exercise per week in a community-based setting such as the Athens YWCO is the threshold for considerably improving mobility, coordination, and dynamic balance as measured by the 8-foot Up & Go task in older adult women. Also, further consideration should be given to utilizing tests similar to the 8-foot Up & Go that are designed to be more sensitive and complex when assessing the physical fitness of older adults. 251 Board #72 May 31 9:30 AM 11:00 AM Preliminary Validation Of The Virtual Short Physical Performance Battery In Older Adults With Multiple Sclerosis Rachel Klaren-Bollaert, Robert W. Motl, Anthony P. Marsh. University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL. University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL. Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC. Email: klaren2@illinois.edu (No relationships reported) PURPOSE: There are relatively few measures for studying physical function involving older adults with multiple sclerosis (MS), including non-supervised outcomes administered within a patient’s home. However, such measures are necessary considering the prevalence and associated consequences of MS and aging on physical function. The objective of this study was to perform a preliminary examination of the validity of the virtual Short Physical Performance Battery (vSPPB) and its associations with objectively-measured levels of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and cognitive function. METHODS: A sample of 30 older adults with MS (≥60 years of age) underwent assessments of cognitive function, completed a battery of lower and upper extremity function assessments, including the vSPPB, and wore an accelerometer for a 7-day period. Spearman correlations (r) were conducted based on an expected differential pattern of associations with measures of upper and lower extremity function and for MVPA and cognitive function. RESULTS: vSPPB scores demonstrated strong associations with measures of lower extremity function (r=0.55−0.81), and weak associations with a measure of upper extremity function (r=0.16). The total SPPB (9.2 (2.3)) and vSPPB (6.9 (2.4)) scores were similar and moderately correlated (r=0.76) and the component scores of the SPPB and vSPPB were moderately to strongly correlated (r=0.41−0.58). Total vSPPB scores demonstrated moderate associations with minutes of MVPA per day (r=0.46). There were no significant associations between vSPPB scores and any of the cognitive measures. CONCLUSION: We provide preliminary evidence that supports the validity of scores from the vSPPB as a measure of perceived lower extremity function that provides unique information for inclusion in clinical research and practice involving older adults with MS. 252 Board #73 May 31 9:30 AM 11:00 AM Beneficial Effects of Senior Functional Fitness to Manage Blood Pressure in Community-dwelling Older Adults Sz Ming Fang, Michael-S Lo, Linda L. Lin, Chiao-Hsin Chen, Yueh-Chang Tsai. Institute of Physical Education ,Health and Leisure Studies, Tainan, Taiwan. Email: penguin811012@gmail.com (No relationships reported) PURPOSE: To investigate the relationships and difference of senior functional fitness between varied levels of blood pressure (BP) and functional fitness assessments with community-dwelling older adults. METHOD: 1003 community-dwelling residents aged 65to 95(Male, n=384, age =74yrs; female, n=615, age =69yrs) volunteered to participate in the study during 2010-2015. Participants completed 6 functional fitness tests, blood pressure measured and a health-screening questionnaire. The senior functional fitness including flexibility, muscle strength, muscle endurance, aerobic endurance, and body agility/dynamic balance. The classification of Blood Pressure for Adults :Normal systolic blood Copyright © 2017 by the American College of Sports Medicine. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.

Dehydration is a common event associated with exercise. However, few studies have examined the effects of dehydration on plasma redox status in humans. Eighty-two athletes were recruited and baseline anthropometrics and blood samples were obtained. Athletes then engaged in a dehydration protocol, training until 3% of preweight body mass was lost. Athletes returned to the lab and had postdehydration blood collected. Athletes then consumed an isotonic drink until pre-exercise body weight was reestablished. Blood was then recollected (1 h post full rehydration (PFR)). Samples were centrifuged and the plasma snap frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -80 °C. Lipid and protein oxidative stress was determined by measuring F2-isoprostanes and protein carbonyls (PC), respectively. Antioxidant capacity was determined by the ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) and trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assays. Plasma osmolality was determined using an osmometer. Statistical analysis utilized a 1-way ANOVA with posthoc testing. Values are reported as mean ± SD. Plasma osmolality was significantly elevated immediately postdehydration (p ≤ 0.001) but decreased to baseline at PFR. Plasma TEAC increased immediately postdehydration and at PFR (p ≤ 0.001). FRAP increased immediately postdehydration (p ≤ 0.001) and decreased to below baseline at PFR (p ≤ 0.05). Conversely, F2-isoprostanes declined significantly from baseline to immediately postdehydration and then significantly rose at PFR (p ≤ 0.001), whereas PC declined at PFR (p ≤ 0.01). This study indicates that dehydration and exercise cause a significant increase in plasma osmolality and antioxidant potential immediately postexercise. We propose dehydration significantly elevates antioxidant concentration which suppresses F2-isoprostanes and PC.

In competitions of grappling combat sports such as judo and wrestling, athletes generally perform rapid weight loss procedures in an attempt to gain competitive advantage. In the case of Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu (BJJ), also a grappling combat sport, where competitors are divided into categories whose criteria are age, belt color, and body mass (weight), it is possible that this same condition occurs. PURPOSE: analyze the prevalence, magnitude, and weight loss methods and identify the symptoms related to this practice in athletes of BJJ who took part in a world-class competition held in Curitiba-Paraná-Brazil. METHODS: the sample consisted of BJJ male athletes (n = 17; age: 23.12 ± 6.2) with 6:35 ± 3:10 years of experience in competitions who participated of the Jiu-Jitsu Curitiba Open, competing in the Lightweight (76kg) adult purple belt class. The Rapid Weight Loss Questionnaire adapted for BJJ was applied in order to evaluate the prevalence, magnitude, and weight loss methods. A symptoms-list question added to the questionnaire aimed identify the main symptoms experienced by the athletes. RESULTS: All 17 athletes reduced their weight to take part in the competition and the weight loss magnitude was 2.68 ± 1.4 kg (3.5 ± 1.4%) in an average of 9 days. Using a gradual diet (100%), exercising more than usual (82.4%) and decreasing fluid intake (64.7%) were the most cited weight loss methods. Moreover, athletes also reported the use of laxatives (23.5%), and diuretics (23.5%) which are regarded as doping substances. Among the symptoms, athletes recorded have experienced during the weight loss process, dizziness (11.8%), moments of excessive heat (11.8%), and sickness (11.8%). CONCLUSION: weight loss was highly prevalent in the sample. However, the athletes had a reasonable magnitude of weight loss when compared with another combat sports athletes, which can be related to the organization of the competition. Once the weigh-in takes place immediately before the fight and athletes do not have time to regain the weight they have lost, large reductions in body weight (>5%) could negatively influence their sport performance. Moreover, some of them have used methods that are illegal and can be harmful to health and competitive performance, and can be related to the symptoms that they reported having experienced during weight loss.

Abstract Sommerfield, LM, McAnulty, SR, McBride, JM, Zwetsloot, JJ, Austin, MD, Mehlhorn, JD, Calhoun, MC, Young, JO, Haines, TL, and Utter, AC. Validity of urine specific gravity when compared with plasma osmolality as a measure of hydration status in male and female NCAA collegiate athletes. J Strength Cond Res 30(8): 2219–2225, 2016—The purpose of this study was to evaluate the response of urine specific gravity (Usg) and urine osmolality (Uosm) when compared with plasma osmolality (Posm) from euhydration to 3% dehydration and then a 2-hour rehydration period in male and female collegiate athletes. Fifty-six National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) wrestlers (mean ± SEM); height 1.75 ± 0.01 m, age 19.3 ± 0.2 years, and body mass (BM) 78.1 ± 1.8 kg and 26 NCAA women's soccer athletes; height 1.64 ± 0.01 m, age 19.8 ± 0.3 years, and BM 62.2 ± 1.2 kg were evaluated. Hydration status was obtained by measuring changes in Posm, Uosm, Usg, and BM. Male and female subjects dehydrated to achieve an average BM loss of 2.9 ± 0.09% and 1.9 ± 0.03%, respectively. Using the medical diagnostic decision model, the sensitivity of Usg was high in both the hydrated and dehydrated state for males (92%) and females (80%). However, the specificity of Usg was low in both the hydrated and dehydrated states for males (10 and 6%, respectively) and females (29 and 40%, respectively). No significant correlations were found between Usg and Posm during either the hydrated or dehydrated state for males or females. Based on these results, the use of Usg as a field measure of hydration status in male and female collegiate athletes should be used with caution. Considering that athletes deal with hydration status on a regular basis, the reported low specificity of Usg suggests that athletes could be incorrectly classified leading to the unnecessary loss of competition.

Aging is a degenerative process marked by recognized functional, physiological, and metabolic impairments, such as dynapenia and diminished cognitive capacity. Therefore, the search for innovative strategies to prevent/delay these physiological and cognitive disorders is essential to guarantee the independence and life quality of an elderly population. The aim of this work is to verify the effect of a 12-week resistance exercise program on the general physical aptitude and cognitive capacities of elderly and sedentary women. Twenty-nine women (65.87±5.69 years) were divided into two groups. The control group was composed of eight elderly women who met the same inclusion criteria of the study and the strength training group was composed of 29 elderly women who were subjected to a resistance exercise program defined by 12 upper and lower limb exercises combined in 3×10 repetitions with 1-minute interval between repetitions and two resting minutes between exercises (three times/week). Weight loads were fixed between 60% and 75% of the apparent 1 repetition maximum, which was estimated by the test of 10 maximum repetitions. The direct curl was performed for upper body strength evaluation with 2.3 kg dumbbells for 30 seconds, whereas the chair test was used for lower body evaluation (total sit-stand movements in 30 seconds). The cognitive capacities of subjects were evaluated by "The Montreal Cognitive Assessment" questionnaire. After 12 weeks, the elderly group showed significant increases in the average upper body strength (58%), lower body strength (68%), and cognitive capacity (19%). The present study demonstrated that regular resistance exercises could provide significant gains on the upper and lower body strength concomitant to positive improvements on cognitive capacities of elderly women, bringing enhanced life quality.

As Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu (BJJ) is a frequent option for adolescents worldwide, the high quantity of movement should modify motor behavior and improve the fitness condition and physiological control in young practitioners. PURPOSE: Verify the differences in fitness conditioning and metabolic responses in teenaged BJJ athletes. METHODS: Thirty-nine subjects voluntarily participated in this study and were divided according to 3 groups: 1) 13 Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu athlete group (BJJ), 2) 13 active teenager group (AT) and 3) 13 sedentary teenager group (ST). All BJJ students had more than one year of practice and one championship with BJJ experience. The anthropometric profile (weight, height, waist circumference, waist to height ratio, % body fat, muscle mass), flexibility capacity with sit and reach test, maximum oxygen intake (VO2max) yo-yo test, fasting glucose, and lipid profile (TC, HDL, TG, LDL and VLDL) were obtained. Statistical analysis consisted of descriptive methods containing the mean, standard deviation and Shapiro Wilks normality test. To detect differences between groups a one-way ANOVA with post hoc Tukey tests were conducted with an alpha significance level of p<0.05. RESULTS: Body composition measures were not found to be significant. Regarding of the fitness conditioning, we verify that adolescents competing in BJJ presented better flexibility capacity p=0.01 and lower values of the components of lipid profile p=0.01 (LDL and triacylglycerol) when compared to AT and ST groups of teenagers. CONCLUSION: The findings in this study indicate that the BJJ athletes have better flexibility and lower levels of LDL-C and triacylglycerol, when compared to active and sedentary teenagers not participating in BJJ.

419 Board #256 June 1, 9:30 AM 11:00 AM Effect Of Different Verbal Commands On Perceptual, Affective And Physiological Performance Responses Of Running In Recreational Runners. Sandro S. Ferreira, Armando L. Bomfim Neto, Lucio Follador, Erick D. S. A. Garcia, Vinícius F. S. Andrade, Ragami C. Alves, Alan C. Utter, Carlo Baldari, FACSM, Sergio G. da Silva. Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil. Appalachian State University, Boone, NC. University of Rome, Rome, Italy. (Sponsor: Carlo Baldari, FACSM) Email: sandroferreiraef@hotmail.com

The mixed martial arts (MMA) is a combat sport in which athletes commonly perform pre-competitive weight loss. However, little is known about the nutritional status during the training camp. PURPOSE: To identify dietary practices together with anthropometric variables of a group of professional MMA fighters. METHODS: Five male MMA athletes (age: 25 ± 5.15 y, height 1.76 ± 0.11 cm, weight 78.98 ± 11.60 kg; BMI: 25.36 ± 2.55 kg / m2, body fat percentage: 15.43 ± 5.08%) and six female MMA athletes (age: 22.67 ± 3.61 y; height: 1.63 ± 0.02 cm, weight: 60, 63 ± 3.96 kg; BMI: 22.92 ± 1.47 kg / m2, body fat percentage: 23.84 ± 3.39%) who compete at the regional, national, and international level were investigated. Dietary assessment was made with a quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) validated in a Brazilian population study. During the same day, anthropometric measurements (body mass, height, body circumferences and seven skinfold thicknesses) were made. Daily energy expenditure (EE) was calculated with the formula of the FAO / WHO (1985). RESULTS: Dietary and energy characteristics for male athletes were EE: 3963.53 ± 372.68 kcal; energy intake: 4581.82 ± 2642.03 kcal / day; carbohydrates: 7.61 ± 4.36 g / kg / day or 54.4% ; protein: 1.87 ± 0.94 g / kg / day 13.1%; fat: 2.05 ± 1.01 g / kg / day or 32.2%; fiber: 18.19 ± 14.03 and for female athletes EE: 2511.03 ± 105.3 kcal; energy intake: 3373.78 ± 704.63 kcal / day; carbohydrates: 7.31 ± 1.14 g / kg / day or 52.4%; protein: 2.41 ± 1.08 g / kg / day or 17%; fat: 1.73 ± 0.8 g / kg / day or 27.3%; fiber: 31.64 ± 6.62. Micronutrients were adequate except for folate (both sexes) and vitamin D and calcium for females. Both sexes showed a high consumption of dietary supplements (63.6%) and foods rich in added sugar and fat. CONCLUSION: Excess energy intake may be due to high intake of foods rich in added sugar and fat. Inadequate folate may be due to low intake of vegetables. The use of FFQs for quantification of macro and micronutrients is not usual, but it is a practical tool. However more research needs to be done comparing this FFQ with traditional methods like 24-hour recalls and food records to check for possible inadequacies of the method. In addition, these data indicate that MMA athletes need nutrition support and education.