Resumo A evapotranspiração de referência (ETo) é uma componente importante do ciclo hidrológico, influenciada por diversos elementos meteorológicos. Este estudo objetivou identificar variáveis meteorológicas que mais impactam ETo no Brasil, realizando uma análise de sensibilidade da equação de Penman-Monteith FAO-56 para as zonas climáticas Tropical, Subtropical e Semiárida. Utilizaram-se dados diários de 584 estações meteorológicas automáticas do Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia. Cada elemento meteorológico, temperaturas máximas (Tmax) e mínima (Tmin) do ar, radiação solar global (Qg), umidade relativa média (URmed) e velocidade do vento (U2), foi variado individualmente em dez intervalos iguais entre seus valores máximos e mínimos, mantendo os demais constantes nos valores médios. O índice de Sensibilidade (IS) quantificou a influência de cada variável sobre ETo. Os resultados mostraram que Qg e Tmax foram os principais fatores de influência positiva sobre ETo nos climas Tropical e Subtropical. No clima Semiárido, além de Tmax e Qg, U2 também apresentou influência significativa, enquanto a URmed apresentou predominantemente índices de sensibilidade negativos. Conclui-se que a influência dos elementos meteorológicos na ETo varia significativamente entre as regiões climáticas brasileiras, ressaltando a importância de considerar as características climáticas na modelagem da evapotranspiração, priorizando a medição de variáveis meteorológicas que exercem maior impacto na estimativa da ETo.

This is a database containing rainfall intensity–duration–frequency equations (IDF equations) for 6550 pluviographic and pluviometric stations in Brazil. The database was compiled from 370 different publications and contains the following information: station identification, geographic position, size and period of the rainfall series used, parameters of the IDF equations, and literature references. The database is available on Mendeley Data (DOI: 10.17632/378bdcmnc8.1) in the form of spreadsheets and vector files. Since the launch of the Pluvio 2.1 software in 2006, which included 549 IDF equations obtained in the country, this is the largest and most accessible database of IDF equations in Brazil. The data provided may be useful, among other purposes, for designing hydraulic structures, controlling water erosion, planning land use, and water resource planning and management.

A qualidade dos dados nas análises meteorológicas e climatológicas depende da homogeneidade das séries temporais, garantindo que suas variações reflitam apenas fatores climáticos e temporais. Dessa forma, este estudo teve como objetivo investigar as tendências em séries temporais meteorológicas no estado do Espírito Santo e seus impactos na evapotranspiração de referência (ETo) utilizando três testes de homogeneidade (Pettitt, Buishand e SNHT), além do teste de Mann-Kendall para avaliar tendências, e o teste de Sen para quantificar suas magnitudes. Assim, os resultados apontam rupturas significativas nas séries diárias de temperatura máxima (Tmax) e mínima (Tmin), umidade relativa (URmed), radiação solar (RS), velocidade do vento (U2) e da ETo. As análises revelaram variações regionais na ETo, com algumas localidades apresentando tendência de aumento, enquanto outras mostraram estabilidade ou diminuição. Por exemplo, o aumento da Tmax e a redução da URmed influenciaram o aumento da ETo em alguns municípios, como Linhares e Presidente Kennedy. Em contrapartida, a redução da RS e da U2 foi associada à diminuição da ETo em localidades como Santa Teresa e Vitória. Os resultados reforçam a importância de utilizar múltiplos testes de homogeneidade para detecção de rupturas nas séries temporais e de compreender as interações entre as variáveis meteorológicas que influenciam a ETo. As tendências observadas podem impactar negativamente a disponibilidade de água na região, sendo crucial o monitoramento contínuo para o planejamento hídrico e agrícola em um contexto de mudanças climáticas.

This article describes a comprehensive dataset integrating public data from validated sources, including the Mortality Information System (SIM) and the Live Births Information System (SINASC) of DATASUS, the Brazilian Daily Weather Gridded Data (BR-DWGD), and pollution data from the CMIP6 models platform. Additionally, for the state of São Paulo, we incorporated air pollution data from monitoring stations managed by CETESB (Environmental Company of the State of São Paulo). The dataset comprises anonymized microdata on all births and deaths across Brazilian municipalities, with daily granularity from 2010 to 2022. It also includes annual climate (2010 to March 2024) and pollution data (2010 to 2023) for the same geographic scope. This integrated dataset enables diverse analyses exploring the relationships between health and environmental variables, particularly focusing on maternal and neonatal health outcomes in Brazil. By combining data from officially validated sources, this dataset not only supports robust research in demography, population studies, epidemiology, public health, and environmental sciences but also contributes to the democratization of access to information. Data were collected from public databases and processed using RStudio and Python. Climate data (BR-DWG) were produced through statistical corrections and interpolation of measurements from meteorological stations and rain gauges across Brazil.

Rainfall erosivity (RE) represents the potential of rainfall to cause soil erosion, and understanding its impact is essential for the adoption of soil and water conservation practices. Although several studies have estimated RE for Brazil, currently, no single reliable and easily accessible database exists for the country. To fill this gap, this work aimed to review the research and generate a rainfall erosivity database for Brazil. Data were gathered from studies that determined rainfall erosivity from observed rainfall records and synthetic rainfall series. Monthly and annual rainfall erosivity values were organized on a spreadsheet and in the shapefile format. In total, 54 studies from 1990 to 2023 were analyzed, resulting in the compilation of 5516 erosivity values for Brazil, of which 6.3% were pluviographic, and 93.7% were synthetic. The regions with the highest availability of information were the Northeast (35.6%), Southeast (30.1%), South (19.9%), Central-West (7.7%), and North (6.7%). The database, which can be accessed on the Mendeley Data platform, can aid professionals and researchers in adopting public policies and carrying out studies aimed at environmental conservation and management basin development.

The study of rainfall (P) and reference evapotranspiration (ETo) are essential in areas with poor rainfall distribution. The aim of this study was to determine the parameters of the best-fit probabilitty density function and to establish the probable ETo and P for the regular Grid of 0.25° x 0.25°, for São Paulo State, Brazil. The adherence of the probability density functions (pdf) of the ten-day values was obtained with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test at 5%c significance level. With the pdfs (Exponential, Gamma, Normal, Uniform and Triangular) that best fit P and ETo series in each ten-year period, the probable ten-day values of P at 75% probability (P75%) and ETo at 25% probability (ETo25%) were determined for each locality in the regular Grid. The Gamma and Normal pdfs, respectively, adjusted better by approximately 60% and 55% of the total adherence tests. The P75% is well defined in the São Paulo State, being higher in the summer and spring-summer. The highest probabilities of ETo25% are in the Northern and Northwestern regions. The difference between "P75%-ETo25% " shows that higher water restrictions are expected mainly in the Northern and Northwestern regions during throughout the year, with winter being the most critical season.

RESUMO O conhecimento da variabilidade espacial da precipitação é importante em diversos ramos das ciências agrárias e ambientais, como, por exemplo, na produção das culturas, no manejo dos recursos hídricos, na avaliação ambiental e em estudos de erosão hídrica. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar dois métodos de interpolação para a espacialização da precipitação mensal no Estado do Espírito Santo. Utilizaram-se dados de precipitação mensal, compreendidos no período de 1977 a 2006, de 110 postos pluviométricos, sendo 94 do Espírito Santo e 16 de Estados vizinhos. Avaliaram-se os métodos de interpolação Inverso da Potência da Distância (IPD), considerando-se as potências de 2 até 6 e a Krigagem (KR), modelos exponencial, esférico e linear, por meio da validação cruzada. A avaliação e a seleção do melhor método foram feitas a partir de índices estatísticos (índice de confiança, coeficiente de eficiência ajustado e erro médio percentual). Os resultados mostram que o método de KR é mais eficiente para a interpolação espacial da precipitação mensal no Espírito Santo, em comparação ao método IPD, e apresenta erros médios percentuais entre 7,9 e 14,6%.

Topographic data acquisition methods are generally subject to measurement errors and subsequent digital terrain models (DTM) interpolation models can propagate these errors. For the forestry sector, the use of the DTM facilitates the planning stage in the road construction and mechanization phase in mountainous areas, especially in subsoiling, pesticide application and logging operations. To evaluate the results of interpolation methods, it is very common to use indicators such as the multiple determination coefficient and the residual error. This study aimed to compare and choose the best interpolation method in an elevation dataset to construct a DTM by applying the Taylor diagram to graphically analyze the results. Seventeen different methods of spatial interpolation were tested. The Spline method was selected as the best model tested over geostatistical models, most commonly adopted in spatial variability assays. The statistics of all methods were very similar, with slight variations, with the square mean square root error and the Spline method correlation being closer to the observed data, as easily shown by the Taylor diagram.

Resumo Dados espacializados de precipitação diária são úteis para diversas aplicações relacionadas à meteorologia aplicada e à hidrologia, tais como a detecção de mudanças climáticas, estudo de inundações, e compreensão da interação do clima com os processos hidrológicos e biogeoquímicos. Contudo, cada espacialização da chuva deve ser avaliada para uma determinada região específica antes de sua ampla utilização. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho objetivou, para as bacias hidrográficas do sul do Espírito Santo (bioma Mata Atlântica), a avaliação de métodos de interpolação espacial, a criação de uma base de dados espaciais de precipitação diária em formato grid, e a comparação desta base com outras bases de dados de precipitação diária em formato grid. A avaliação dos interpoladores foi feita por meio de validação cruzada, na qual o método da Distância Angular Ponderada (ADW) apresentou melhor desempenho. A aplicação do ADW, para todos os dias do período entre 1980 e 2018, originou uma base de dados de precipitação diária em formato grid com resolução espacial de 0,01°. A base de dados criada teve desempenho semelhante à de XAVIER para a representação espacial das chuvas na região, sendo melhor que as demais avaliadas.

Yacon is a perennial herbaceous plant that naturally occurs in South America at altitudes ranging from 2,000 m to 3,100 m above sea level. The yacon culture has recently grown in popularity as it has high productive potential in mild climates and multiple benefits to human health. This study aimed to determine the lower and upper base temperatures, cycle duration, and thermal constant for the yacon culture, based on phenological data from field experiments that were carried out during three growing seasons (fall, winter, and spring) in 2013. The experiments were conducted in the municipality of Ibatiba in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil, in a randomized block design with four replicates. The lower base temperature was determined using methods of the lowest standard deviation in days and degree-days, relative development, and variation coefficient in degree-days for two subperiods: emergence to maturation, and onset of tuberization to maturation. The upper base temperature was determined by the standard deviation and coefficient of variation methods, both in degrees-days. The relationship between meteorological elements and the onset of tuberization was also investigated. The lower base temperature values determined for yacon were 12.5ºC in the two subperiods studied with a base temperature above 34.0ºC. The productivity of these tuberous roots was higher in the fall because of the longer cycle, lower temperature, and lower photoperiod. In turn, a higher thermal sum was needed to initiate tuberization with the delay of planting.

The importance of daily data on reference evapotranspiration (ET0) has increased in recent years due to its relevance in planning and decision making regarding irrigated agriculture, water production, and forest restoration. Facing the scarcity of this information measured in loco, the study of interpolation methods capable of representing ET0 becomes important. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the adequacy of the Random Forest (RF) method in the spatialization of ET0 in the watersheds of the Mid-South region of the Espírito Santo State, located within the Atlantic Forest biome, Brazil. From this study, it was found that the RF method is the most suitable one for ET0 spatialization when compared to the Angular distance weighting (ADW) and the inverse distance weighting (IDW) techniques. Also, the spatializations carried out by this method were transformed into databases in a grid format and made available online. Furthermore, the RF database was also compared to other ET0 grid databases, and it was concluded that the RF database also carried out a better performance than the other ones.

The demand for meteorological gridded datasets has increased within the last few years to inform studies such those in climate, weather, and agriculture. These studies require those data to be readily usable in standard formats with continuous spatial and temporal coverage. Since 2016, Brazil has a daily gridded meteorological data set with spatial resolution of 0.25 degrees x 0.25 degrees from January 1, 1980 to December 31, 2013 which was well received by the community. The main objective of this work is to improve the Brazilian meteorological data set. We do this by increasing the resolution of the minimum and maximum temperature (Tmax and Tmin) gridded interpolations from 0.25 degrees x 0.25 degrees to 0.1 degrees x 0.1 degrees by incorporating data on topographic relief, and increasing the time period covered (January 1, 1961-July 31, 2020). Besides Tmax and Tmin, we also gridded precipitation (pr), solar radiation (Rs), wind speed (u2), and relative humidity (RH) using observed data from 11,473 rain gauges and 1,252 weather stations. By means of ranked cross-validation statistics, we selected the best interpolation among inverse distance weighting and angular distance weighting methods. We determined that interpolations for Tmax and Tmin are improved by using the elevation of a query point, that accounts for topographic relief, and a temperature lapse rate. Even though this new version has approximate to 25 years more data relative to the previous one, statistics from cross-validation were similar. To allow researchers to assess the performance of the interpolation relative to station data in the area, we provide two types of gridded controls.

We aimed to calculate the probable values ​​of water deficiency (Def) and surplus (Exc) for corn and soybean in the State of Parana, in order to obtain the best sowing periods. Climatic data (1980 to 2013) were spatialized in a regular grid of 0.25o x 0.25o. The agricultural water balance was calculated daily using the AquaCrop program, with the values ​​added up and grouped into 37 ten-days per year. Frequency distributions were carried out and adherence tests were applied to ten-days periods to adjust them to probability density functions (PDF’s). The probable decennial values ​​of Def and Exc were determined at 10%, 25% and 50% of probability. Gamma and Exponential were the PDF’s that showed adherence to the greatest number of locations, while Uniform can be discarded for future adjustments. In the State of Parana, on average, the lowest Def occurs when soybean is sown from December 27th to 31, while the lowest Exc occurs from October 8th to 17. For season and off-season corn, the smallest Def’s occur when they are sown from December 17th to 26 and March 22nd to 31, respectively, and the smallest Exc’s depend on the level of probability.

DEFICIÊNCIA HÍDRICA E EXCEDENTE HÍDRICO PROVÁVEIS PARA MILHO E SOJA NO ESTADO DO PARANÁ, SUL DO BRASIL1 BRUNO CESAR GURSKI2; JORGE LUIZ MORETTI DE SOUZA2; ALEXANDRE CANDIDO XAVIER3; ALINE APARECIDA DOS SANTOS2 1 Trabalho originado da tese de doutorado do primeiro autor intitulada: “Componentes hídricas prováveis e zoneamento de risco agroclimático para o estado do Paraná”. 2 Departamento de Solos e Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Rua dos Funcionários, 1540, Cabral, CEP 80035-050, Curitiba, Paraná, Brasil. E-mails: brunocep@gmail.com; jmoretti@ufpr.br; aline.santos.trabalhos@gmail.com. 3 Departamento de Engenharia Rural, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Rua Alto Universitário, S/N, CEP 29500-000, Alegre, Espírito Santo, Brasil. E-mail: candido-xavier@ufes.br. 1 RESUMO Teve-se por objetivo calcular os valores prováveis de deficiência hídrica (Def) e excedente hídrico (Exc) para o milho e a soja no estado do Paraná a fim de obter os melhores períodos de semeadura. Os dados climáticos (1980 a 2013) foram espacializados em grid regular de 0,25º x 0,25º. O balanço hídrico agrícola foi calculado diariamente com o programa AquaCrop, sendo os valores somados e agrupados em 37 decêndios por ano. Foram realizadas distribuições de frequência e aplicados testes de aderência aos decêndios para ajustá-los a funções densidade de probabilidade (FDP’s). Determinou-se os valores decendiais prováveis de Def e Exc a 10%, 25% e 50% de probabilidade. Gama e Exponencial foram as FDP’s que apresentaram aderência a maior quantidade de locais, enquanto a Uniforme pode ser descartada para ajustes futuros. No estado do Paraná, em média, a menor Def ocorre quando a soja é semeada de 27 a 31 de dezembro e o menor Exc ocorre de 08 a 17 de outubro. Para o milho 1ª e 2ª safras, os menores Def’s ocorrem quando são semeados de 17 a 26 de dezembro e 22 a 31 de março, respectivamente, e os menores Exc’s dependem do nível de probabilidade. Palavras-chave: déficit, excesso, balanço hídrico agrícola, função densidade de probabilidade, Aquacrop. GURSKI, B. C.; SOUZA, J. L. M.; XAVIER, A. C.; SANTOS, A. A. PROBABLE WATER DEFICIENCY AND SURPLUS FOR CORN AND SOYBEAN IN THE STATE OF PARANÁ, SOUTHERN BRAZIL 2 ABSTRACT We aimed to calculate the probable values ​​of water deficiency (Def) and surplus (Exc) for corn and soybean in the state of Paraná, to obtain the best sowing periods. Climatic data (1980 to 2013) were spatialized in a regular grid of 0.25º x 0.25º. The agricultural water balance was calculated daily using the AquaCrop program, with the values ​​added up and grouped into 37 ten days per year. Frequency distributions were carried out and adherence tests were applied to ten days periods to adjust them to probability density functions (PDF’s). The probable decennial values ​​of Def and Exc were determined at 10%, 25% and 50% of probability. Gamma and Exponential were the PDF’s that showed adherence to the greatest number of locations, while Uniform can be discarded for future adjustments. In the State of Paraná, on average, the lowest Def occurs when soybean is sown from December 27th to 31, while the lowest Exc occurs from October 8th to 17. For season and off-season corn, the smallest Def’s occur when they are sown from December 17th to 26 and March 22nd to 31, respectively, and the smallest Exc’s depends on the level of probability. Keywords: deficit, excess, agricultural water balance, probability density function, Aquacrop

O teor de clorofila pode indicar a saúde geral da vegetação, e alterações no conteúdo do pigmento da folha podem ter uma relação direta com mudanças na resposta espectral da folha. O objetivo deste estudo é estimar o conteúdo de clorofila do manguezal da Baía de Vitória (ES) por meio de dados hiperespectrais. Foi analisado o comportamento espectral de duas espécies de mangue; R. mangle e L. racemosa utilizando um espectrorradiômetro, e realizadas medidas em campo dos índices de clorofila a, b e total a partir de um medidor eletrônico ClorofiLOG CFL-1030 (Falker). Os índices de clorofila das duas espécies de mangue foram correlacionados com os índices espectrais obtidos por meio de álgebra de bandas (λ1 + λ2 / λ1 - λ2), com a máxima reflectância da borda do vermelho (red edge) e bandas espectrais estreitas (350 nm a 2500 nm). Os índices criados a partir das bandas (391nm e 396nm) e (736nm e 821nm) apresentaram os maiores coeficientes de determinação quando correlacionados à clorofila a (r² 0,72) e clorofila b (r² 0,77) para a espécie L. racemosa. Para a espécie R. mangle, não foi possível identificar uma banda estreita ou um índice espectral que apresentasse alta correlação com os índices de clorofila a, b ou total. Os resultados apontam para a necessidade de caracterizar mais detalhadamente as condições ambientais, e também as condições biofísicas do bosque de mangue para obtenção de modelos de regressão precisos e específicos para cada espécie em particular. Estimates of Vitoria Bay Mangrove (ES) Chlorophyll Content by Hyperspectral Data A B S T R A C TThe chlorophyll content may indicate the general health of the vegetation, and alterations in the content of the leaf pigment may have a direct relation with changes in the spectral response of the leaf. The objective of this study is to estimate the chlorophyll content of the Vitória Bay mangrove (ES) by means hyperspectral data. The spectral behavior of two mangrove species was analyzed; R. mangle and L. racemosa using a spectroradiometer, and field measurements of chlorophyll indices were performed with a ClorofiLOG CFL-1030 (Falker) electronic meter. The chlorophyll indices of the two mangrove species were correlated with the spectral indices obtained by means of band algebra (λ1 + λ2 / λ1 - λ2), and with the maximum red edge reflectance and narrow spectral bands ( 350 nm at 2500 nm). The indices created from the bands (391nm and 396nm) and (736nm and 821nm) presented the highest coefficients of determination when correlated to chlorophyll a (r ² 0.72) and chlorophyll b (r ² 0.77) for L. racemosa . For the R. mangle species, it was not possible to identify a narrow band or a spectral index that showed high correlation with the indexes of chlorophyll a, b or total. The results point to the need to characterize in more detail the environmental conditions, as well as the biophysical conditions of the mangrove forest to obtain accurate and specific regression models for each speciesKeywords: radiation, net radiation, photosynthetically active radiation, Caatinga, dry.Key words: Chlorophyll a, b and total, hyperspectral analysis, red edge, spectral index.

Due to the current water scarcity in the world, it is extremely important to improve the use of this natural and exhaustible resource in agriculture, by contributing to increase agricultural production and sustainability. Several models of crop growth simulation were developed to predict the edaphoclimatic effects on crop yield. These models are calibrated and validated for a given region using the data generated from field experiments. Therefore, the objective of this study was to calibrate and validate the FAO AquaCrop model for yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) crop in a tropical climate. The experiment was conducted in an experimental area located in the municipality of Ibatiba, state of Espírito Santo (Brazil) during the years of 2013 and 2014. The calibration was done using the Autumn planting and validation with the Winter and Spring plantings. For the statistical analysis, the coefficient of determination, Willmott concordance index, bias for the systematic error, root mean square error and the mean absolute error to test the model performance were used. In general, the FAO AquaCrop model predicted the root yield, total biomass and harvest index with acceptable accuracy, and with deviations of less than 6% for total and root biomass. Late planting of yacon showed a reduction in yield as well as total biomass.

The wood production potential that a site presents is largely represented by its climatic condition and by the affinity of its genetic material. An issue which concerns all wood producers is climate change and how it will influence wood production and wood characteristics, as they can be decisive in industrial applications. Therefore, this study aimed to: (i) verify the wood volume (WV), stem biomass (SB) and the basic wood density (BWD) behavior against different climatic scenarios; and (ii) verify the potential of estimating the BWD through meteorological variables. The WV, BWD and SB of four different Eucalyptus spp. clones as to their climate of origin and species were analyzed. The cultivation was from 2012 to 2015 (four years) with planting in 11 locations in Brazil, representing a wide range of climatic characteristics with average precipitation from 649 mm y(-1) to 1618 mm y(-1). Precipitation, maximum vapor-pressure deficit, water deficit in the soil, temperature and precipitation seasonality were used to characterize the regions during the growth period. Hierarchical grouping was carried out for the sites, and the WV, BWD and SB behavior within the groups were analyzed. Thus, a linear regression equation between the most influential meteorological variables in the BWD were adjusted in order to identify the potential of the estimative BWD. Four groups were formed between the sites, and the variation in WV, BWD and SB for each clone between the wet and dry groups were respectively: C3: -68.3%, +8.7% and -65.0%; K2: -77.5%, +8.3% and -74.3%, A1: -40.3%, -9.21% and -39.9%; and Q8 - -31.6%, +8.4% and -34.1%. The drier locations generally showed lower WV and SB, and higher BWD associated to a decrease in the growth rate. This behavior is intrinsic to each clone and does not establish a defined proportion. Humid locations did not show clear patterns in changing density. The maximum vapor-pressure deficit and the water deficit in the soil were the most significant variables and had the best potential to estimate the basic wood density of the wood. Basic wood density is a resource which can be strongly influenced by genetics, and above all there is a significant influence of climate on the sites.