In this study, agroactive and bioactive compound production by actinobacteria isolated from rhizospheres of different plants was screened. Six of the forty-two isolates showed the highest production of different compounds and were identified by using molecular methods. In the primary and secondary screening antimicrobial activities were determined by inhibition zones against six bacterial and three fungal pathogens. Streptomyces labedae CYP25 showed the highest antibacterial activity in screening with extracts obtained from Actinomycetes Isolation Broth (AIB) against Staphylococcus aureus (18 mm); Streptomyces sp. CYP30 showed the highest antifungal activities in screening with ethyl acetate extracts obtained from Glucose Soybean Meal Broth against Candida albicans (60 mm) and Alternaria sp. D21 (52 mm) and showed the highest antifungal activities in screening with extracts obtained from International Streptomyces Project-3 (ISP-3) Broth against Aspergillus niger (16 mm). The highest indole acetic acid (IAA) production was showed by Nocardiopsis sp. CYP39. This isolate produced the highest amount of IAA (76.5 µg/mL) in the presence of 0.9

Six marine-derived fungi (Alternaria sp. D11, Alternaria sp. D21, Cadophora sp. D43, Cadophora luteo-olivacea D51, Phoma sp. K2BR, Phoma sp. K21) were isolated from the Cakalburnu Lagoon, Izmir Bay, Aegean Sea in Turkey. An effective method has been developed for marine-derived fungi isolation and laccase production of the fungi has been studied. This method consisted of immersing a sterile solid substrate containing lignin into the aquatic system under aseptic conditions and removing at the end of 10 days, isolation for laccase producing fungi of marine origin. The decolorization potential of the isolate Alternaria sp. D21 with the highest laccase activity was investigated for dyes containing azo, anthraquinone, triarylmethane and heterocyclic chemical classes. The decolorization rates were determined as 98% for Methyl orange, 93% for Acid green 3, 78% for Methylene blue, 71% for Remazol Brilliant Blue, 58% for Crystal violet, and 53% for Congo red after 144 h at 100 mg/L concentration of dyes. The ability of the marine-derived fungi to remove dyes of different chemical classes is also promising for waste containing mixtures of various pollutants. (C) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Solid-state fermentation (SSF) is a bioprocess that doesn't need an excess of free water, and it offers potential benefits for microbial cultivation for bioprocesses and product development. In comparing the antibiotic production, few detailed reports could be found with lipolytic enzyme production by Streptomycetes in SSF. Taking this knowledge into consideration, we prefer to purify Actinomycetes species as a new source for lipase production. The lipase-producing strain Streptomyces sp. TEM 33 was isolated from soil and lipase production was managed by solid-state fermentation (SSF) in comparison with submerged fermentation (SmF). Bioprocess-affecting factors like initial moisture content, incubation time, and various carbon and nitrogen additives and the other enzymes secreted into the media were optimized. Lipase activity was measured as 1.74 ± 0.0005 U/g dry substrate (gds) by the p-nitrophenylpalmitate (pNPP) method on day 6 of fermentation with 71.43% final substrate moisture content. In order to understand the metabolic priority in SSF, cellulase and xylanase activity of Streptomyces sp. TEM33 was also measured. The microorganism degrades the wheat bran to its usable form by excreting cellulases and xylanases; then it secretes the lipase that is necessary for degrading the oil in the medium.

Izmir is located on the Eastern Coast of the Aegean Sea in Turkey. In this study, it was aimed to determine the toxic metal resistance of bacterial isolates from coastal city sediments. Twenty-six isolates (Bacillus, Marinibacillus, Halobacillus) were identified and these strains were investigated in respect of the minimum inhibitory concentrations of metals, susceptibility of some antibiotics (Ampicillin, Tetracycline, Chloramphenicol, Tobramycin). The MICs of metals were different for each strain but the general order of resistance to the metals was found to be as Ni>Pb>Cu>Cr>Cd>Hg and the toxic effects of these metals increased with increasing concentration. Bacterial isolates were highly resistant to Ni (13 mM), Pb (6 mM). Additionally, it was found that thestrains were resistant to Ampicillin. The highest concentrations of metals were found in the sediments of the inner part of the Bay, which is intensely industrialized compared to the middle and outer parts of the Bay. This study and several other studies suggest that sediment bacteria in an area polluted with heavy metal can be biological indicators.

In this study, it was aimed to determine of heavy metal resistance of bacterial isolates from coastal city sediment (Izmir Bay). Thirty isolates (Bacillus, Marinibacillus, Halobacillus) were identified by phylogenetic analysis and these strains were investigated in respect of the MICs of heavy metals (Hg, Cu, Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb). The MICs of heavy metals were different for each strain but the general order of resistance to the metals was found to be as Ni>Pb>Cu>Cr>Cd>Hg. It can be concluded that bacterial isolates were sensitive to Hg but were highly resistant to Ni (13mM) and Pb (6mM). Additionally, the highest concentrations of metals were found in the inner part of the bay, where intensely industrialized compared to the middle and outer parts of the bay.

In this study, it was aimed to determine the effects of ship dismantling zones on distribution ofheavy metal resistance and level of antibiotic resistance of bacterial isolates from Eastern Aegean Sea coast.Thirteen isolates were identified by phylogenetic analysis using 16S rDNA sequences which indicated that theisolates belonged to genus Bacillus. These strains were investigated in respect of the minimum inhibitoryconcentrations (MICs) of heavy metals (Hg, Cu, Cd, Cr, Zn, Co, Ni, Pb and As) and susceptibility of someantibiotics (ampicillin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, vancomycin, gentamicin and tobramycin). The MICs ofheavy metals were different for each strain but the general order of resistance to the metals was found to be as Pb>As>Ni>Co>Cu>Zn>Cr>Cd>Hg and the toxic effects of these metals increased with increasing concentration. It can be concluded that all isolates were sensitive to Hg but were highly resistant to Pb, As and Ni. Additionally, it was found that the strains were resistant to gentamicin followed by tobramicin. The studies suggest that sediment bacteria in a ship dismantling area can be biological indicators of heavy metal contamination.

This work represents the first report of isolation of potential laccase producers by air sampling using media supplemented with 2,2‐azinobis (3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonate) and guaiacol for laccase production and secretion indicators. Nine fungal isolates showed positive reactions with 2,2‐azinobis (3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonate) and guaiacol. The isolate named TEM H2 exhibited the largest and intensive oxidation zones with 2,2‐azinobis (3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonate) (85 mm) and guaiacol (66 mm) and therefore it was selected for detailed investigations. The strain was identified as Trametes trogii TEM H2 due to the morphological characteristics and the comparison of internal transcribed spacer ribosomal DNA gene sequences. The laccase production was screened in different liquid cultures. The best laccase production medium was determined as soluble starch yeast extract medium in which laccase production was reached to a maximum level (989.6 U l –1 ) on the 8 th day of cultivation. Effects of different initial pH values on laccase production were tested. Optimum pH value for laccase production in soluble starch yeast extract medium was determined as pH 3.0 with 15425.0 U l –1 laccase production at 12 th day of cultivation. In addition, effects of eight inducers (veratryl alcohol, ferulic acid, 1‐Hydroxybenzotriazole, syringic acid, 2,2‐azinobis (3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonate), 1 mmol l –1 CuSO 4 , 3% ethanol, guaiacol) were examined. Only cultures with 2,5‐xylidine exhibited 1.9 fold increase in laccase activity reaching to 28890.0 U l –1 . (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

In this study, capabilities detection of Pleurotus ostreatus MCC07 strain in decolorization of ten different azo dyes which is used in leather industry were intended. Decolorization of Acid Black 24 which is used widely in leather industry in our country was investigated using Starch Yeast Extract medium under shaking and static condition with P. ostreatus MCC07. Decolorization of P. ostreatus MCC07 under shaking condition; 98.7 % (10 day), under static condition; 80.2 % (12 day) were determined. According to the results which were obtained from physico-chemical parameters using P. ostreatus MCC07, Acid Black 24 optimal decolorization rates occurred at pH 5.0, a temperature of 27°C and 100 ppm initial dye concentration. The laccase enzyme activities in solid and liquid cultures were determined. Decolorization was associated with maximum laccase activity which obtained 601.3 U/L on the tenth day of cultivation by P. ostreatus MCC07.

Decolorization of Acid Blue 7 which is used widely in leather industry was investigated as a model for a decolorization system using soluble starch yeast extract medium under agitated and static conditions with Trametes trogii TEM H2. The effects of different physico-chemical parameters were tested and optimal decolorization rates occurred at pH 5.0 and at 27 degrees C. Decolorization of Acid Blue 7 under agitated and static conditions was determined to be 99.9% and 63.5%, respectively. Decolorization was associated with laccase activity which reached 1110.3 U/L in agitated cultures in the presence of Acid Blue 7 on the 6th day of cultivation. T. trogii TEM H2 was further evaluated for the decolorization of 8 other leather dyes, such as Acid Black 210, Acid Green 20, Acid Yellow 36, Acid Black 24, Acid Black 234, Acid Violet 17, Acid Blue 134, Acid Brown 349, and a mixture of Acid Blue 7 with these 8 leather dyes and leather industry effluents. The decolorization rates after 24 h for the dye mixture and the effluent (10%) were 88% and 48%, respectively. The strain was considered as a good candidate for biodegradation and bioremediation of leather dye-polluted effluents due to its laccase production and decolorizing ability.

DERI ENDUSTRISINDE KULLANILAN CESITLI BOYALARIN RENK GIDERIMINDE Pleurotus ostreatus MCC07 SUSUNUN KULLANIMI Bu calismada; deri endustrisinde kullanilan 10 farkli azo boyanin renk gideriminde, Pleurotus ostreatus MCC07 susunun etkinlik derecesinin saptanmasi amaclanmaktadir. Ulkemizde deri endustrisinde yaygin olarak kullanilan Acid Black 24 boyasinin renk giderimi, P. ostreatus MCC07 ile Nisasta Yeast Ekstrakt besiyeri kullanilarak calkalamali ve statik kosullar altinda incelenmistir. P. ostreatus MCC07’nin calkalamali kosullar altindaki yaptigi renk giderimi; % 98.7 (10. gun), statik kosullar altinda ise % 80.2 (12. gun) olarak bulunmustur. P. ostreatus MCC07 ile yapilan fiziko-kimyasal parametrelerden elde edilen sonuclara bagli olarak, Acid Black 24 boyasinin optimum renk giderimi 27C sicaklikta, pH 5.0 ve 100 ppm baslangic boya konsantrasyonunda elde edilmistir. Kati ve sivi kulturde lakkaz enzim aktiviteleri saptanmistir. P. ostreatus MCC07 ile renk gideriminde, maksimum lakkaz aktivitesi 601.3 U/L (10. gun) elde edilmistir. THE USE OF Pleurotus ostreatus MCC07 STRAIN IN DECOLORIZATION OF VARIOUS DYES USED IN LEATHER INDUSTRY In this study, capabilities detection of Pleurotus ostreatus MCC07 strain in decolorization of ten different azo dyes which is used in leather industry were intended. Decolorization of Acid Black 24 which is used widely in leather industry in our country was investigated using Starch Yeast Extract medium under shaking and static condition with P. ostreatus MCC07. Decolorization of P. ostreatus MCC07 under shaking condition; 98.7 % (10 day), under static condition; 80.2 % (12 day) were determined. According to the results which were obtained from physico-chemical parameters using P. ostreatus MCC07, Acid Black 24 optimal decolorization rates occurred at pH 5.0, a temperature of 27°C and 100 ppm initial dye concentration. The laccase enzyme activities in solid and liquid cultures were determined. Decolorization was associated with maximum laccase activity which obtained 601.3 U/L on the tenth day of cultivation by P. ostreatus MCC07.

The goal of the research was to isolate and identify biofilm bacteria on static panels, and to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the antifouling agents preventing the growth of biofilm bacteria. The effectiveness of four types of antifouling paints containing additives based on zinc oxide, copper oxide, tributyltin, fluorine and triazine diamine as well as one type of rustproof paint against biofilm formation on static panels was determined. Bacterial strains were isolated from biofilms formed on test panels embedded in the two marinas located at Izmir region. Bacterial growth was found on all test panels and counts of them on the surfaces of the panels rapidly increased in the period of 7-15 days. Twenty-six strains were cultured, and a total of 13 unique strains were identified. Phylogenetic analysis using 16S rDNA sequences indicated that all of the strains belonged to the gamma-Proteobacteria and Firmicutes subclasses (Pseudoalteromonas agarovorans, P. haloplanktis, P. marina Q strains), P. elyakovii (2 strains), P. porphyrae (2 strains), Alteromonas genoviensis, A. alvinella, Vibrio lentus and Exiguobacterium. homiense). The paint, which contains triazine diamine and copper oxide, showed strong antibacterial activity against each individual strain. None of the isolates grew in all concentrations (1/2 to 1/1024) of this paint. Physicochemical parameters of seawater and viable bacteria counts displayed relations during, the study period. However, it was not found any strong correlation between viable bacteria density and nutrient concentrations.

Extreme halophilic microorganisms are organisms adapted to live at high salt concentrations and therefore have some interests at biotechnological area. In this study, halophilic archaea were isolated from samples taken from the Camalti Saltern and identification of isolates were performed with their biochemical tests and 16S rDNA sequencing. Isolates 1, 4, 6, 7, 10, 11, 13 were identified as Haloferax alexandrinus with 99% sequence similarity; isolate 5 was identified as Haloferax alexandrinus with 98% sequence similarity; isolate 12 was identified as Haloferax alexandrinus with 96% sequence similarity; isolate 3 was identified as Haloferax sp. HSC4 with 99% sequence similarity; isolate 8 was identified as Haloferax sp. YT 228 with 97% sequence similarity; isolate 2 was identified as Halobacterium salinarum R1 strain with 99% sequence similarity; 9 isolate was identified as Halobacterium salinarum with 97 % sequence similarity.

Lignin is probably one of the most recalcitrant compounds synthesized by plants. This compound is degraded by few microorganisms. White-rot fungi have been extensively studied due to its powerful ligninolytic enzymes. In this study, ligninolytic enzyme activities of different fungal species (six commercial and 13 wild) were investigated in solid and liquid culture media. It was postulated that, among the wild strains, only Pleurotus ostreatus-1 (MCC45), P. ostreatus-2 (MCC40), Pleurotus eryngii-1 (MCC25) and P. eryngii-2 (MCC26), and commercial strains P. ostreatus, P. sajor-caju, P. eryngii presented lignin peroxidase (LiP) activity. All enzymes tested in this study were not determined in Rigidoporus ulmarius, Gloeophyllum trabeum and Tricholoma caligatum as well as commercial strain Pleurotus citrinopileatus. Therefore, the results of the present study allow us to conclude that wild P. ostreatus and P. eryngii are good candidates for scale-up ligninolytic enzyme production.

The present study deals with the decolorization of Acid Black 210 by a bioluminescent bacterium, Vibrio harveyi TEMS1, isolated from coastal seawater of Izmir Bay, Turkey. Maximum rate of decolorization of Acid Black 210 was observed when Luria Bertani medium was used. Decolorization of Acid Black 210 was 38.9% and 93.9% at 24 h under shaking and static conditions, respectively. The optimum dye-decolorizing activity of the culture was obtained at 100 ppm initial dye concentration and incubation temperature of 20°C. Vibrio harveyi TEMS1 was also tested for its ability to decolorize four azo dyes (Acid Black 24, Acid Blue 7, Acid Green 20, Acid Yellow 36) in addition to Acid Black 210.

The aim of the study is to isolate the anoxygenic photothophic bacteria from mud and soil obtained from Denizli Saraykoy and to determine bacteriochlorophyll content of the isolate. For this purpose samples were enriched under sunlight in Winogradsky column at room temperature for 2-3 months. Pure culture was obtained by decimal dilutions in Pfennig's medium and screened for maximum adsorption spectrum between 400-1100 nm. The absorption maxima of cell suspensions of isolated strains are 506-518, 806-810 and 854-865 nm.

Ozet: Anoksigenik fotosentetik bakterilerin winogradsky kolonunda zenginlestirilmesi ve izolasyonu. Bu calismanin amaci Denizli Saraykoy'den alinan toprak ve camur orneklerinden anoksigenik fototrofik bakteri izolasyonu ve saf kultur haline getirilen izolatin bakterioklorofil icerigini belirlemektir. Bu amacla ornekler, Winogradsky kolonunda, oda kosullarinda 2-3 ay gunisiginda inkube edilerek zenginlestirilmistir. Phening's ortaminda ondalik seyreltmeler yapilarak saf kultur elde edilmistir. Elde edilen izolatin 400-1100 nm dalga boyu araliginda adsorbsiyon spektrumlari taranmis ve 506-518, 806-810 ve 854-865 nm.'de maksimum absorbans verdigi bulunmustur. Anahtar Kelimeler: Anoksigenik fotosentez, Winogradsky kolonu, bakteriyoklorofil, Pfennig's ortami, mikrobiyal suksesyon. Abstract: The aim of the study is to isolate the anoxygenic photothophic bacteria from mud and soil obtained from Denizli Saraykoy and to determine bacteriochlorophyll content of the isolate. For this purpose samples were enriched under sunlight in Winogradsky column at room temperature for 2-3 months. Pure culture was obtained by decimal dilutions in Pfennig's medium and screened for maximum adsorption spectrum between 400-1100 nm. The absorption maxima of cell suspensions of isolated strains are 506-518, 806-810 and 854-865 nm.