BACKGROUND:Professional rodeo is a sport with a high risk of injuries for which research is needed to support interventions. To date, there have been no epidemiological studies performed specifically on hip conditions sustained during rodeo. PURPOSE:To describe the epidemiology of hip conditions in professional rodeo. STUDY DESIGN:Case series; Level of evidence, 4. METHODS:Deidentified hip injury data from electronic medical records of the Justin Sportsmedicine Team from 2011 to 2014 were analyzed for risk, frequency, type, location, and mechanism, as well as activity phase, of hip injuries. RESULTS:A total of 84 hip injuries among 82 adult male and female athletes were reported, resulting in an overall hip injury density of 0.41 injuries per 1000 competitor-exposures (95% CI, 0.0003-0.0005) and a risk probability of 0.04%. Rough stock athletes sustained 83.3% of hip injuries, with bull riders sustaining 50.0% of the injuries. Contusions (45.2%), impingement (15.5%), and hip strains (13.1%) were the most common injuries. Athletes were most likely to be injured during the dismount (36.1%), and 36.9% of injuries were due to contact with the ground. CONCLUSION:Rough stock athletes have the greatest risk for hip injury in professional rodeo, with bull riders sustaining the most hip injuries. Athletes are most likely to be injured during the dismount. Common hip injuries in professional rodeo are contusions, impingement, and strains. The majority of contusions result from collision with the ground. Applicable measures to prevent or reduce the severity of injuries to the hip, such as protective padding, proprioceptive training, and eccentric strength training, should be implemented.

OrtizJr, RO, Sinclair Elder, AJ, Elder, CL, and Dawes, JJ. A systematic review on the effectiveness of active recovery interventions on athletic performance of professional-, collegiate-, and competitive-level adult athletes. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2018-Active recovery (AR) is a popular approach to enhancing athlete recovery from participation through physical action, and it has a perceived benefit in the recovery of athletes' enhancement of postexertional physiological status; however, it is unclear whether these recovery techniques enhance athletic performance. The purpose of this systematic review was to examine the effects of AR interventions conducted postexertion on athletic performance among professional, collegiate, and competitive adult athletes. Articles were collected via 4 online databases restricted to publication in English between 1998 and 2014. After the evaluation of overlap among the databases and abstract review, 150 potential eligible studies remained. Twenty-six articles involving 471 subjects remained after full analysis. The primary exclusion factor was absence of AR types of interest or measures of performance. The review resulted in a wide variety of findings indicating the vagueness in AR approach and outcome measures, making it difficult to draw specific conclusions. The review demonstrated that AR interventions lasting 6-10 minutes revealed consistently positive effects on performance. The appropriate intensity level of AR sessions was inconclusive in the literature; however, blood lactate clearance rate as a recovery marker appeared unreliable. The review suggests that there are positive psychological outcomes from AR sessions, a need to determine if AR should be individualized in its application, and weak evidence regarding the efficacy of postexercise AR, particularly relating to performance. Future research is needed for reliable and accurate markers for fatigue, physiological recovery, performance, and markers of intensity and duration for AR interventions.

OBJECTIVE:To analyze injury frequency, density, location, type, mechanism of injury (MOI), activity phase of injury, and injury risk in professional rodeo.DESIGN:Retrospective epidemiological review.SETTING:Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association sanctioned rodeos from 2011 to 2014.PARTICIPANTS:Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association competitors competing in bull riding, bareback riding, saddle bronc riding, team roping, tie-down roping, and steer wrestling.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:Injury reports were documented by sports medicine personnel. Variables assessed include event, frequency, density, location, type, MOI, activity phase of injury, and injury density.RESULTS:A total of 2305 injuries from 139,098 competitor exposures (CEs) were reported, demonstrating overall injury density of 16.6 injuries per 1000 CEs (95% confidence interval, 0.016-0.017) and overall risk of injury of 1.69%. Rough stock riders accounted for 88.7% of all injuries. Bull riders, bareback riders, and saddle bronc riders demonstrated injury densities of 48.2, 41.1, and 23.2 injuries per 1000 CEs, respectively. Most injuries (62.9%) were sustained by collisions with the ground or animal, or being stomped on by the animal. Contusions, sprains, and concussions were the most frequent injury types (23.1%, 13.6%, and 11.6%, respectively). Neurological components, knees, and shoulders were the most injured body parts (13.4%, 11.1%, and 11.0%, respectively). Most injuries (36.8%) occurred during or immediately after the dismount.CONCLUSIONS:Rough stock events have the greatest risk of injury in professional rodeo, whereas steer wrestling has the greatest risk of injury for timed event athletes. Medical professionals should use these findings to implement prevention programming where possible.

The purpose of this study was to examine satisfaction with and outcomes of a real-time Internet-based group exercise program for older adults. Men and women age 50 and older (mean = 66.5) were recruited to participate in a 10-week distance group exercise program. Paired sample t-tests revealed that Sit-To-Stand (STS) repetitions increased significantly (p = .009), while Timed Up-and-Go(TUG) time decreased significantly (p = .000). Connectivity, visibility, and communication emerged as themes related to the use of technology; but overall, real-time Internet-based technology was shown to be an effective way to present group exercise programs for older adults in this rural setting.

International Journal of Exercise Science 9(2): 175-186, 2016. Plyometric training has been implemented to increase jump height in a variety of sports, but its effects have not been researched in figure skating. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a plyometric training program on on-ice and off-ice jump performance. Six collegiate figure skaters (19.8±1.2 years; 164.7±4.9 cm; 60.3±11.6 kg) completed a six-week sport-specific plyometric training program, consisting of low to moderate intensity plyometric exercises, while eight collegiate figure skaters (21.1±3.9 years; 162.6±6.0 cm; 60.4±6.1 kg) served as the control group. Significant increases were found for vertical jump height, standing long jump distance, (F = 31.0, p < 0.001), and flight time (F = 11.6, p = 0.007). No significant differences were found for selfreported jump evaluation (p = 0.101). Six weeks of plyometric training improved both on-ice and off-ice jump performance in collegiate figure skaters, while short-term skating training alone resulted in decreases. These results indicate that figure skaters could participate in off-ice plyometric training.

The Åstrand-Ryhming Submaximal Bicycle Test is an accurate and widely used test to estimate maximal oxygen consumption. This test requires a participant to maintain a workload over a 6-min. period. The issue facing many employing this protocol is the identification of an appropriate workload for the cycling regimen. The present study is designed to identify a method for determining an appropriate workload for female participants. A prior study designed a workload selection procedure specifically for men; however, the selection procedure designed for women in this study was better able to elicit a final heart rate (average of minutes five and six) between 165–170 bpm compared to the original Åstrand-Ryhming procedure.

OBJECTIVE:To critically analyze published literature to determine the effectiveness of myofascial release therapy as a treatment for orthopaedic conditions. DATA SOURCES:We searched the following electronic databases: MEDLINE, CINAHL, Academic Search Premier, Cochrane Library, and Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro), with key words myofascial release, myofascial release therapy, myofascial release treatment, musculoskeletal, and orthopedic. No date limitations were applied to the searches. STUDY SELECTION:Articles were selected based upon the use of the term myofascial release in the abstract or key words. Final selection was made by applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria to the full text. Studies were included if they were English-language, peer-reviewed studies on myofascial release for an orthopaedic condition in adult patients. Ten studies were eligible. DATA EXTRACTION:Data collected were number of participants, condition being treated, treatment used, control group, outcome measures and results. Studies were analyzed using the PEDro scale and the Center for Evidence-Based Medicine's Levels of Evidence Scale. DATA SYNTHESIS:Study scores on the PEDro scale ranged from 6 of 10 to 8 of 10. Based on the Levels of Evidence Scale, the case studies (n = 6) were of lower quality, with a rank of 4. Three of the 4 remaining studies were rated at 2b, and the final study was rated at 1b. CONCLUSIONS:The quality of studies was mixed, ranging from higher-quality experimental to lower-quality case studies. Overall, the studies had positive outcomes with myofascial release, but because of the low quality, few conclusions could be drawn. The studies in this review may serve as a good foundation for future randomized controlled trials.