The tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV) is a bipartite, single-stranded begomovirus that was first identified in India in 1995 affecting solanaceous crops. A different strain, named ToLCNDV-ES, was introduced in Spain in 2012 and causes severe symptoms in zucchini crops. Virus transmission experiments with the whitefly Bemisia tabaci, were used to compare the transmission parameters in zucchini and tomato plants. The minimum acquisition access period and inoculation access period of ToLCNDV-ES transmission was similar in zucchini and tomato. However, the transmission efficiency was significantly higher in zucchini (96%) compared to tomato (2%). The maximum retention of the virus in the vector was 16 days. B. tabaci feeding on, or recently emerged from infected zucchini plants, accumulated more virus than those from infected tomato, as determined by real-time PCR. A total of 20% of B. tabaci that were recently emerged from infected zucchini, and none from infected tomato, were able to transmit the virus to virus-free zucchini. The results may explain the different incidences of ToLCNDV-ES in zucchini and tomato crops in Spain. But they are also relevant for ToLCNDV-ES management of crops and the role of the trade and transport of infected plant material, when small-sized immature stages of B. tabaci could be a source of infection.

Lettuce chlorosis virus-SP (LCV-SP) (family Closteroviridae, genus Crinivirus), is a new strain of LCV which is able to infect green bean plants and incapable of infecting lettuce crops. In the present study, high throughput and Sanger sequencing of RNA was used to obtain the LCV-SP full-length sequence. The LCV-SP genome comprises 8825 nt and 8672 nt equivalent with RNA1 and RNA2 respectively. RNA1 of LCV-SP contains four ORFs, the proteins encoded by the ORF1a and ORF1b are closely related to LCV RNA1 from California (FJ380118) whereas the 39 end encodes proteins which share high amino acid sequence identity with RNA1 of BnYDV (EU191904). The genomic sequence of RNA2 consists of 8 ORFs, instead of 10 ORFs contained in LCV-California isolate. The distribution of vsiRNA (virus-derived small interfering RNA) along the LCV-SP genome suggested the presence of subgenomic RNAs corresponding with HSP70, P6.4 and P60. Results of the analysis using RDP4 and Simplot programs are the proof of the evidence that LCV-SP is the first recombinant of the family Closteroviridae by crossover recombination of intact ORFs, being the LCV RNA1 (FJ380118) and BnYDV RNA1 (EU191904) the origin of the new LCV strain. Genetic diversity values of virus isolates in the recombinant region obtained after sampling LCV-SP infected green bean between 2011 and 2017 might suggest that the recombinant virus event occurred in the area before this period. The presence of LCV-SP shows the role of recombination as a driving force of evolution within the genus Crinivirus, a globally distributed, emergent genus.

Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV) (family Geminiviridae, genus Begomovirus) has recently been introduced in western Mediterranean countries. Isolates in Spain constitute a new strain, denominated ToLCNDVES, that is causing losses in commercial zucchini and melon crops; however, it is also, although less often, detected in commercial tomato crops. We developed a tissue-print hybridization test to detect the two genomic components of the virus and a TaqMan quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) test to estimate the number of genome copies in plants. qPCR was approximately 104 to 106 times more sensitive than tissue-print hybridization to detect viral genomic DNA-A and DNA-B, respectively. It also detected the virus in more experimentally and naturally ToLCNDV-ES-infected zucchini squash and tomato plants. ToLCNDV-ES DNA-A titers were significantly lower in tomato than in zucchini plants, often falling below the detection limits in the hybridization test. In addition, the DNA-B accumulation was impaired in tomato when compared with zucchini. According to the data obtained in this study, the differences in viral titers of both plant species contribute to explain the dissimilarities in symptom expression, capability of detection, and transmission of the virus.

Lettuce chlorosis virus-SP (LCV-SP) (family Closteroviridae, genus Crinivirus), is a new strain of LCV which is able to infect green bean plants but not lettuce. In the present study, high-throughput and Sanger sequencing of RNA was used to obtain the LCV-SP full-length sequence. The LCV-SP genome comprises 8825 nt and 8672 nt long RNA1 and RNA2 respectively. RNA1 of LCV-SP contains four ORFs, the proteins encoded by the ORF1a and ORF1b are closely related to LCV RNA1 from California (FJ380118) whereas the 3´ end encodes proteins which share high amino acid sequence identity with RNA1 of Bean yellow disorder virus (BnYDV; EU191904). The genomic sequence of RNA2 consists of 8 ORFs, instead of 10 ORFs contained in LCV-California isolate. The distribution of vsiRNA (virus-derived small interfering RNA) along the LCV-SP genome suggested the presence of subgenomic RNAs corresponding with HSP70, P6.4 and P60. Results of the analysis using RDP4 and Simplot programs are the proof of the evidence that LCV-SP is the first recombinant of the family Closteroviridae by crossover recombination of intact ORFs, being the LCV RNA1 (FJ380118) and BnYDV RNA1 (EU191904) the origin of the new LCV strain. Genetic diversity values of virus isolates in the recombinant region obtained after sampling LCV-SP infected green bean between 2011 and 2017 might suggest that the recombinant virus event occurred in the area before this period. The presence of LCV-SP shows the role of recombination as a driving force of evolution within the genus Crinivirus, a globally distributed, emergent genus.

Spain produces about 4 million tons of tomato for fresh market or industry. Andalusia, in the south of Spain, represents a major part of the tomato production, generating almost 200 million plants in 2014. Several diseases, caused by viruses, fungi, bacteria and nematodes, are limiting factors in tomato cultivation, and resistance traits are fundamental in management of these diseases. About 39 seed companies operate in Spain, offering 400 tomato cultivars to the market. Data on the features of these cultivars were obtained from the seed companies, either from publicly available source or through formal inquiries. Commercial data containing the numbers of plant seedlings produced and sold during the year 2014 were from the Andalusian Society of Horticulture Nurseries. A detailed analysis of the numbers of cultivars and plants, marketed and commercialized, revealed that tomatoes resistant to infectious diseases are highly preferred by farmers: 88% of all tomato cultivars available on the market have one or more resistances, and 187 million plants, that is, about 97% of all tomato seedlings produced, are resistant to one or more viruses (80%), fungi (93%), nematodes (61%) and/or bacteria (5%). Most of the fungi-resistant tomatoes are resistant against Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici) (95%) and Verticillium wilt (Verticillium dahliae/Verticillium albo-atrum) (81%). Farmers also prefer tomato plants with resistances to Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV), Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) and Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), which make up 99, 68, and 32%, respectively, of all virus-resistant plants. Both open-field and greenhouse-grown crops are challenged by an increasing number of established and emerging pathogens, which require disease management strategies, but, according to the data from seed companies and those from nurseries, farmers consider it hard to produce tomato without disease resistances, especially regarding Fusarium wilt and ToMV.

The tobacco whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae), is a serious pest of vegetables in many horticulture systems. It vectors the Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV) which causes considerable damage in zucchini crops. Both pest and the disease are well established in field and greenhouse crops in the southeast of Spain, the largest vegetable growing area in Europe. The predatory mite Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot (Arachnida: Phytoseiidae) is known to effectively manage B. tabaci populations in crops such as sweet pepper and cucumber, feeding on eggs and crawlers of this pest. However, there are no reports on the effectiveness of predatory mites against tobacco whitefly in zucchini crops. The potential to reduce whitefly populations as well as the spread of ToLCNDV in zucchini was evaluated by the pre-installation of A. swirskii in seedlings. Results showed that the number of adult whiteflies and deposited eggs on zucchini plants were significantly lower on plants with the phytoseiid predator, showing a significant negative impact of A. swirskii on B. tabaci colonization and reproduction but not on the primary infection with ToLCNDV. However, the pre-release of the predatory mites resulted in a strong decrease in eggs and subsequently emerging adults of whiteflies relative to plants without predators, and a significant reduction in secondary spread of the virus.

El rastreo genetico de unas plantas de sandia en un invernadero de Almeria que presentaban sintomas de necrosis en frutos, hojas y tallos ha permitido identificar una nueva cepa de de cribado del melon o Melon necrotic spot (MNSV), nunca antes descrita en Espana. Un equipo del Instituto de Investigacion y Formacion Agraria y Pesquera (IFAPA) de la Mojonera, comandado por Dirk Janssen, ha sido el responsable de la investigacion que ha permitido este hallazgo, que ha sido bautizado como MNSV-W-SP (watermelon-Spain). En el siguiente articulo se expone el proceso de deteccion del agente patogeno y se proponen medidas de control. El del cribado del melon Melon necrotic spot (MNSV) es conocido como el de las manchas necroticas del melon o virus del cribado del melon, en referencia a las distintas manifestaciones durante la infeccion. Los sintomas en melon y pepino se caracterizan por la aparicion de pequenas manchas cloroticas de 0,5 a 2 mm en las hojas que evolucionan a necroticas. Otro sintoma tipico, y conocido como enrejado, es la necrosis de las nerviaciones de las hojas inferiores e intermedias. Pueden aparecen estrias necroticas en el cuello y tallo de las plantas, a veces como unico sintoma de la enfermedad, o una necrosis marron en la base del tallo que solo afecta a la epidermis, y que tambien constituya el unico sintoma de la enfermedad. Esto puede estar asociado con la muerte de la planta (Cuadrado y col., 1993). El MNSV ha sido descrito en America, Asia, Africa y Europa. En Espana, fue detectado por primera vez en 1984 en cultivos protegidos de melon en la zona de Almeria (Martinez de Salinas y col., 1987). El colapso del melon se extendio por toda la costa almeriense, constituyendo un factor limitante para su cultivo (Cuadrado y col., 1993). Posteriormente, el fue aislado en cultivos de pepino y sandia.

Tomato leaf cur New Delhi begomovirus, (ToLCNDV) fue aislado en cultivos de calabacin del sureste espanol en el ano 2013 (Juarez y col., 2014). Desde entonces, este begomovirus ha causado graves danos ademas de en calabacin, en otras cucurbitaceas como melon y pepino. ToLCNDV, habia permanecido confinado en la India, donde ha llegado a ser un factor limitante de la produccion de tomate. Recientemente se ha propagado con exito a cultivos de cucurbitaceas de paises vecinos. Espana es uno de los principales productores de calabacin y tomate a nivel mundial, por lo que la presencia de este nuevo virus, puede suponer una grave amenaza para el sector horticola. Este virus se transmite con elevada eficiencia por la mosca blanca, Bemisia tabaci. En el sur de la peninsula Iberica, las caracteristicas climatologicas propias de la cuenca mediterranea y sus variaciones a nivel local, junto con los actuales sistemas de produccion agricola, permiten el mantenimiento de poblaciones de este insecto vector durante prolongados periodos de tiempo. Durante las ultimas decadas, este escenario ha sido testigo de la continua emergencia de enfermedades asociadas a virus transmitidos por B. tabaci. El estudio de la biologia y epidemiologia de estos patogenos ha permitido desarrollar estrategias para su control, permitiendo al sector mantener su competitividad a nivel internacional. Sin embargo, en el caso de ToLCNDV al tratarse del primer begomovirus bipartito presente en el continente europeo, su biologia y las consecuencias de su epidemiologia se desconocen. La presente tesis doctoral aporta una primera aproximacion a la biologia y epidemiologia de la enfermedad asociada a Tomato yellow leaf curl New Delhi virus en Espana. Asi, este trabajo comienza con la primera identificacion del agente causal en cultivos de tomate localizados en la provincia de Almeria. Su posterior caracterizacion biologica y molecular ha permitido conocer su actual rango de huespedes entre los que se incluyen algunas de las principales especies de cultivo como, berenjena, tomate, pimiento, calabacin, melon, sandia y pepino. Ademas su caracterizacion molecular ha revelado que se trata de una nueva cepa, para la que se ha propuesto la denominacion de Tomato leaf curl New Delhi Virus, Spain strain (ToLCNDV-ES). Con objeto de ofrecer herramientas que faciliten su diagnostico, se han disenado y validado dos tecnicas moleculares, hibridacion molecular con son sondas de hibridacion y PCR en tiempo real, que tambien permite la cuantificacion del virus. La aplicacion de estas tecnicas en plantas de tomate y calabacin infectadas con ToLCNDV-ES y, la comparacion de los resultados obtenidos han permitido conocer los limites de deteccion para cada una de ellas y ademas ha puesto de manifiesto una diferencia significativa en la acumulacion viral entre ambas especies de plantas. Lo que puede contribuir a explicar las disimilitudes en la expresion de sintomas, la capacidad de deteccion y transmision del virus. En relacion al vector de transmision, como parte de esta tesis, se han caracterizado las especies asociadas al complejo de B. tabacci, procedentes de diferentes cultivos del sur de Espana, pudiendose concluir que ademas de las especies asiaticas, conocidas hasta ahora como vectores de transmision de ToLCNDV, por primera vez tambien se propaga por el complejo de especies mediterraneas, MED-Q1. Finalmente, una de las principales aportaciones de este trabajo, ha sido el desarrollo y la evaluacion de un metodo de control sostenible para la proteccion de cucurbitaceas frente a ToLCNDV-ES. El uso del acaro depredador Ambliseyus swirskii, representa el primer caso registrado de control exitoso de la propagacion secundaria de un virus transmitido por mosca blanca, utilizando solo enemigos naturales.

Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV) originates from Asia where it is persistently transmitted by indigenous cryptic species of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci. The virus has recently invaded Spain, Tunisia, and Italy, and to investigate whether whitefly species new to the Mediterranean are involved, 35 populations were collected during 2015 from different crops in different regions of southern Spain. Comparison of partial mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I sequences from the collected whiteflies revealed the existence of 7 different haplotypes belonging to the Mediterranean-Q1 cryptic species. ToLCNDV was detected in 15 populations collected from tomato, zucchini, and melon crops and from 5 different localities. The results suggest that MED-Q1 is also responsible for the current spread of ToLCNDV in Spain.

Andalusia, southern Spain, is a major horticultural production region within the Mediterranean, where over 10,000 ha are dedicated to the production of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Approximately two-thirds of the area dedicated to this crop is in a greenhouse and the remaining one-third is comprised of open field crops. Using pepper as a model, we identified and compared the major diseases caused by viruses in the different geographic regions and agronomic systems within the region. Symptomatic samples were collected during 2009 and analyzed by ELISA and RT-PCR for the presence of Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV), Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV), Potato virus Y (PVY), Tobacco mild green mosaic virus (TMGMV), Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) and Parietaria mottle virus (PMoV). Contingency table analysis showed a significant relationship between the presence of major diseases caused by viruses in pepper crops and the different agrosystems in terms of location (inland versus coastal), disease control management (chemical versus integrated), cropping system (open field versus greenhouse), and virus-resistant versus susceptible cultivars. Pepper crops in plastic-covered greenhouses were predominantly associated with arthropod-transmitted virus diseases, such as TSWV. CMV was predominant in provinces located inland, and PMoV was found independent of the agrosystem, disease control methods, or geographic location.

HomePlant DiseaseVol. 100, No. 5First Report of a Novel Melon necrotic spot virus Watermelon Strain in Spain PreviousNext DISEASE NOTES OPENOpen Access licenseFirst Report of a Novel Melon necrotic spot virus Watermelon Strain in SpainL. Ruiz, O. Crespo, A. Simon, J. Gomez, and D. JanssenL. RuizSearch for more papers by this author, O. CrespoSearch for more papers by this author, A. SimonSearch for more papers by this author, J. GomezSearch for more papers by this author, and D. JanssenSearch for more papers by this authorAffiliationsAuthors and Affiliations L. Ruiz O. Crespo A. Simon J. Gomez D. Janssen , IFAPA, Centro La Mojonera, La Mojonera 04745, Almeria, Spain. Published Online:2 Mar 2016https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-11-15-1261-PDNAboutSectionsSupplemental ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmailWechat In May 2014, necrotic symptoms on leaves, stems, and fruits were observed in watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thomb.) Mansf. ‘Dulce maravilla’] produced in a commercial greenhouse from the province of Almeria, in Spain. Almost all plants from the greenhouse were severely affected, and over 80% died. Crude sap from symptomatic leaves was used for mechanical inoculation onto a set of different plant species maintained in a growth chamber at 25/20°C day/night with a 16-h photoperiod. Necrotic symptoms and subsequent plant death, similar to those in the field, were expressed in inoculated watermelon plants and neither local lesions nor systemic symptoms were observed on melon (Cucumis melo ‘Horaciao’), cucumber (C. sativus ‘CumLaude’), squash (Cucurbita pepo ‘Victoria’), pumpkin (C. maxima ‘Totana’), and bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria var. hispida (Thumb.) H. Hara). The necrotic symptoms were similar to those described for Melon necrotic spot virus (MNSV), however, symptomatic samples from the field and from greenhouse-inoculated watermelon plants gave negative results when tested with ELISA using MNSV-specific antiserum (DSMZ, Germany). Double-stranded (ds) RNA analysis from symptomatic watermelon plants revealed the presence of a high-molecular-weight dsRNA band of ∼4.3 kb, similar to that produced by the MNSV (Riviere et al. 1989). Total RNA was extracted from five symptomatic watermelon plants, and tested by RT-PCR using primers mnsfinPol-up (nt 2356-2378, 5′-CGTGCCATGGAAAGTGACTATGA-3′) and mnsiniP7-Low (nt 2795-2815, 5′-CCATTWKGTAGAGATGCCRACG-3′) designed based on conserved sequences of the putative cistrons encoding p89 and p7A protein gene regions of the genome of MNSV-Malfa5 from Spain (GenBank Accession No. AY122286). In all five plants, the expected 422-bp amplicons were produced, cloned into pGEM-T Easy vector (Promega, Madison, WI), and sequenced. The sequences were BLAST searched, showing highest nt identity (78%) with MNSV-Malfa5. Samples were then analyzed using next-generation sequencing. Total RNA, extracted from ∼150 mg of leaf tissues was used for construction of an RNA library suitable for Illumina HiSeq paired-end sequencing. Reference assembly with MNSV genome sequence AY122286 and consecutive genome walking resulted in a partial sequence of 2211 nts (KT962848) that showed the highest nt and amino acid identity with 4 regions of the MNSV genome, 75% and 86% with the part of the open reading frame (ORF) encoding p89, 79% and 80% with ORF 2 encoding p7A, 77% and 74% with ORF 3 encoding p7B, and 67% and 72% with ORF 4 encoding p42, respectively. Based on these sequences, a specific primer pair was designed (MNPol1up, nt 20-40, 5′-TTCCCGAGATGCGTTAGAGTG-3′, and MNPol1low, nt 487-507, 5′-AGGGACCGACGGAGTAGGAAT-3′). This pair produced amplicons of the expected size (488 bp), when used in RT-PCR on the field-collected samples, and on the greenhouse-inoculated watermelon samples but not on healthy watermelon plants and not on the inoculated melon, cucumber, squash, pumpkin, and bottle gourd plants. MNSV affects melon crops worldwide and caused total loss of the melon crops in southeast Spain in the 1980s. A watermelon strain of MNSV that does not cause disease in melon has been described in Japan (Ohki et al. 2008). To our knowledge, this is the first report of a watermelon strain of MNSV in Spain.References:Ohki, T., et al. 2008. Phytopathology 98:1165. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-98-11-1165. Link, ISI, Google ScholarRiviere, C. J., et al. 1989. J. Gen. Virol. 70:3033. https://doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-70-11-3033. Crossref, ISI, Google ScholarDetailsFiguresLiterature CitedRelated Vol. 100, No. 5 May 2016SubscribeISSN:0191-2917e-ISSN:1943-7692 Metrics Article History Issue Date: 15 Apr 2016Published: 2 Mar 2016First Look: 6 Jan 2016Accepted: 22 Dec 2015 Page: 1031 Information© 2016 The American Phytopathological SocietyCited byMelon necrotic spot virusCABI Compendium, Vol. CABI CompendiumGenome Analysis of Melon Necrotic Spot Virus Incursions and Seed Interceptions in AustraliaJoanne Mackie, Ellena Higgins, Grant A. Chambers, Len Tesoriero, Ramez Aldaoud, Geoff Kelly, Wycliff M. Kinoti, Brendan C. Rodoni, and Fiona E. Constable2 June 2020 | Plant Disease, Vol. 104, No. 7Citrullus lanatus (Watermelon)6 June 2020Genomic Characterization of Three Melon Necrotic Spot Viruses Detected in Human Stool SpecimensGenome Announcements, Vol. 5, No. 11

Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV; family Geminiviridae, genus Begomovirus) is an emerging virus in horticulture crops in Asia, and has recently been introduced in Spain, Tunisia and Italy. No betasatellite DNA was detected in infected tomato and zucchini squash samples from Spain, and agroinoculated viral DNA‐A and DNA‐B were sufficient to reproduce symptoms in plants of both crop species. Infected tomato and zucchini squash plants also served as inoculum sources for efficient transmission either mechanically or using Bemisia tabaci whiteflies. Cucumber, melon, watermelon, zucchini squash, tomato, eggplant and pepper, but not common bean, were readily infected using viruliferous whiteflies and expressed symptoms 8–15 days post‐inoculation. New full‐length sequences from zucchini squash and tomato indicated a high genetic homogeneity (>99% sequence identity) in the ToLCNDV populations in Spain, pointing to a single recent introduction event.

HomePlant DiseaseVol. 99, No. 6First Report of Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus Infecting Tomato in Spain PreviousNext DISEASE NOTES OPENOpen Access licenseFirst Report of Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus Infecting Tomato in SpainM. L. Ruiz, A. Simón, L. Velasco, M. C. García, and D. JanssenM. L. Ruiz, A. Simón, L. Velasco, M. C. García, and D. JanssenAffiliationsAuthors and Affiliations M. L. Ruiz A. Simón L. Velasco M. C. García D. Janssen , IFAPA Centro La Mojonera, Spain, and IFAPA Centro Churriana, Spain. Published Online:14 May 2015https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-10-14-1072-PDNAboutSections ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmailWechat In September 2013, symptoms of chlorotic mottling and vein distortion on middle and lower leaves were observed in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) growing in a greenhouse from the province of Almeria, Spain. A neighboring greenhouse had zucchini squash plants (Cucurbita pepo L.) with apical leaf curling symptoms and chlorotic mottling on intermediate leaves, recently attributed to Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV) (Juarez et al. 2014). The plants in both greenhouses were observed to be infested with Bemisia tabaci. Total nucleic acid extractions of 10 tomato leaves were made and used for PCR amplifications using two pairs of primers (5′-AGCACAGCCACGGTGAAGAAC-3′ and 5′-TTTCATCCTTCGACAGAGTTC-3′ for DNA-A; and 5′-AATACACGCGTAAGGAAATATGT-3′ and 5′-AGTCATGGGCTAGCAGATCG-3′ for DNA-B), designed to match the sequences of the DNA-A and DNA-B components of ToLCNDV (GenBank KF891468 and KF891467, respectively). PCR from all 10 samples yielded amplified DNA fragments of the expected sizes of 1,260 and 890 bp, respectively, and were cloned in pGEM-T Easy vector (Promega, Madison, WI). Products from each primer pair were sequenced and the nucleotide and amino acid sequences were analyzed using BLASTn. Each showed the highest identity with ToLCNDV. PCR amplification of the nucleic acid extracts using TYLCV and TYLCSV-specific primers yielded negative results (Accotto et al. 2000). Primers based on the whole genome sequence from DNA-A and DNA-B of ToLCNDV from zucchini squash from Spain were designed and used in PCR. Amplicons of the expected sizes were obtained from two tomato samples, cloned, and sequenced. The assembled sequences were 2,738 and 2,684 kb from DNA-A and DNA-B, respectively, and had 99% identity with the sequences from zucchini squash from Spain (KF891468 and KF891467); both sequences were deposited in GenBank with accession numbers KM977733 and KM977734. Their genome organization was similar to that of Old World bipartite begomoviruses (Brown et al. 2012). Five S. lycopersicum cv marmande plantlets in screencages were inoculated for 48 h with 15 to 20 adult B. tabaci whiteflies collected from the zucchini squash crops displaying ToLCNDV symptoms. Chlorotic mottling and leaf deformation symptoms, reminiscent of those observed in the tomato greenhouse crops, were observed on the tomato leaves at 15 days after inoculation (DAI). All five tomato plants were positive for ToLCNDV (DNA-A and DNA-B) and negative for TYLCV by PCR analysis. At 45 DAI, 10 to 15 B. tabaci adults from a healthy colony maintained on S. melongena were transferred to the tomato plants for a 48-h access period and then transferred to five zucchini squash plantlets for a 48-h inoculation feeding period, after which the whiteflies were killed using insecticide treatments. Fifteen DAI, the zucchini squash plantlets produced chlorotic mottling leaf symptoms, which tested positive for ToLCNDV, thus fulfilling Koch's postulates. Field samples from naturally infected zucchini squash and tomato plants with ToLCNV, as well as plants inoculated with whiteflies under laboratory conditions, were analyzed by rolling circle amplification and PCR using betasatellite specific primers (Briddon et al. 2001), but yielded no evidence of the association of betasatelites with ToLCNDV. ToLCNDV has been known to infect tomato in India for nearly two decades (Padidam et al. 1995), but during the last decade, its host range has increased, and the virus has invaded different countries including Spain where it infects cucurbitaceous crops (Juarez et al. 2014). Here, we report that ToLCNDV in Spain is also present in tomato infected in the field and can be transmitted to and from zucchini squash.References:Accotto, G. P., et al. 2000. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 106:179. Google ScholarBriddon, R. W., et al. 2001. Mol. Biotechnol. 18:1. Google ScholarBrown, J. K., et al. 2012. Page 351 in: Virus Taxonomy. Ninth Report of the ICTV. A. M. Q. King et al., eds. Elsevier/Academic Press, London. Google ScholarJuarez, M., et al. 2014. Plant Dis. 98:857. Google ScholarPadidam, M., et al. 1995. J. Gen. Virol. 76:25. Google ScholarDetailsFiguresLiterature CitedRelated Vol. 99, No. 6 June 2015SubscribeISSN:0191-2917e-ISSN:1943-7692 Metrics Article History Issue Date: 23 Jun 2015Published: 14 May 2015First Look: 23 Dec 2014Accepted: 15 Dec 2014 Pages: 894-894 Information© 2015 The American Phytopathological SocietyCited byInsights into the Key Genes in Cucumis melo and Cucurbita moschata ToLCNDV Resistance8 February 2023 | Horticulturae, Vol. 9, No. 2Begomovirus Tomato Leaf Curl New Delhi Virus Is Seedborne but Not Seed Transmitted in MelonIsabel M. Fortes, Verónica Pérez-Padilla, Beatriz Romero-Rodríguez, Rafael Fernández-Muñoz, Cristina Moyano, Araceli G. Castillo, Leandro De León, and Enrique Moriones15 February 2023 | Plant Disease, Vol. 107, No. 2Grafting to Manage Infections of the Emerging Tomato Leaf Curl New Delhi Virus in Cucurbits21 December 2022 | Plants, Vol. 12, No. 1Detection and Molecular Characterization of Chickpea Chlorotic Dwarf Virus and Tomato Leaf Curl New Delhi Virus in Morocco9 October 2022 | Horticulturae, Vol. 8, No. 10The invasion biology of tomato begomoviruses in Costa Rica reveals neutral synergism that may lead to increased disease pressure and economic lossVirus Research, Vol. 317First report of tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus infecting pepper in Tunisia17 January 2022 | Journal of Plant Pathology, Vol. 104, No. 2Different Infectivity of Mediterranean and Southern Asian Tomato Leaf Curl New Delhi Virus Isolates in Cucurbit Crops6 March 2022 | Plants, Vol. 11, No. 5Effects of Organic Biostimulants Added with Zeolite on Zucchini Squash Plants Infected by Tomato Leaf Curl New Delhi Virus15 March 2022 | Viruses, Vol. 14, No. 3Host Species-Dependent Transmission of Tomato Leaf Curl New Delhi Virus-ES by Bemisia tabaci30 January 2022 | Plants, Vol. 11, No. 3Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (Tomato New Delhi virus)CABI Compendium, Vol. CABI CompendiumPotato apical leaf curl disease: current status and perspectives on a disease caused by tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus13 April 2021 | Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection, Vol. 128, No. 4Diagnostic methods of tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus in Russian FederationSoutheast Asian Isolate of the Tomato Leaf Curl New Delhi Virus Shows Higher Pathogenicity Against Tomato and Cucurbit Crops Compared to that of the Mediterranean IsolateThe Horticulture Journal, Vol. 90, No. 3Pest survey card on tomato leaf curl New Delhi virusEFSA Supporting Publications, Vol. 17, No. 7A Historical Account of Viruses in Intensive Horticultural Crops in the Spanish Mediterranean Arc: New Challenges for a Sustainable Agriculture17 June 2020 | Agronomy, Vol. 10, No. 6Cotton Diseases and Their Management6 March 2020Resistance Against Melon Chlorotic Mosaic Virus and Tomato Leaf Curl New Delhi Virus in MelonGustavo Romay, Michel Pitrat, Herve Lecoq, Catherine Wipf-Scheibel, Pauline Millot, Gregory Girardot, and Cecile Desbiez20 August 2019 | Plant Disease, Vol. 103, No. 11First report of tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus in zucchini crops in Greece22 February 2019 | Journal of Plant Pathology, Vol. 101, No. 3First Report of Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus Infecting Cucurbits in the Canary IslandsA. I. Espino de Paz, M. Botella-Guillén, H. C. Otazo-González, A. Alfaro-Fernández, I. Font-San-Ambrosio, L. Galipienso, and L. 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In Spain, the province of Almeria has 30,000 ha of greenhouses available for the production of vegetables. Currently, in over half of this area, plant health is managed using biological control. A small but growing proportion of out-of-season vegetables are grown following ecological farming protocols but there are doubts as to the economic feasibility of organic production. The aim of this study was to compare the economic benefits derived from cucumber and French bean production under integrated and organic management protocols. Field tests were undertaken at the IFAPA Centre of Mojonera-La Canada in Almeria in 4 commercial greenhouses of 1,500 m(2) with identical structures, representative of those used in Almeria. Two of these greenhouses were managed according to European Organic Production protocols, whereas the other 2 greenhouses followed the Regulation of Integrated Production of Andalusia. The study was repeated during three consecutive years. Cucumbers were cultivated from late September to late January, and bean crops from mid-March to mid-June. To assess the gross margin obtained from each cropping system, we compared the different costs of fertilizers, pesticides and biological control organisms, and the prices received from the actual sale of the produce in their respective markets. The results indicate that irrespective of the year, the gross margin from organically produced beans was more than double that of IPM produced beans. However, differences in the economic benefits between organic and IPM produced cucumbers were seasonally dependent.