Electrochromic (EC) devices traditionally rely on indium tin oxide (ITO) transparent electrodes; however, ITO's brittleness and indium criticality prompt the search for viable alternatives. This study demonstrates an ITO-free EC architecture based on silver nanowire (AgNW) networks deposited by spray coating, followed by spatial atomic layer deposition of a conformal ∼30 nm SnO2 protective layer, to enhance electrode durability. WO3 and NiO electrochromic layers are subsequently deposited by radiofrequency magnetron sputtering. Systematic investigation of AgNW/SnO2/WO3 films reveals an optimal sheet resistance (Rsh) range of 50–60 Ω sq−1, providing the best balance between conductivity and transparency and resulting in maximum optical contrast. These films exhibit good switching speeds of a few seconds with superior coloration efficiency (36 cm2 C−1 at 550 nm ≪ 87 cm2 C−1 at 1200 nm) and higher EC performance in the IR region, making them particularly promising for IR-modulating smart windows. For complementary devices, NiO thickness is doubled relative to WO3 to compensate for its lower charge capacity and ensure a balanced redox response. A full WO3/NiO device using AgNW electrodes and LiTFSI-PMMA gel electrolyte demonstrates reversible colorless-to-blue switching between ±1.5 V. These results establish AgNW-based electrodes as a promising ITO alternative for next-generation EC applications.

As silver nanowire (AgNW) networks reach increasing technological maturity, research efforts are progressively shifting toward their integration into functional devices. In this context, it is essential to assess how thin film coating processes affect the structural and functional integrity of these transparent conducting networks. Radio Frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering is among the most widely used and industrially scalable deposition techniques, making a detailed understanding of its impact on AgNW networks particularly critical. In this work, we experimentally investigate the degradation of AgNW networks observed under specific RF magnetron sputtering regimes. By varying deposition time, oxygen partial pressure, target material, buffer layers and plasma power, we analyze how sputtering conditions influence the electrical, morphological, and structural properties of the networks. Based on these observations, we identify viable strategies to mitigate or suppress network degradation, thereby enabling safer and more reliable coating protocols. These results provide practical guidelines for the integration of AgNW networks into multilayer device architectures.

The next generation of electrochromic smart windows must more effectively filter heat and light fluxes from solar radiation, owing to an improved ability for selective and independent dual-band modulation of visible (VIS) and near-infrared (NIR) wavelengths. Bimetallic niobium tungsten oxides, (Nb,W)O x , are a recent addition to the family of dual-band modulation-capable materials, showing remarkable structural features and consecutive optical and electronic properties, owing to a synergistic effect between Nb and W active sites. In this study, (Nb,W)O x nanocrystals are synthesized with varying Nb-to-W mol ratios under sol-hydrothermal conditions, an acknowledged and robust wet chemical synthetic approach to obtain the stable tetragonal tungsten bronze (TTB) crystal phase. The results show that Nb18W16O93 nanostructures with the targeted TTB crystal structure can be synthesized, which is advantageous for consecutive electrochemical and electrochromic performances. Furthermore, the study identifies a trend with increasing Nb content that leads to shape distortion in nanocrystal morphology, inducing diminished electrochemical capacities, and therefore, restricting the dual-band electrochromic modulation capabilities. Crucially, three (Nb,W)O x formulations with Nb:W mol ratios of 0.78, 1.00, and 1.49, among which the first two are original, are identified as delivering excellent optical modulation and switching kinetics metrics, together with verified VIS/NIR selectivity. This study highlights the significant fundamental potential of such formulations for the further applied design of unconventional electrochromic systems as energy-efficient, solar-control glazing devices.

The development of efficient p-type semiconductors is critical for advancing dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) technologies, particularly for improving the photocathode performance. Among potential candidates, delafossite-type oxides such as CuGaO2 have shown promising properties, including wide band gaps, high hole mobility, and favorable dye adsorption characteristics. However, the synthesis of phase-pure, nanoscale CuGaO2 remains a major challenge, especially through low-temperature routes compatible with device fabrication requirements. This work presents a microwave-assisted hydro-solvothermal method for the controlled synthesis of CuGaO2 nanoparticles. The influence of three critical parameters (coprecipitation pH, reducing agent quantity, and reaction time) on the phase purity and particle size was systematically investigated. The microwave-assisted approach enables rapid and uniform heating, promoting controlled nucleation and growth, while reducing the overall reaction time. Structural and morphological characterization confirmed the formation of nanoplate CuGaO2 with high phase purity under optimized conditions, eliminating the need for harsh post-synthesis treatments. This method provides a scalable and efficient route for producing high-quality CuGaO2 particles, offering a promising platform for integration in next-generation photovoltaic devices, as demonstrated by preliminary p-DSSCs investigations using P1 dye loading.

Selective dual-band modulation of visible and near-infrared (NIR) absorption in tungsten oxide materials can be synthetically achieved either via heteroatom dopants or via intrinsic formation of oxygen vacancies. Such advanced optical features are of strong interest for creating novel energy-efficient electrochromic smart windows, allowing for independent control over solar luminosity and heat fluxes entering buildings. Tungsten oxide nanostructures are expected to crystallize in different phases depending on the doping strategy employed, mainly as hexagonal with heteroatoms and as monoclinic in the case of "self-doping". Herein, we report a single colloidal method to yield substoichiometric tungsten oxide nanocrystals (NCs) that, depending on the synthetic conditions, selectively adopt either the monoclinic phase, being reported as the most stable, or the hexagonal phase, being much more complex and challenging to isolate. While both exhibit plasmonic absorption and selective modulation of NIR wavelengths, the distinct morphologies and ratios of substoichiometry obtained for each phase lead to a significant difference in both optical and electrochemical responses. As compared to diversely shaped hexagonal (h-WO3-y ) NCs, monoclinic (m-WO3-x ) NCs show an isometric nanorod morphology, and therefore demonstrate more intense NIR selectivity as well as increased capacitive current densities and ionic diffusion rates. Such differences highlight the influence and relevance of size, shape, and structure of the synthesized NCs, while further positioning h-WO3-y NCs-whose present selective processing from m-WO3-x counterparts is of high originality-as strong innovative alternatives also bearing efficient dual-band absorption capacities toward electrochromic applications.

WO3 films are among the most investigated materials for electrical tuning of optical properties, the so-called electrochromic effect. Of particular interest for applications of these films is the recently tuned memory effect, which allows persistence of an induced optical state after interruption of the applied potential. By comparing two process routes for amorphous WO3 film synthesis, we show that the memory effect is a general feature, which opens the way for further investigation of this interesting property. We propose an empirical relationship between the shape of the cyclic voltammetry curves measured on these films and the occurrence of the memory effect. This is a decisive step towards accelerating the development of devices based on these films using the CV shape as a predictive tool. Finally, preliminary understanding of the origin of the memory effect is discussed through morphological characterizations of the WO3 sputtered films.

In response to the urgent need for environmentally sustainable alternatives to combat climate change, considerable attention has been directed towards the development of functional materials for energy management. Among these, thermochromic-based smart windows have emerged as a significant area of interest due to their ability to dynamically and passively regulate the amount of sunlight entering a building while maintaining consistently high visible transmittance. Additionally, low thermal emissivity is crucial for energy efficiency in cold climates. In this theoretical study, we numerically explore the application of silver nanowire networks as a low infrared emissivity coating to enhance the performance of VO2-based thermochromic multilayer stacks. We propose a highly efficient thermochromic stack capable of achieving a luminous transmittance of 79% and a solar modulation ability of 15.7%, while simultaneously exhibiting an infrared emissivity as low as 8%. Via the addition of the Ag NW network, we show that it is also possible to reduce the emissivity of VO2 nanoparticle-based stacks up to 20% while keeping a FOM higher than 0.01, which we show is not possible by using a Ag thin film alone.

Energy efficiency of smart windows can be greatly improved by integrating dual-band electrochromic materials based on nanostructured doped metal oxides, as these will allow for a dynamic and independent control of light and heat supplies in buildings respectively related to transmitted visible (VIS) and near-infrared (NIR) solar radiations. Mixed molybdenum – tungsten oxides MoyW1-yO3-δ “MoWOx” are considered as innovative compounds in this context: in comparison with parent WO3-δ formulations, a remarkable increase of unpaired electrons can be obtained from the formation of a larger amount of both reduced species and oxygen vacancies during the synthetic process of MoWOx materials, with a consequently boosted intensity of light absorption by 850-900 nm wavelengths. Consecutively, spin-coated films obtained from MoWOx structures solvothermally synthesized for 1h from 2/1 Mo/W atomic ratios are shown to be electrochromically commutable through a noticeable VIS-darkened and NIR-transparent warm mode, while WO3-δ benchmarks classically evolve between bright (VIS & NIR bleached), cool (VIS-bleached, NIR-opaque) and dark (VIS & NIR opaque) states. All in all, such advanced optical functionalities are of high interest for fine-tuning the selectivity and improving the efficiency of electrochromic fenestration solutions, further improving their capacity to adapt to different climates, seasons, and users preferences.

Despite excellent optical and electrical properties, the brittleness of indium tin oxide (ITO), used as a transparent electrode, prevents the realization of stable flexible devices. If silver nanowire (AgNW) networks represent a promising alternative, their lack of thermal and electrochemical stability still prevents their fast development in numerous applications. Herein, we report a novel strategy consisting of the deposition of an electrochromic and protective layer of oriented hybrid materials, also known as surface-anchored metal-organic frameworks (SurMOFs). Furthermore, the dual role played by the SurMOF is achieved using a room-temperature and low-cost method for the efficient use of bare AgNWs. A step forward was achieved by demonstrating electrochemical and mechanical stability for flexible electrochromic SurMOF@AgNW/PET thin films, switching reversibly from orange (+0.2 V) to blue (-0.8 V) in 8.4 s and 10.4 s, respectively, with a color efficiency of 158 cm2/C after being bent 300 times.

The development of electrochromic systems, known for the modulation of their optical properties under an applied voltage, depends on the replacement of the state-of-the-art ITO (In2O3:Sn) transparent electrode (TE) as well as the improvement of electrochromic films. This study presents an innovative ITO-free electrochromic film architecture utilizing oxide-coated silver nanowire (AgNW) networks as a TE and V2O5 as an electrochromic oxide layer. The TE was prepared by simple spray deposition of AgNWs that allowed for tuning different densities of the network and hence the resistance and transparency of the film. The conformal oxide coating (SnO2 or ZnO) on AgNWs was deposited by atmospheric-pressure spatial atomic layer deposition, an open-air fast and scalable process yielding a highly stable electrode. V2O5 thin films were then deposited by radio frequency magnetron sputtering on the AgNW-based TE. Independent of the oxide's nature, a 20 nm protective layer thickness was insufficient to prevent the deterioration of the AgNW network during V2O5 deposition. On the contrary, crystalline V2O5 films were grown on 30 nm thick ZnO or SnO2-coated AgNWs, exhibiting a typical orange color. Electrochromic characterization demonstrated that only V2O5 films deposited on 30 nm thick SnO2-coated AgNW showed characteristic oxidation-reduction peaks in the Li+-based liquid electrolyte associated with a reversible orange-to-blue color switch for at least 500 cycles. The electrochromic key properties of AgNW/SnO2 (30 nm)/V2O5 films are discussed in terms of structural and morphological changes due to the AgNW network and the nature and thickness of the two protective oxide coatings. [GRAPHICS]

We report the synthesis of WO3, TiO2, and TiO2-WO3 nanoparticles by a polyol route, with the objective of studying the influence of the preparation method on their photochromic properties. By combining transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and diffuse reflectance experiments, we show that low W6+ concentrations and high ripening temperatures allow the preparation of WO3 nanoparticles with high photochromic efficiency. WO3-TiO2 nanocomposites (NCs) prepared by the introduction of a TiO2+ solution in a WO3 nanoparticle suspension exhibit a strong coloring photochromism, which is attributed to the TiO2 coating of the WO3 nanoparticles as it involves the formation of W-O-Ti oxo-bonds in place of W5+-nu(O) defects. Especially, after an oxidative treatment in order to obtain an initial pale-yellow material, such WO3-TiO2 NCs exhibit a fully reversible photochromism with a large contrast between the colored and bleached state. They could therefore be incorporated in hybrid smart films for solar control on building window glasses. On the other hand, while the WO3-TiO2 NCs are functionalized with DPA (n-dodecyl phosphonic acid), the as-prepared nanocomposites exhibit exacerbated coloring contrast but with a nearly nonreversible photochromism (very limited bleaching), which makes them good candidates for the fabrication of smart UV-sensor devices that can indicate the cumulative UV dose which is received.

Printed electrochromic displays (ECDs) have promising applications in visual communications. A cradle-to-gate ex-ante prospective life cycle assessment (LCA) was conducted on six ECD architectures to uncover the environmental implications of material and technological choices. Several materials were considered in ECD fabrication, including silver, carbon, and indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes, plastic- and paper-based substrates, and two electrolytes. The architectures differed in technology maturity levels, ranging from pilot-scale and lab-scale prototypes to conceptual designs. Regardless of their technological maturity, all architectures were scaled up to emulate impact burdens as if they were produced on an optimized industrial production scale. The analysis of ECD architectures at the early development stage, especially conceptual designs, determines their environmental viability without the need for experimental testing, resulting in significant savings of time and resources. The all-silver architecture was associated with the highest environmental impacts across all endpoint and midpoint indicators, except for the water consumption indicator. On the other hand, the all-carbon architecture exhibited the lowest environmental impacts, followed by the carbon-ITO architecture and all-ITO architecture. Based on the environmental impact results, we could identify ECD architectures that merit further development and those that have limited potential for improvement, thus recommending to cease research and development of ECD architectures employing silver electrodes. The approach employed in this LCA guides scaling-up and predicting the environmental impacts of conceptual ECD architectures. This may benefit LCA practitioners and researchers engaged in ex-ante prospective LCA studies. Furthermore, the findings of this LCA might be applicable to other electronic devices, where silver, ITO, and carbon could be interchangeably used as electrodes.

Silver nanowire networks are a promising replacement to indium tin oxide as transparent electrodes, which are necessary components of electrochromic devices. However, silver nanowires suffer from a short lifetime due to silver corrosion. Unlike many nanowire electrode passivation materials studied in the literature, the current work focuses on an inexpensive nonconductive passivation layer, allowing the utilization of transparent polymers. Herein, a coating of a thin layer of polyurethane (PU) was used to prevent corrosion and to limit the electrode sheet resistance to an increase of only 1.8x after 6 months. PU is cheap and easy to deposit, 96% transparent across the visible and NIR regions (Atkinson, J. "Silver Nanowire Networks in Electrochromic Devices", Thesis, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, 2023), increases the mechanical flexibility of nanowire electrodes, improves nanowire adhesion, and decreases surface roughness by an average of 15 nm. The PU-passivated nanowire electrodes are integrated into mechanically flexible symmetric PEDOT:PSS-based electrochromic displays. Compared to similar devices based on ITO electrodes, the PU-passivated nanowire-based devices show higher color modulation, shorter switching times, a larger change in reflectance in the visible properties, and a longer lifetime. Most noteworthy are their far superior mechanical properties. After 50 bending cycles, the nanowire-based devices had little change in performance, whereas ITO-based devices no longer worked.

Vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) attracts considerable attention in electrochromism due to its multicolor aspects and high ion storage capacity for the counter electrode. In this work, pure and Fe-doped V2O5 films are deposited by radiofrequency magnetron co-sputtering. The influence of Fe doping on the structural and electrochemical properties of V2O5-based thin films is investigated. Thin films containing up to 7.8 atom % of Fe are obtained without phase impurities. Although this high Fe doping is detrimental to V2O5 electrochromic properties, a proper amount of about 1.7 atom% of Fe leads to an enhancement of V2O5 crystallinity and electrochemical capacity. The higher capacity of a 1.7 atom % Fe-doped V2O5 film is associated with a stronger memory effect property, described as a reversible color persistence in open-circuit conditions. This work contributes to the exploration of Fe doping through co-sputtering and highlights the relevant role of the doping amount on the physicochemical properties of V2O5.

Mixing silver nanowires is a relevant tool to increase the overall conductivity of hybrid electrochromic systems. Herein, the addition of silver nanowires with an average diameter of 30 nm, length of 88 um, and concentration of 3.0 mg/ml lowered the sheet resistance of PEDOT:PSS films from 280 Ω/sq to 34 Ω/sq. Further characterized for their electrochromic behavior, mixing silver nanowires with PEDOT:PSS films allowed lowering the turn-on voltage from -1.5 V to -1.1 V and reducing the switching time from 7 to 3.6 seconds. Furthermore, with the addition of silver nanowires into PEDOT:PSS, an expensive ITO transparent and environmentally impactful electrode material is no longer required. Electrochromic devices based on hybrid AgNW/PEDOT:PSS films showed higher colouration efficiency, lower sheet resistance, lower turn on voltage, and faster switching times as compared to electrochromic devices made with PEDOT:PSS films only.

Advanced synthesis and characterization by mixed experimental and computational approaches for a novel infra-red absorbing state in electrochromic SurMOF based devices.

InfoMetricsFiguresRef. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & EngineeringVol 12/Issue 31Article This publication is free to access through this site. Learn More CiteCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore citation options ShareShare onFacebookX (Twitter)WeChatLinkedInRedditEmailJump toExpandCollapse ORIGINAL ARTICLE This notice is a correctionAddition/CorrectionJuly 24, 2024Correction to "Steering Innovation toward Sustainable Electrochromic Displays: A Prospective Life Cycle Assessment Study"Click to copy article linkArticle link copied!A. Kamal Kamali*A. Kamal KamaliMore by A. Kamal Kamalihttps://orcid.org/0009-0004-8636-790XDaye Lee*Daye LeeMore by Daye Leehttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-2459-6772Romain FutschRomain FutschMore by Romain FutschEdis GlogicEdis GlogicMore by Edis Glogichttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-9204-438XAline Rougier*Aline RougierMore by Aline Rougierhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-1340-734XGuido SonnemannGuido SonnemannMore by Guido Sonnemannhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-2581-1910Open PDFACS Sustainable Chemistry & EngineeringCite this: ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 2024, 12, 31, 11839–11840Click to copy citationCitation copied!https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acssuschemeng.4c05439https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.4c05439Published July 24, 2024 Publication History Received 3 July 2024Published online 25 July 2024Published in issue 5 August 2024correctionCopyright © 2024 American Chemical Society. This publication is available under these Terms of Use. Request reuse permissionsThis publication is licensed for personal use by The American Chemical Society. ACS PublicationsCopyright © 2024 American Chemical SocietyThe correction made to the published paper primarily involves editing the styles of Table 1 and Table 2. Previously, identical numbers spanning multiple columns were represented as a single input. However, this adjustment created an issue due to the journal's table formatting style, which does not include internal lines. Additionally, the alignment of the numbers was altered, making it difficult to discern which numbers correspond to which architectures. The content of the tables remains unchanged, and no other edits were made either to the paper content, title, authors, or their affiliations. Therefore, the findings of the paper remain unchanged.Table 1. Overview of Six ECD Architectures: Performance Characteristics, Technology Readiness Level, Layers, and Materials S1S2S3S4S5S6Technology Readiness Level (TRL)6–76–76–71–21–24Operating voltage [V]1.53.83.8–––Optical contrast (ΔE*)17.317.510.6–––Switching time [seconds]222–––Minimum number of cycles20c20c20c–––Encapsulation (Layer 2)UV photopolymerUV photopolymerUV photopolymerUV photopolymerUV photopolymerUV photopolymerCounter-Electrode (Layer 2)N/AAgN/AN/AAgN/ACounter-Electrode (Layer 1)CCCCCITOElectrochromic Material (Layer 2)N/AN/AN/AN/AN/APEDOT:PSSElectrolyteAaAaAaAaAaBbElectrochromic Material (Layer 1)PEDOT:PSSPEDOT:PSSPEDOT:PSSPEDOT:PSSPEDOT:PSSPEDOT:PSSElectrode (Layer 2)AgAgN/AN/AN/AN/AElectrode (Layer 1)CCCITOITOITOEncapsulation (Layer 1)UV photopolymerUV photopolymerUV photopolymerUV photopolymerUV photopolymerUV photopolymerSubstratePaper-basedPaper-basedPaper-basedPETPETPETaElectrolyte A: LiTFSI:EmimTFSI + UV photopolymer.bElectrolyte B: Electrolyte A + TiO2.cAssumed value.Table 2. Life Cycle Inventories of the Six Electrochromic Displays' Architectures Normalized for 1 ECD as OutputComponentMaterialUnitS1S2S3S4S5S6SubstratePowercoat XDg0.1130.1130.113N/AN/AN/A PETgN/AN/AN/A0.4600.4600.123ElectrodesSilverg0.0380.089N/AN/A0.052N/A Carbong0.0900.0900.0900.0500.050N/A ITOcm2N/AN/AN/A224Electrochromic materialPEDOT:PSSg0.0150.0150.0150.0150.0150.032ElectrolyteLiTFSI:EmimTFSIg0.0300.0300.0300.0300.0300.008 UV photopolymerg0.0200.0200.0200.0200.0200.005 Titanium dioxidegN/AN/AN/AN/AN/A0.001EncapsulationUV photopolymerg0.0500.0500.0500.0500.0500.013Energy consumptionElectricityW h15.78117.19013.88512.87314.2824.654Cleaning solventsEGDg1.2001.4001.0000.8001.0000.600 Waterg6.006.006.006.006.006.00MaskMaskItem0.00010.00010.00010.00010.00012.68 × 10–05Author InformationClick to copy section linkSection link copied!Corresponding AuthorsA. Kamal Kamali; https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8636-790X; Email: Daye Lee; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2459-6772; Email: Aline Rougier; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1340-734X; Email: AuthorsRomain FutschEdis Glogic; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9204-438XGuido Sonnemann; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2581-1910Cited By Click to copy section linkSection link copied!This article has not yet been cited by other publications.Download PDFFiguresReferencesOpen PDF Get e-AlertsGet e-AlertsACS Sustainable Chemistry & EngineeringCite this: ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 2024, 12, 31, 11839–11840Click to copy citationCitation copied!https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.4c05439Published July 24, 2024 Publication History Received 3 July 2024Published online 25 July 2024Published in issue 5 August 2024Copyright © 2024 American Chemical Society. This publication is available under these Terms of Use. 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Abstract The memory effect property, described as a reversible color persistence while the potential is withdrawn, is of particular importance to reaching zero‐energy consumption electrochromic devices. Nevertheless, often observed in organic materials, it is poorly studied in oxides. In this study, electrochromic tungsten oxide thin films are elaborated at different working pressures by radiofrequency magnetron sputtering. The influence of the deposition pressure on the electrochemical properties of WO3 films as well as on their memory effect is investigated. Three kinds of WO3 films can be distinguished: with irreversible blue coloration, with reversible coloration presenting a high memory effect, and with reversible coloration with a low memory effect. The origin of these discrepancies is studied through the composition, the local atomic environment, and the morphology of the WO3 thin films. An increase of transmittance at 550 nm as low as 15.8% in 48 h in air and 5.2% in 24 h in the electrolyte is recorded. This study highlights a better understanding of the memory effect property of electrochromic oxides for low‐consumption energy electrochromic devices, pointing out morphology as a key parameter.

Despite the long-standing history of electrochromism, there is a lack of universally accepted methods for quantitatively comparing cycling stability between different electrochromic materials or devices. By proposing a straightforward three-step procedure, we report a simple set of parameters that describe the cycling stability performance the most frequently used electrochromic materials, namely, conducting polymers, transition metal oxides, metallo-supramolecular polymers, and viologens. The main highlights of this procedure are an adequate definition of the testing conditions and the analytical description of the evolution of the performance of materials through continuous cycling. The resulting parameters allow us, not only to perform comparative studies among different materials and devices but also to identify tendencies, and therefore establish the corresponding balance, between the testing conditions and the cycling stability and/or optical performance obtained. This method constitutes a powerful decision-making tool for the academic and industry-related electrochromic community.