Potential of integrating traditional agricultural techniques with modern farming practices in India, aiming to forge a path towards sustainable agriculture. Recognizing the multifaceted challenges faced by the agricultural sector, including environmental degradation, climate change, and socio-economic disparities, the paper explores the synergistic potential of blending age-old wisdom with contemporary agricultural advancements. The analysis begins with a historical overview of traditional Indian agricultural practices, such as crop rotation, terracing, polyculture, and the use of organic manures, underscoring their inherent sustainability and ecological harmony. Modern farming techniques, including mechanization, the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, genetically modified organisms (GMOs), and precision agriculture, are examined for their advancements and limitations, particularly concerning environmental and economic impacts. The core of the review focuses on the integration of these two paradigms, emphasizing the rationale behind such a merger, which includes enhancing sustainability, increasing biodiversity, and improving soil health. A series of case studies from various Indian states illustrate successful examples of this integration, including agroforestry, organic farming, and permaculture practices. The paper also addresses the challenges and barriers to integration, highlighting sociocultural factors, economic constraints, policy and regulatory issues, and hurdles in knowledge and technology transfer. Looking forward, it outlines the future directions and research needs in this domain, emphasizing the critical role of policy and government support, the necessity for targeted education and awareness programs for farmers and consumers, and identifying research gaps. The paper concludes by affirming the viability and necessity of integrating traditional and modern farming practices in India, advocating for a model of agriculture that is sustainable, resilient, and inclusive, catering to the needs of the present while safeguarding resources for future generations.

The field experiment was conducted during rabi season 2019-2020 at Agricultural research farm of Bundelkhand University, Jhansi. The chickpea cv. Radhey was grown by following the randomized block design (RBD) with three replications. The six natural resource based bioagents namely HaNPV (Nuclear polyhedrosis virus), Bt. (Bacillus thuringiensis), Beauvaria bassiana, NSKE 5% and their combinations like HaNPV+ Bt., Beauvarea bassiana + NSKE5% and HaNPV + Bt + Beauvaria bassiana were evaluated against H. armigera (Hubner). The natural resource based bioagents (alone and their combinations) were sprayed twice (first at flowering and pod formation stage and second after 15 days of first spray). All the natural resource based bioagents were found significantly effictive to minimize the population density of gram pod borer larvae. The HaNPV + Bt. treatment was found most effective in reducing larval population of H. armigera. The maximum efficacy of natura resource based insecticides were observed at 7 days after first and second sprays. The natural resource based bioagents were found significantly effective in reducing the pod damage inflicted by gram pod borer, H. armigera and pod damage varied from 3.05 to 5.04%. The HaNPV + Bt. was found most effective and had minimum (3.05%) pod damage. While, 14.71% pod damage was observed in untreated control plots. All the natural resource based bioagents were effective to yield more cost benefit ratio in comparision to control treatments, among which two sprays of NPV+Bt. reveals maximum cost benefit ratio 1:7.07 and net return (Rs- 106775/ha.) in Bundelkhand agroclimatic zone.

The flies of family Tephritidae are sometimes called the 'true fruit flies'.Field experiments were conducted to Study on Species diversity and economic trap of fruit fly (Bactrocera spp.) (Tephritidae: Diptera) population with abiotic factors in Bundelkhand region Jhansi (U.P.) The population range of Bactrocera affinis, B.cucurbitae, B. dorsalis and B. zonata was recorded.Bactrocera cucurbitae was predominant species in cue lure and B. zonata in methyl eugenol baited traps.Bottle fruit fly trap baited with cue lure and methyl eugenol was superior to Mc Phail and Param fruit fly traps.Bottle fruit fly trap were trapped 5948 fruit flieswith cue lure and 2798 fruit flies in methyl eugenol which were 23.58 and 11.09 per cent of total trapped flies, respectively.Bottle fruit fly trap baited with cue lure was most economic compression to other traps and trapped 10.5 fruit flies after one rupee investment and in methyl eugenol it was trapped 8.4 fruit flies after one rupee investment.Cue lure para-pheromon was most effective and trapped a total of 17422 (69.05%) fruit flies.Cost of lure was supper in cue lure which trapped 6.2 flies after one rupee investment.Bactrocera affinis, B. dorsalis and B. zonata population trapped in methyl eugenol baite traps was significant with minimum temperature but it was non-significant with maximum temperature, relative humidity, and rainfall and wind velocity.

Background: Surface and groundwater resources are being significantly contaminated by organic pollutants, particularly diverse organic dyes released by the textile industry, thereby posing a considerable threat to aquatic ecosystems. Methods: we describe the development of a vanadium disulfide (VS2) membrane using a simple vacuum-assisted filtration method. Significant findings: It demonstrated impressive rejection rates for 10 ppm methylene blue (MB) solutions (92.5 %, 95.3 %, and 96.8 %) and 10 ppm methylene violet (MV) solutions (96.1 %, 97.3 %, and 98.1 %). These notable outcomes are credited to the pivotal role of the layered structure of the VS 2 membrane, with thicknesses of similar to 44 mu m, 56 mu m, and 68 mu m, respectively. The water flux of these membranes exhibited a range of similar to 1300, 1350, and 1400 L m(-2) h(-1) for the MB solution. For the MV solution, the water flux ranged around similar to 1100, 1150, and 1200 L m(-2) h(-1). Further, it highlights the efficient filtration performance of these membranes for both MB and MV solutions. The membrane's highly efficient separation performance not only holds promise for various filtration applications but also establishes it as an innovative and effective solution in the continuous global endeavors to address water pollution.

Pulse crops, including lentils, peas, chickpeas, and beans, play a crucial role in addressing global food security and nutritional needs. However, their production is often hampered by various pests and diseases, leading to significant yield losses. Conventional pest and disease management practices, heavily reliant on synthetic chemical pesticides, have raised concerns about environmental sustainability, human health, and the development of resistance in target organisms. In recent years, biological approaches have emerged as promising alternatives for sustainable pest and disease management in pulse crops. This review provides a comprehensive overview of various biological control strategies, including the use of beneficial microorganisms, plant extracts, and other eco-friendly methods. The review discusses the mode of action, efficacy, and potential applications of these approaches in combating major pests and diseases affecting pulse crops. Additionally, it highlights the challenges and future prospects of integrating biological control methods into integrated pest and disease management programs. By adopting these sustainable practices, pulse crop production can be enhanced while minimizing the environmental footprint and promoting long-term ecological balance. The review serves as a valuable resource for researchers, extension specialists, and stakeholders in the agricultural sector, emphasizing the importance of biological approaches in achieving sustainable and resilient pulse crop production systems.

An eco-friendly hydrothermal method synthesized VS2 nanosheets. Several spectroscopic and microscopic approaches (TEM) were used to characterize the produced VS2 nanosheet microstructure. VS2, Chitosan, and nanocomposite were used to immobilize watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) urease. Optimization using the Response Surface Methodology and the Box-Behnken design yielded immobilization efficiencies of 65.23 %, 72.52 %, and 87.68 % for chitosan, VS2, and nanocomposite, respectively. The analysis of variance confirmed the mathematical model's validity, enabling additional research. AFM, SEM, FTIR, Fluorescence microscopy, and Cary Eclipse Fluorescence Spectrometer showed urease conjugation to the matrix. During and after immobilization, FTIR spectra showed a dynamic connectivity of chemical processes and bonding. The nanocomposite outperformed VS2 and chitosan in pH and temperature. Chitosan and VS2-immobilized urease were more thermally stable than soluble urease, but the nanocomposite-urease system was even more resilient. The nanocomposite retained 60 % of its residual activity after three months of storage. It retains 91.8 % of its initial activity after 12 reuse cycles. Nanocomposite-immobilized urease measured milk urea at 23.62 mg/dl. This result was compared favorably to the gold standard p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde spectrophotometric result of 20 mg/dl. The linear range is 5 to 70 mg/dl, with a LOD of 1.07 (+/- 0.05) mg/dl and SD of less than 5 %. The nanocomposite's k(sel) coefficient for interferents was exceptionally low (k(sel) < 0.07), indicating urea detection sensitivity. Watermelon urease is suitable for dairy sector applications due to its availability, immobilization on nanocomposite, and reuse.

Litchi tree is planted in several countries of the world for its juicy fruit. For the estimated total annual global litchi production of 2.7 million tons, around 0.54 million tons of seeds as well as a sizeable amount of skin are generated as waste. This renewable waste biomass can be effectively used as the feedstock for recovering energy and obtaining several value-added products. In the present work, the fuel and thermochemical characteristics and thermal degradation behavior of acid- and alkali-treated litchi seed biomass were systematically investigated and compared for the first time. The average and maximum rate of mass losses, peak temperature and pyrolysis factor had been evaluated to assess the reactivity of the treated biomass. It had been observed that acid and alkali treatments improved the higher heating value and changed the thermal degradation behavior. The thermogravimetric (TG)/differential thermogravimetric analysis (DTG) data obtained at the heating rates of 20, 25 and 30 °C min−1 were used to evaluate the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters using iso-conversional models of Flynn–Wall–Ozawa, Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose, Tang and Starink. The Criado method had been used to elucidate the prevailing thermal degradation reaction mechanisms at different fractional conversions. The average activation energy of the acid-treated biomass increased, and that of the alkali-treated biomass decreased compared to that of the untreated biomass.

Monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides, specifically H-phase vanadium disulfide (VS2), hold great significance as fundamental components for next-generation low-dimensional spintronic, optoelectronic, and future electronic devices. They also offer an opportunity to explore the intrinsic magnetic properties associated with monolayer H-phase VS2 crystals at room temperature. However, there have been limited experimental studies on synthesizing pure monolayer H-phase VS2 crystals using sodium metavanadate (NaVO3) and sulfur (S) as precursors for vanadium (V) and S, respectively. In this study, we present a facile atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition (APCVD) approach for the synthesizing monolayer H-phase VS2 crystals with a thickness of similar to 0.7 nm. The lateral dimensions of monolayer VS2 crystals extends up to similar to 26 mu m. Additionally, we have modulated the growth parameters, such as the temperature of NaVO3 and the Ar gas flow rate, to obtain VS2 flakes with different sizes and morphologies. This significant advancement paves the way for the synthesis of monolayer H-phase VS2 crystals on SiO2/Si substrates using the APCVD technique.

Sustainable agronomic practices are tried all over the world to promote safe and eco‐friendly crop production. Therefore, in the present study, the effect of seed endophytic bacteria and its consortium on soil biochemical property and yield of chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.) under field and pot conditions are investigated. Both the experimental results proved a significant increase in total soil organic carbon (OC), electric conductivity (EC), organic matter (OM), and soil nutrients like available N, P, and K content and important soil enzymes like dehydrogenase (DHA), beta glucosidase, alkaline phosphate, urease, and microbial population in soil was observed under the Enterobacter hormaechei BHUJPCS‐15 (T 1 ), Enterobacter cloacae BHUJPCS‐21 (T 2 ), and combined T 3 (consortium of T 1 and T 2 ) treatments. Similarly, a significant increase in the grain yield (27–45% and 57–73%) in microbial treatment was found in pot and field experiments, respectively, than in control. In addition, whereas the higher plant biomass (14–38% and 42–78%) was recorded in treated plant over the control plant. Similarly, the plant photosynthetic pigments (Chl a, b, total Chl) were increased in microbial treated plant than the control untreated chickpea plant. Consortium of endophytes were recorded effective result for enhancing plant growth attributes, productivity, and soil health. The consortium can be further used as biofertilizers for sustainable chickpea production. Our present study highlights the significance of sustainable agronomic practices for improving the soil quality and agricultural yield while reducing adverse impacts of chemicals by the use of seed endophytic microbes and its consortium.

Water is vital for life on Earth, and its unavailability or poor quality has severe consequences for all aspects of human life, including food, health, and environment. Anthropogenic activities have caused widespread pollution of water resources worldwide. Although some remediation methods and techniques have been developed, considering the extent, quantity, and varied nature of pollutants, new and sustainable technologies are urgent needed to remediate polluted water and wastewater. In recent times, the use of nanomaterials for the treatment of wastewater has gained considerable importance owing to their high accuracy and precise remediation. Nanoparticles (NPs) exhibit enhanced chemical reactivity, high surface area, lower costs and energy requirements, and efficient regeneration for reuse, making them ideal materials for wastewater treatment. The conventional method of NP production is hazardous, and application of volatile chemicals results in secondary pollution, yet biogenic NPs are inexpensive and environmentally safe. Plants, bacteria, algae, and fungi produce a range of alkaloids, flavonoids, carbohydrates, polymers, proteins, and numerous antioxidants that are effectively used as capping and stabilizing agents in NP synthesis. In this chapter, we discuss the synthesis of biogenic NPs from different organisms and their potential applications in wastewater remediation. Moreover, to supplement the existing research gaps, different strategies are also recommended.

The development of molecular tools for agricultural analysis promoted property crop production improvement to rising food security from stress caused by organic phenomenon factors, as well as the insect pest attack. Crop productivity has inflated quintuple over the past few decades due to high-yielding varieties, irrigation, fertilizers, and pesticides. However, the planet population is anticipated to grow staggeringly over subsequent four decades, from nine to ten billion individuals. It’s so imperative to extend the assembly of food grains to feed the population. As way as ancient agriculture technology is bothered, it still incorporates a good distance to travel. The molecular tools wont to shield crops from organic phenomenon stress during this instance like plant alpha-amylase inhibitors, vacuolar ATPase, hemoprotein P450 monooxygenase, enzyme modulating oostatic issue (TMOF), enzyme inhibitors (PIs), with the exception of sterol enzyme (CHOx), lipoxygenases (enzyme), and technology, etc. despite not being wholesome. Additionally to delivery ecologically property farming practices into our daily lives, bionanotechnology will give opportunities for developing nations and developed nations shortly. It should have an enormous impact on farming systems while not the employment of pesticides. There area unit considerations concerning the food safety risks related to transgenic plants since the unfold of antibiotic resistance, the changes within the nutrient composition of plants, and also the production of noxious proteins and allergens can not be answered currently. Besides victimization high-yielding varieties, irrigation, and fertilizers, it’s a potent role in minimizing the economic losses caused by insects. Within the current context of insect pest management, it’s imperative to develop bionanotechnology-based tools for pest management. However, their economical use necessity takes for reckoning the numerous ecological role useful insect play for the longer-term development of agriculture.

In recent years, two-dimensional (2D) atomically thin crystals ranging from insulator to superconductor such as graphene, hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), etc. have attracted extensive attention due to their exceptional properties and many potential applications in various areas. In this chapter we focus on the experimental characterization of 2D materials and their heterostructures andcover brief introduction and detailed structural, optical, and chemical characterizations of some important 2D materials.

During past few decades, the technological revolution has brought about the new technologies for water and soil remediation from various contaminants. Researches during this period focused on methods of cleanup which are inexpensive, sustainable, energy-efficient, and less complicated technology to remove organic contaminants from soil. Among various technologies for remediation of organic contaminants from the soil, rhizoremediation has been proven efficient and capable technology for the same. Rhizoremediation is a specific type of phytoremediation which involves the application of plant root and their associated rhizospheric microbes for the treatment of pollutants from the soil. The soil microflora can be contaminant degraders or can promote plant growth under stress conditions that promote the degradation of organic pollutants from the soil. Plant–microbe interaction plays very important role in removing contaminants from the soil. This chapter is focused on the potential and challenges of rhizoremediation of organic pollutants from the soils.

Background: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the leading cause of blindness in most industrialized countries. This study was undertaken to assess the variability of IOP following laser photocoagulation used in the treatment of diabetic retinopathy.Methods: This study was conducted at Department of Opthalmology, B.R.D. Medical College, Gorakhpur from June 2015 to December 2016. This study was intended to see the onset and duration of intraocular pressure spikes in diabetic retinopathy patients after green laser photocoagulation (532 nm) (Nidek). Forty patients were followed for next 3 months. The data was analysed by using SPSS version 15.0. Chi-square test and T test was used.Results: Out of 40 patients, 2 (5%) had background Diabetic retinopathy (DR) with maculopathy, 10 (25%) having pre-proliferative DR, 28 (70%) having proliferative DR. Out of 2 BDR patients, 1 (50%) developed immediate post laser angle closure (Schaffer's grade 1) which persisted for 3 days and another had shown no change in angle structure. Out of 10 PPDR patients, no one developed post laser angle closure (0%). Out of 28 PDR patients, 6 (21.4%) had post laser angle closure which included 4 patients who had angle closure before laser, that means around 7% patients developed angle closure in this group. Among these 2 patients, 1 developed angle closure immediately (Schaffer's grade 1) and another developed the same 1 day later and this angle closure (Schaffer's grade 1) remained for 3 days.Conclusions: Laser photocoagulation in diabetic retinopathy patients can cause increase in IOP.

This study was performed to investigate the latent potential of biomass gasifier waste material (BGWM) as an adsorbent for removal of Cr (VI) from aqueous solution. The present work also proposes an alternate use of gasifier refuge BGWM with great economic feasibility. The effects of initial pH, BGWM concentration, Cr(VI) concentration, temperature and contact time were investigated on the removal of Cr (VI) from aqueous solution. The maximum removal of Cr (VI) was found to be 99.67% at optimum condition of initial pH 2, contact time 80 min, initial Cr (VI) concentration 10 mg L−1, adsorbent dose 5 g L−1, agitation speed 120 rpm, and temperature 35°C. The adsorbent was characterised by SEM, EDX, XRD, BET and FTIR analysis to get important information about its effective application for Cr (VI) removal. The BET surface area of 165.287 m2 g−1 for BGWM was found comparable to that of commercial silica. Batch adsorption experiments showed that pseudo‐second‐order kinetics model and Langmuir isotherm model fitted the adsorption data very well. Thermodynamic parameters revealed the feasibility, spontaneity and endothermic nature of Cr (VI) adsorption onto BGWM. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 35: 95–102, 2016

The experiment was carried out at Raipur during season of 2012. The experiment revealed that the performance of Dubraj was comparatively better than that of badshahbhog, vishnubhog and bisni in terms of grain yield along with highest plant height, dry matter accumulation, leaf area, leaf area index with good yield attributing characters. Among the different nutrient management practices, application of 80:50:40 kg N:P2O5:K2O ha (50% Inorganic+50% Organic) gave better performance in all the above characters. It is revealed that the variety Dubraj fertilized with 80:50:40 kg N:P2O5:K2O ha (50% Inorganic+50% Organic) gave the highest grain yield along with good growth characters.

Main inborn errors of metabolism diagnosable through uracil (Ura) analysis and the therapeutic monitoring of toxic 5-fluorouracil (5FU) in dihydro pyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) deficient patients require a sensitive, reproducible, selective and accurate method. In this work, an artificial receptor in the format of molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) brush 'grafted to' the surface of sol-gel immobilized on cost-effective homemade solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fibers, individually imprinted with either of Ura and 5FU, was used in combination with a voltammetric sensor duly modified with the same MIP. This combination provided up to 10- and 8.4-fold preconcentrations of Ura and 5FU, respectively, which was more than sufficient for achieving stringent detection limits in the primitive diagnosis of uracil disorders and fluoropyrimidine toxicity in DPD-deficient patients. The proposed method permits the assessment of Ura and 5FU plasma concentrations with detection limits pf 0.0245 and 0.0484 ng mL(-1) (RSD = 1.0-2.5%, S/N = 3), respectively, without any problems of non-specific false-positives and cross-reactivities in complicated matrices of biological samples.

Zwitterionic molecularly imprinted polymeric chains were tethered to the sol–gel modified graphite electrode in brush pattern of high density, for the quantitative estimation of creatine at trace level, without any cross reactivity, in real samples. The modified electrode was activated by preanodization at +1.4V (vs. saturated calomel electrode) for the fast ion-exchange recapture of creatine, under mild basic condition (pH 7.1). The detection limit was as low as 1.3µgmL−1 (signal/noise=3) employing differential pulse, cathodic stripping technique.

A voltammetric sensor based on a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) brush grafted to sol-gel film on graphite electrode is reported for the selective and sensitive analysis of barbituric acid (BA) in aqueous, blood plasma, and urine samples. The modified electrode was preanodised at +1.6 V (vs. saturated calomel electrode), where encapsulated BA involved hydrophobically induced hydrogen bondings, in MIP cavities exposed at the film/solution interface, at pH 7.0. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed to characterise the surface morphology of the resultant imprinted film of MIP brush. The differential pulse, cathodic stripping voltammetry (DPCSV) technique was employed to investigate the binding performance of the sol-gel-modified imprinted polymer brush, which yielded a linear response in the range of 4.95-100.00 microg mL(-1) of BA with a detection limit of 1.6 microg mL(-1) (S/N=3).