En los acantilados entre las playas de Munielles y Bahínas aflora la Formación Areniscas de Furada (Formación Furada), la cual marca el tránsito entre el Silúrico y el Devónico. Estos depósitos se acumularon en un ambiente marino somero afectado por sedimentación episódica, en parte como resultado de tempestades. Sobre la base del estudio de material en colecciones y nuevo trabajo de campo, se identifican, describen e ilustran 36 icnotaxones distintos: Arenicolites isp., Asterosoma ludwigae, Bergaueria hemispherica, Bifungites munizi, Chondrites isp., Cruziana acacencis, Cruziana quadrata, Curvolithus multiplex, Davichnia cantabrica, Dimorphichnus isp., Gordia marina, Halopoa imbricata, Heimdallia chatwini, Helicodromites mobilis, Helminthoidichnites tenuis, Helminthopsis abeli, Imponoglyphus isp., Lockeia siliquaria, Monomorphichnus isp. A, Monomorphichnus? isp., Nereites isp., Palaeophycus tubularis, Phycodes circinatum, Planolites montanus, Protovirgularia dichotoma, Psammichnites implexus, Psammichnites plummeri, Ptychoplasma excelsum, Rusophycus pudicus, Rusophycus isp. A e isp. B, Rosselia socialis, Skolithos isp., Teichichnus rectus, Trichophycus isp., y huellas indeterminadas. Las asociaciones documentan una amplia variedad de categorías etológicas correspondientes a diversos tipos tróficos, aunque con dominio de depositívoros y detritívoros. La asociación en su conjunto registra una diversa comunidad bentónica, si bien las suites muestran individualmente una icnodiversidad moderada a baja. La icnofauna estudiada ilustra un ejemplo silúrico-devónico de la Icnofacies de Cruziana.

Taphrhelminthopsis was originally introduced for trace fossils with a bilobate lower surface recorded in post-Paleozoic deep-marine deposits but has more recently been reinterpreted convincingly as a preservational variant of Scolicia. However, Taphrhelminthopsis has also been used for Cambrian shallow-marine trace fossils, whose taxonomic affinity remains elusive. This practice was introduced with the erection of Taphrhelminthopsis circularis Crimes et al., 1977, based on specimens from lower Cambrian strata of Asturias, Spain, that have a bilobate morphology with a median furrow and a tendency to form a roughly circular course. Taphrhelminthopsis circularis subsequently has been recorded in many lower Cambrian successions worldwide. No information on toponomy was provided in the original description, which has complicated the reevaluation of this ichnotaxon. Reanalysis of the type specimen and study of additional material at the type locality demonstrate that Taphrhelminthopsis circularis occurs on the tops of sandstone layers, with a convex-upward bilobate structure, representing a preservational and behavioral variant of Psammichnites, in agreement with earlier tentative proposals. The presence in some material of a sinuous axial furrow, which is regarded as diagnostic of Psammichnites gigas, argues for synonymization of Taphrhelminthopsis circularis with that ichnospecies. However, to underscore potentially significant preservational and behavioral variability, we refer to this form as Psammichnites gigas circularis. We also discuss the relationships between Psammichnites and other trace fossils commonly recorded from Cambrian shallow-marine strata under a wide variety of names, including Archaeonassa fossulata, Arcuatichnus wimani, Helminthoida crassa, Helminthoida miocenica, Multilaqueichnus ganluonensis, Multilaqueichnus meishucunensis, Nereites saltensis, Parapsammichnites pretzeliformis, Plagiogmus arcuatus, Sellaulichnus meishucunensis, Taphrhelminthoida dailyi, Taphrhelminthopsis nelsoni, and Taphrhelminthopsis minimus. We recommend reassigning Plagiogmus arcuatus to Psammichnites gigas arcuatus, acknowledging the distinctive "ladder-trail" ornament found on its lower surface but also its overall similarity to Psammichnites gigas, as recognized by previous workers. Additionally we recommend applying the designation Psammichnites gigas gigas to specimens of Psammichnites gigas characterized by high convexity, a straight to sinuous axial ridge or groove, and a straight, sinuous, or curved path, and lacking a "ladder-trail" ornament. Documenting the multiple preservational variants of Cambrian Psammichnites is important to estimate ichnodiversity levels accurately during the Cambrian explosion and to enhance the value of this ichnotaxon for stratigraphic correlation.

Synorogenic basins formed in all lithospheric units involved in the Variscan orogeny, i.e. the Gondwanan and Laurussian continental margins and also in the oceanic realm. However, examples of the latter are only preserved in SW Iberia. On the other hand, synorogenic deposits of the Gondwanan foreland are only preserved in NW Iberia, whereas remains of both continental margins exist in SW Iberia. Record of Variscan synorogenic basins also exists in basement exposures within the Alpine realm that occupies the eastern half of the Iberian Peninsula and the Balearic Islands. These, which are less known and in some cases of uncertain affinities, are described in a separate section.

The Alcañices region, located in the internal zones of the Variscan Orogen of the Iberian Peninsula, is composed of the autochthonous Paleozoic succession of the Central Iberian Zone (CIZ), the allocthonous Schistose Domain of the Galicia-Tras-Os-Montes Zone (GTOMZ) and the unconformable synorogenic flysch-type deposits. A new detailed geological map and the analysis of the structure at all scales contribute to establishing the geological relationships between the different paleo-geographic units, and in particular of the synorogenic sediments, that given their location in the hinterlands provide further insights into the tectonic evolution of the orogen. The partial restoration of the Variscan structures suggests a model of imbricate thrust-system and an associated foreland-type basin. A reconstruction of the basin allows estimating its width in c.100 km, with a depth of c. 1500 m in its depocenter. During the Early Carboniferous the basin developed ahead in relation with the emplacement of the large allochthonous units linked to the D2 deformation event. The evolution of the basin ends with the formation of out-of-sequence thrusts involving their basement and associated folds during the third Variscan deformation event (D3).

High-grade, highly deformed gneisses crop out continuously along the Masanteo peninsula and constitute the upper part of the lower crustal section in the Cabo Ortegal nappe (NW Spain). The rock sequence formed by migmatitic quartzo-feldspathic (qz-fsp) gneisses and mafic rocks records the early Ordovician (ca. 480–488 Ma) injection of felsic dioritic/granodioritic dykes at the base of the qz-fsp gneisses, and Devonian eclogitization (ca. 390.4 ± 1.2 Ma), prior to its exhumation. A SE-vergent ductile thrust constitutes the base of quartzo-feldspathic gneissic unit, incorporating mafic eclogite blocks within migmatitic gneisses. A NW-vergent detachment displaced metasedimentary qz-fsp gneisses over the migmatites. A difference in metamorphic pressure of ca. 0.5 GPa is estimated between both gneissic units. The tectono-metamorphic relationships of the basal ductile thrust and the normal detachment bounding the top of the migmatites indicate that both discrete mechanical contacts were active before the recumbent folding affecting the sequence of gneisses during their final emplacement. The progressive tectonic exhumation from eclogite to greenschist facies conditions occurred over ca. 10 Ma and involved bulk thinning of the high-grade rock sequence in the high pressure and high temperature (HP–HT) Cabo Ortegal nappe. The necessary strain was accommodated by the development of a widespread main foliation, dominated by flattening, that subsequently localized to a network of anastomosing shear bands that evolved to planar shear zones. Qz-fsp gneisses and neighbouring mafic granulites were exhumed at > 3 mm yr−1, and the exhumation path involved a cooling of ∼ 20 °C/100 MPa, These figures are comparable to currently active subduction zones, although exhumation P–T trajectory and ascent rates are at the hotter and slower end in comparison with currently active similar settings, suggesting an extremely ductile deformation environment during the exhumation of qz-fsp gneisses within a coherent Cabo Ortegal nappe.

Th/U values in zircon are commonly used to discriminate between metamorphic (Th/U < 0.1) and magmatic (Th/U > 0.1) origin for zircon overgrowths. We test this hypothesis in the San Ciprian massif, a late orogenic granitic intrusion in the hinterland of the Variscan orogeny. Zircon grains from this granite have cores with inherited Ediacaran ages and Th/U > 0.1, whereas zircon mantles yield an age of about 287 Ma, interpreted as the time of crystallization of the granite, and have Th/U < 0.1. Hence, the San Ciprian massif presents an uncommon but unambiguous example of magmatic zircon mantles with Th/U values typical of metamorphic zircon. The most likely causes for the unusually low-Th/U zircon values in the San Ciprian massif are a combination of a U-rich magma composition (owing to a fractionation process) and the absence of other U-enriched accessory minerals. Our work in determining Th/U ratios substantiates the warning previously made by some researchers and precludes the use of Th/U values in zircon as an unequivocal indicator of metamorphic origin in the absence of other chemical, zircon morphology or field-based independent criteria.

The Vivero fault is crustal-scale extensional shear zone parallel to the Variscan orogen in the Iberian massif belt with an associated dip-slip movement toward the hinterland. To constrain the timing of the extension accommodated by this structure, we performed zircon U–Pb LA-ICP-MS geochronology in several deformed plutons: some of them emplaced syntectonically. The different crystallization ages obtained indicate that the fault was active at least between 303 ± 2 and 287 ± 3 Ma, implying a minimum tectonic activity of 16 ± 5 Ma along the fault. The onset of the faulting is established to have occurred later than 314 ± 2 Ma. The geochronological data confirm that the Vivero fault postdates the main Variscan deformation events in the NW of the Iberian massif and that the extension direction of the Late Carboniferous–Early Permian crustal-scale extensional shear zones along the Ibero-Armorican Arc was consistently perpendicular to the general arcuate trend of the belt in SW Europe.

During the day November 26, 2014, a scheduled cleanup of the woods took place around the GOA-UVa aerosol measurement station located at the campus of the University of Beira Interior (40 degrees 16' 30 '' N, 7 degrees 30' 35 '' W, 704m a.s.l.), Covilha, Portugal. This cleanup included excessive vegetation removal during the morning, using fossil fuel-burning machinery, and burning of the vegetation during the afternoon. In situ measurements of aerosol optical properties were made and this study aims the characterization of the evolution of aerosol properties during the day. The optical parameters were monitored using a 3-wavelength nephelometer and a 3-wavelength particle soot absorption photometer. Selective sampling/exclusion of the coarse particles was done each 5 minutes. The scattering and absorption Angstrom exponents as well as the single scattering albedo were derived and fully analyzed. The scattering and absorption coefficients increased dramatically during the event, reaching values as high as 720.3 Mm(-1) and 181.9 Mm(-1), respectively, for the green wavelength and PM10 size fraction. The spectral behavior of these parameters also changed wildly along the day and an inversion of the slope from positive to negative in the case of the single scattering albedo was observed.

SHRIMP U-Pb zircon analyses have shown the complexity of dating volcanic rocks due to the presence of inner cores within zircon crystals. Using the cathodoluminescence studies assisting ion microprobe analyses allow us to conclude that: the two low-grade metavolcanic samples from the Schistose Domain of the Galicia-Tras-os-Montes Zone in the northeast limb of the Verin-Braganca synform (NW Spain and NE Portugal) yield ages of 488.7 +/- 3.7Ma and 499.8 +/- 3.7Ma (lowermost Ordovician-Upper Cambrian). The Schistose Domain had been traditionally considered as a parautochthonous tectonic unit, i.e. as the stratigraphic continuation of the autochthonous underlying rocks, only locally or moderately detached from them as a result of strong dragging forces from large allochthonous units above it. Current interpretation of the Schistose Domain suggests that this domain formed the outboard edge of the Iberian terrane. Important Arenig, felsic magmatism with similar geochemical signature to the volcanic bodies in the Schistose Domain of the Galicia-Tras-os-Montes Zone (GTMSD) series is present also in the adjacent Ollo de Sapo Domain of the Central Iberian Zone. This contemporary nature of magmatic events provides an additional argument to support the "Iberian" affinity of the Schistose Domain of the Galicia-Tras-os-Montes Zone. However, the Cambro-Ordovician facies are very different in the Schistose Domain with respect to the autochthonous unit, the Central-Iberian Zone, suggesting that the Schistose Domain must be considered as a major allochthonous unit with a displacement of over several tens of kilometers.

The Iberian Peninsula has shown notable variations of the surface solar irradiance in the last decades. Particularly, an increase trend in its levels is reported since the 1990s (brightening period, BP). Aerosol particles are able to modulate solar radiation in the atmosphere. Hence, the main aim of this study is to evaluate the temporal trends of particulate matter (PM) over the Iberian Peninsula in order to analyze the role played by aerosol particles in the observed BP and, therefore, in the Earth's radiative budget. Six longterm sites belonging to EMEP (European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme) network are used in the periods 1988-2000 and 2001-2012. As a main result, a strong reduction of the PM concentration is found over the Iberian Peninsula in the 1988-2000 period, which is still observable between 2001-2012. Therefore, this reduction of the surface aerosols can contribute to the solar radiation increase in the last decades.

Abstract The uppermost metavolcanic layer of the Cambro-Ordovician Ollo de Sapo Formation, the largest accumulation of pre-Variscan igneous rocks in the Iberian Peninsula, have been dated in its northernmost part using U–Pb SHRIMP-RG zircon age techniques at 479.0 ± 4.7 Ma. The age obtained is the youngest age found so far in the metavolcanic facies of Ollo de Sapo Formation and represents the cessation of the rifting-related Cambro-Ordovician Ollo de Sapo volcanism at the northernmost tip of the Iberian Peninsula. Our results show that the Cambro-Ordovician volcanism in the NW of the Iberian Peninsula is not as short-lived as previously thought and confirm the correlation between the Cambro-Ordovician volcanic sequences that crop out in the Central Iberian Zone and the French Southern Armorican Massif. Finally, our study suggests that the cessation of the Cambro-Ordovician volcanism along the Ibero-Armorican Arc was synchronic or, less probably, slightly diachronic with younger ages towards the north (in present-day geographical coordinates).

Block-in-matrix formations in the Variscan foreland of Spain (Cantabrian Zone) occur in two different geological settings. The major block-in-matrix formations are mélanges, which appear as carpets beneath or ahead of submarine thrust systems. These mélanges may reach up to kilometric thickness and are mostly composed of broken formations (boudinaged sequences) of late Carboniferous age and scattered ‘exotic’ blocks derived from older Palaeozoic formations. Moreover, the mélanges in the Cantabrian Zone also include subordinate debris flow deposits with a chaotic block-in-matrix fabric (olistostromes). The source of the mélange blocks was the front of advancing nappes, chiefly the upper part of the nappe stacks. Therefore, the Cantabrian mélanges are interpreted as originated through submarine sliding and slumping associated with steep slopes at the orogenic front. The different types of rock bodies of these mélanges may be related to the degree of lithification of the sediments or rocks during slumping. So, broken formations are boudinaged sequences where the boudins or blocks resulted from extensional faults developed in lithified or semilithified limestones and sandstones, whereas the unlithified muddy matrix underwent continuous deformation. The scattered ‘exotic’ blocks ranging in age from early Cambrian to early Carboniferous were incorporated into the mélanges as individual blocks from competent well-lithified formations, originally located in the lower part of the nappe stacks. Although the Cantabrian Zone mélanges include olistostromic intervals, most of the olistostromes of this zone occur in a different geological setting. They are usually intercalated in the normal marine deposits of the Variscan foreland basin and, in contrast to the mélanges, they are mostly related to the margins of carbonate platforms, ahead of moving nappes. Finally, other instances of olistostromes are related to slopes generated by limb rotation of growth folds, which developed on submarine wedge-top successions.

The collection of research papers in this volume provides an overview of current trends in the study of deformation structures and deformation processes in rocks from the continental crust. The volume has been divided into three sections to reflect the current interest in structures and processes: shear zones and folds; the interactions between magmatism and structure; and the relationship between microstructure and rheology. The range of topics includes the geometry of natural structures from field observations, the detailed analysis of the microstructure of deformed rocks, the timing of deformation by various geochronological techniques, the modelling of deformation processes to constrain the development of structures in rocks, and the use of laboratory experimentation to reproduce deformation fabrics in rocks. The mixture of techniques and methods treated illustrate the broad and multidisciplinary approach to the study of rock deformation in the continental crust.

This work presents a general framework for tracking simultaneously the body posturas of multiple people from non-intrusive visual sensors. The method is based on a training-then-tracking philosophy, with the main addition of being able to handle more than just one person. We train the body postura from labelled motion capture datasets. The training process is based on popular non-linear dimensionality reduction techniques. Then, a mixed, discrete and continuous state particle filter is used to simultaneously detect the postura and the kind of motion performed by each of the human bodies. The resulting hypotheses, automatically selected from the particle distribution, are then refined using non-linear optimization methods with statistical priors. The whole framework is tested using a simple but standard method based on comparing articulated cylindrical models with SfS volumes, taken from several cameras. Our accuracy in public available datasets is near to the state-of-the-art works that do not take into account multiple people in the problem.

results of the tests of geomecanic classification of the materials which constitute the various formations of the surface whick take up the upper basin of the River Pas. A classification has been worked out in the field of influence of the future dam which allows us an approach to the future evoIution of these formations through the solicitations they will be put to.

Suspended particles can cause a wide range of chronic respiratory illnesses such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, as well as worsening heart conditions and other conditions. To know the particle depositions in realistic models of the human respiratory system is fundamental to prevent these diseases. The main objective of this work is to study the lung deposition of inhaled particles through a numerical model using UDF (User Defined Function) to impose the boundary conditions in the truncated airways. For each generation, this UDF puts the values of velocity profile of the flow path to symmetrical truncated outlet. The flow rates tested were 10, 30 and 60 ℓ/min, with a range of particles between 0.1 µm and 20 µm.

Resumen: Una nueva cartografia geologica de la parte septentrional del domo de Lugo muestra una distribucion de las rocas paleozoicas y precambricas diferente a la aceptada hasta el presente. La falla considerada en esta zona como el cabalgamiento basal del Manto de Mondonedo se interpreta aqui como una falla normal inclinada hacia el E, con un desplazamiento hacia el antepais. Sus caracteristicas y edad relativa son comparables a las de la falla de Vivero, bien conocida desde antiguo, aunque esta muestra una inclinacion y sentido de desplazamiento contrarios. Esta interpretacion explica satisfactoriamente la estructura en superficie de la zona limitada por ambas fallas, que constituye la terminacion occidental del Manto de Mondonedo. Ademas, permite interpretar el antiforme del domo de Lugo como una culminacion producida por el apilamiento en profundidad de las laminas cabalgantes del Manto de Mondonedo y del dominio del Navia y alto Sil. La estructura profunda deducida satisface de un modo sencillo los condicionantes impuestos por los datos geofisicos existentes y permite reconstruir satisfactoriamente la estructura del Orogeno varisco en el NO de la peninsula iberica. Palabras clave : Geologia regional, Manto de Mondonedo, Domo de Lugo, Orogeno varisco. Abstract: A new geological map of the northern part of the Lugo dome shows a distribution of Paleozoic and Precambrian rocks different from which has been accepted up to now. The fault considered in this area as the basal thrust of the Mondonedo Nappe is interpreted here as a normal fault dipping to the E, with a displacement towards the foreland. The characteristics and relative age of this fault make it comparable to those of the Vivero fault, well known long ago, although it has opposite dip and displacement. This interpretation explains satisfactorily the surface structure of the area bounded by two faults, which corresponds to the western end of Mondonedo Nappe. Furthermore it allows us to interpret the Lugo dome antiform as a culmination produced by stacking in depth of the sheets of the Mondonedo Nappe and Navia y alto Sil domain. The deduced deep structure satisfies in a simple way the constraints imposed by existing geophysical data and can successfully reconstruct the structure of the Variscan Orogen in NW Iberian peninsula. Key words: Regional Geology, Mondonedo Nappe, Lugo Dome, Variscan Orogen.