Cadra cautella is a serious insect pest of stored figs and dates. The irradiation sensitivity of different development stages of C. cautella and large-scale testing of the proposed irradiation quarantine doses (50-500 Gy), were investigated. The impact of a PI dose of 400 Gy on the physiochemical and microbiological quality of dry dates (Bartamoda cv.) stored at room temperature was also investigated. An irradiation dose of 100 Gy prevented egg hatching in the F1 generation when 1-3 days old eggs were irradiated. Irradiation doses of 200 and 300 Gy prevented adult emergence when 2nd and 4th instar larvae were irradiated. When the pupae stage was irradiated, an irradiation dose of 400 Gy prevented the hatchability of F1 generation, indicating that this stage was the most radio-tolerant. The results of large-scale testing of the proposed phytosanitary irradiation dose (400 Gy) applied to 18, 0000 pupae resulted in no reproduction (zero hatching of F1 generation). There were no significant differences in the physiochemical properties of stored dates during the storage period at room temperature. Stable ESR signal intensity was recorded for 6 months in all parts of the irradiated fruits, and the intensity was highest in the kernel. The PI dose of 400 Gy also slightly reduced all microorganisms' counts. In conclusion, the dose level of 400 Gy stopped the reproduction potential of C. cautella. and they maintained the quality characteristics of dry date Bartamoda fruits during storage at room temperature for 6 months in tightly closed packages.

In terms of food irradiation, ionizing radiation in the form of gamma radiation or electron beam is currently allowed and employed as a non-thermal procedure for ensuring food safety and quality. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of radiation on viability of certain isolated food borne pathogenic bacteria like E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus mirabilis, Listeria monocytogenes, and Enterococcus faecalis in meat products. In food irradiation, the requested dose of D10 value to inactivate 90% of microbial population was 0.39, 0.49, 0.45, 0.54, and 0.57 kGy, being exposed to gamma radiation, and 0.41, 0.52, 0.48, 0.58, and 0.63 kGy for electron beam respectively suggesting that gamma radiation is more efficient than electron beam irradiation. The effect of radiation on the bacterial load have been assessed by injecting the smoky flesh samples with a cocktail of abovementioned bacteria in presence of natural microflora, and then subjected to 2.0, 4.0, and 6.0 kGy. These bacteria were inhibited to undetectable levels (>10 CFU/g) and total bacterial counts were greatly reduced at 4.0 kGy from either gamma or an electron beam radiation, indicating that this irradiation dose can be used to control some foodborne pathogenic bacteria of public health concern. E. coli was the most sensitive tested bacteria to irradiation, whereas Enterococcus faecalis was the most resistant.

An eco-friendly electron beam irradiation ( EBI) technology was used to assess the effect of EBI on the different development stages of Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) and Bactrocera zonata (Saunders). No adults emerged after 3-d-old eggs of C. maculatus were irradiated with 304.8 Gy of EBI, and no adults emerged from the F1 generation of larvae and pupae irradiated with 103.6 Gy. The adult stage of C. maculatus was the most tolerant of EBI, with a high dose (414.3 Gy) irradiation of the adult stage resulting in complete prevention of the F1 generation adult emergence. Large-scale tests confirmed that 414.3 Gy was an effective dose for the phytosanitary and security treatment for C. maculatus. An EBI dose of 414.3 Gy prevented B. zonata egg hatching. EBI doses of 304.8, 414.3, and 653.5 Gy prevented the development of first, second, and third larval instars to pupation, respectively. Using the criterion of adult emergence from the F-1 generation, targeting the third larval stage, considered the most tolerant stage to EBI, a dose of 304.8 Gy was effective for quarantine and security treatment of B. zonata.

A FLATOXIN B1 (AFB1) is mutagenic, carcinogenic, and harmful to humans and animals.Different physical and chemical methods have been proposed to reduce mycotoxins but few have been approved for practical application.This study investigated the possible use of certain bacterial species were isolated from different agricultural soils as biological control agents against the growth of toxigenic Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus isolated from sorghum and peanuts as well as biodegradation of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1).Out of these 30 bacterial isolates, 6 isolates showed that have antagonistic effects against the aflatoxigenic fungi but with varying efficiencies.The six different isolates were screened for their ability to degrade AFB1.Out of 6 isolates, one isolate showed high reduction activity of AFB1.Maximum antifungal activities were observed in one isolate was identified as Staphylococcus lentus.S. lentus completely prevented the A. flavus and A. parasiticus growth and completely degraded AFB1 in Liquid Culture.LC-MS/MS analysis revealed that S. lentus resulted in a 96.54% degradation of AFB1, but no products has been detected.In practical application, it was found that S. lentus at concentration of 10 and 25mL kg -1 were completely prevented the growth of A. flavus and A. parasiticus in sorghum and peanuts, respectively, consequently no aflatoxin were produced.According to our information, this is the first study to prove that Staphylococcus lentus has the capability to inhibit the growth of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus by 100% and degrading AFB1 by 96%.