Chronic wounds and severe burns pose a major clinical challenge, as they often heal slowly or fail to respond to conventional treatments. In addition, there is a critical lack of tools for personalized, continuous monitoring of the healing process. Although progress has been made in both regenerative biomaterials and wearable biosensors, their integration into a unified platform that enables in situ, real-time monitoring of wound healing remains a major challenge. Here, a multifunctional bioelectronic scaffold is introduced that enables label-free, real-time monitoring of cellular behavior directly on a regenerative material interface. The scaffold is fabricated by electrospinning polycaprolactone (PCL) functionalized with the bioactive, self-assembling peptide fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl-phenylalanine-arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (Fmoc-FRGD) to promote cell adhesion and proliferation. To enable electrical sensing, biocompatible MXene (Ti3C2TX) electrodes are conformally deposited onto the nanofibrous matrix, preserving its biological and structural properties. Using electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), the system provides continuous, non-destructive readouts of cell viability, adhesion, and surface coverage. Impedance parameters extracted at low frequencies strongly correlate with biologically relevant metrics, offering a quantitative means to track cellular dynamics without additional labelling. This work establishes a foundational bioelectronic scaffold for real-time monitoring of cell behavior, demonstrating potential for integration into regenerative therapies and advanced wound-care systems.

Chronic wounds and severe burns pose a major clinical challenge, as they often heal slowly or fail to respond to conventional treatments. In addition, there is a critical lack of tools for personalized, continuous monitoring of the healing process. Although progress has been made in both regenerative biomaterials and wearable biosensors, their integration into a unified platform that enables in situ , real-time monitoring of wound healing remains a major challenge. Here, we present a multifunctional bioelectronic scaffold that combines regenerative capability with real-time sensing of cellular activity. The scaffold was fabricated by electrospinning polycaprolactone (PCL) functionalized with the bioactive, self-assembling peptide fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl-phenylalanine-arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (Fmoc-FRGD) to promote cell adhesion and proliferation. For electrical sensing, biocompatible MXene (Ti3C2TX) electrodes were conformally deposited onto the nanofibrous matrix, preserving its biological functionality. This system enables label-free, real-time monitoring of cell viability and coverage using electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), offering continuous and quantitative insight into cellular adhesion and proliferation. Extracted impedance parameters at low frequencies exhibit a strong correlation with both cell viability and coverage, providing a non-destructive indicator of wound closure and healing dynamics. This platform offers a promising strategy for advanced wound care, integrating real-time monitoring with biologically supportive materials. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest. European Research Council, https://ror.org/0472cxd90, 948 102 Israel Science Foundation, https://ror.org/04sazxf24, 2422/24, 2527/22

Fiber-based and fabric batteries signify a groundbreaking development in energy storage, allowing for the straightforward incorporation of power sources into wearable fabrics, intelligent apparel, and adaptable electronics. In this study, we introduce a novel strategy for one-step fabrication of a flexible lithium titanate oxide (Li4Ti5O12, LTO) anode directly on a copper current collector via electrospinning, eliminating the need for high-temperature post-processing. Based on our previous work with electrospun nanofiber cathodes and carbon-based current collector, we prepared the LTO electrode using polyethylene oxide (PEO) as a binder and carbon additives to enhance mechanical integrity and conductivity. LTO fiber mats detached from the current collector were found to endure multiple instances of bending, twisting, and folding without any structural damage. LTO/Li cells incorporating electrospun fiber LTO electrodes with 72 wt% active material loading deliver a high capacity of 170 mAh g−1 at 0.05 C. In addition, they demonstrate excellent cycling stability with a capacity loss of only 0.01% per cycle over 200 cycles and maintain a capacity of 160 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C. The scalability of the heat-treatment-free method for fabricating flexible LTO anodes, together with the improved mechanical durability and electrochemical performance, offers a promising route toward the development of next-generation flexible and wearable energy storage devices.

Optical tweezers have numerous applications in biochemistry and biophysics research. Many optical tweezers experiments require the use of high laser powers, having a substantial heating side effect that can influence experimental results. The degree of heating and its spatial profile, however, depends on experimental conditions and requires direct measurement. Various methods for local temperature measurement have been proposed, each with its advantages and drawbacks. Herein, the use of the temperature‐sensitive poly( N ‐isopropyl‐acrylamide) (PNIPAAm) microspheres to measure the local heating caused by optical tweezers is demonstrated and the temperature profile around the laser focus at varying laser powers is characterized. The main advantage of this method is its applicability to virtually any setup and experiment. Using simple image analysis, the temperature within the biologically relevant range can be determined with 1°–2° accuracy. Possible applications and limitations of this method are discussed.

In this study, we report the development of a free-standing fiber-based mesh cathode made of electrospun composite microfibers containing 80wt% lithium iron phosphate (LFP), as well as conductive microfibers containing carbon nano-fillers acting as the current collector (CC). Scanning electron microscopy confirmed that the meshes are constructed of well-shaped microfibers and exhibit a high porosity, enabling efficient electrolyte penetration and improved electron and ion-transport channels. Two cathode architectures of the LFP/polymer-based CC meshes were explored: bilayered and interlayered. Both are characterized by a high surface-to-volume ratio. The interlayered structure showed superior electrochemical performance due to enhanced LFP-CC fiber-to-fiber contacts and reduced resistance. Comparative analysis with electrospun LFP on aluminum foil revealed comparable specific capacity but higher polarization in the electrospun LFP/PBCC meshes, attributed to increased internal resistance and limited fiber-to-fiber contacts. However, the electrospun interlayered LFP/CC mesh exhibited significantly higher gravimetric energy density (197 Wh/kg (LFP+PBCC) and 94 Wh/kg (LFP+Al), respectively), offering lightweight and higher-energy-density electrode materials, thus guiding the design of high-performance flexible lithium-ion batteries.

Severe burn injuries represent a significant clinical challenge due to their complex healing process and the high risk of complications, including infection, scarring, and contracture formation. Current therapeutic approaches for burn wound treatment include autologous donor-site grafting and advanced cell therapy techniques like cultured epidermal autografts (CEA), which successfully facilitate wound closure through re-epithelialization. However, CEAs are limited by fragility, shrinkage, lack of a dermal layer, and risks of contamination. Here, aiming to overcome these limitations, this work develops a personalized skin equivalent featuring an engineered scaffold composed of electrospun poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL) functionalized with the bioactive peptide fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl-phenylalanine-arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (Fmoc-FRGD). This scaffold is designed to mimic the natural extracellular matrix (ECM), promoting cellular adhesion, integration, and proliferation while maintaining structural integrity. In vitro analysis demonstrated the scaffold's ability to support multi-layered human skin cell growth, while in vivo experiments confirmed its efficacy in facilitating wound closure and full-thickness skin regeneration in a murine model. This bioengineered skin equivalent is mechanically robust, easy to handle, fully autologous and exhibits no contraction, offering a transformative therapeutic alternative for the treatment of severe burn injuries.

Systems capable of undergoing a controlled cascade of mesophase transitions across hierarchical scales represent a novel class of dynamic materials. Here, we describe an electrospun polymeric fabric composed of enzyme-responsive di- and triblock copolymers that undergoes a hierarchical cascade of four distinct mesophases. Initially, on immersion in water, the macroscale fabric dissolves, forming nanoscale micelles. Enzymatic degradation of the diblock components triggers a transition into a triblock-based hydrogel. Finally, the enzymatic degradation of the hydrogel into hydrophilic polymers leads to complete dissolution. By adjusting the di- and triblock ratios, we can finely tune the fabric's dissolution rate. Moreover, the fibers can encapsulate hydrophobic agents, which are retained within the micelle and hydrogel phases, enabling their controlled release. This cascade of mesophase transitions, from a macroscopic solid to nanoscale assemblies, organized hydrogels, and eventual molecular dissolution, demonstrates sophisticated hierarchical control, unlocking new opportunities for biomedical applications of programmable materials.

Two-dimensional shape-morphing networks are common in biological systems and have garnered attention due to their nontrivial physical properties that emanate from their cellular nature. Here, we present the fabrication and characterization of anisotropic shape-morphing networks composed of thermoresponsive polymeric microfibers. By strategically positioning fibers with varying responses, we construct networks that exhibit directional actuation. The individual segments within the network display either a linear extension or buckling upon swelling, depending on their radius and length, and the transition between these morphing behaviors resembles Landau's second-order phase transition. The microscale variations in morphing behaviors are translated into observable macroscopic effects, wherein regions undergoing linear expansion retain their shape upon swelling, whereas buckled regions demonstrate negative compressibility and shrink. Manipulating the macroscale morphing by adjusting the properties of the fibrous microsegments offers a means to modulate and program morphing with mesoscale precision and unlocks novel opportunities for developing programmable microscale soft robotics and actuators.

In this study, we report the development of a free-standing fiber -based mesh cathode made of electrospun composite microfibers containing 80 wt% lithium iron phosphate (LFP), as well as conductive microfibers containing carbon nano -fillers acting as the current collector (CC). Neither the electrode nor the current collector undergoes post -fabrication treatment or calcination. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed that the meshes are constructed of well -shaped microfibers and exhibit a high porosity, enabling efficient electrolyte penetration and improved electron and ion -transport channels. Two cathode architectures of the LFP/polymer-based CC meshes were explored: bilayered and interlayered. Both architectures are characterized by a high surface -to -volume ratio. The interlayered structure showed superior electrochemical performance due to enhanced LFP-CC fiber -to -fiber contacts and reduced resistance. Comparative analysis with electrospun LFP on aluminum foil revealed comparable specific capacity but higher polarization in the electrospun LFP/CC meshes, attributed to increased internal resistance and limited fiber -tofiber contacts. However, the electrospun interlayered LFP/CC mesh exhibited significantly higher gravimetric energy density (197 Wh/kg (LFP + CC) and 94 Wh/kg (LFP + Al), respectively), offering lightweight and higherenergy -density electrode materials, thus guiding the design of high-performance flexible lithium -ion batteries.

Hierarchically structured polymeric fibers, composed of structural nanoscale motifs that assemble into a microscale fiber are frequently found in natural fibers including cellulose and silk. The creation of synthetic fibers with nano-to-microscale hierarchical structures represents a promising avenue for the development of novel fabrics with distinctive physical, chemical, and mechanical characteristics. In this work, we introduce a novel approach for creating polyamine-based core–sheath microfibers with controlled hierarchical architectures. This approach involves a polymerization-induced spontaneous phase separation and subsequent chemical fixation. Through the use of various polyamines, the phase separation process can be manipulated to produce fibers with diverse porous core architectures, ranging from densely packed nanospheres to segmented “bamboo-stem” morphology. Moreover, the nitrogen-rich surface of the core enables both the chemisorption of heavy metals and the physisorption of proteins and enzymes. Our method offers a new set of tools for the production of polymeric fibers with novel hierarchical morphologies, which has a high potential for a wide range of applications such as filtering, separation, and catalysis.

Di- and triblock amphiphiles can form different mesophases ranging from micelles to hydrogels depending on their chemical structures, hydrophilic to hydrophobic ratios, and their ratio in the mixture. In addition, their different architectures dictate their exchange rate between the assembled and unimer states and consequently affect their responsiveness toward enzymatic degradation. Here we report the utilization of the different reactivities of di- and triblock amphiphiles, having exactly the same hydrophilic to lipophilic balance, toward enzymatic degradation as a tool for programming formulations to undergo sequential enzymatically induced transitions from (i) micelles to (ii) hydrogel and finally to (iii) dissolved polymers. We show that the rate of transition between the mesophases can be programmed by changing the ratio of the amphiphiles in the formulation, and that the hydrogels can maintain encapsulated cargo, which was loaded into the micelles. The reported results demonstrate the ability of molecular architecture to serve as a tool for programming smart formulations to adopt different structures and functions.

Two-dimensional shape-morphing networks are common in biological systems and have garnered attention due to their nontrivial physical properties that emanate from their cellular nature. Here, we present the fabrication and characterization of inhomogeneous shape-morphing networks composed of thermoresponsive microfibers. By strategically positioning fibers with varying responses, we construct networks that exhibit directional actuation. The individual segments within the network display either a linear extension or buckling upon swelling, depending on their radius and length, and the transition between these morphing behaviors resembles Landau's second-order phase transition. The microscale variations in morphing behaviors are translated into observable macroscopic effects, wherein regions undergoing linear expansion retain their shape upon swelling, whereas buckled regions demonstrate negative compressibility and shrink. Manipulating the macroscale morphing by adjusting the properties of the fibrous microsegments offers a means to modulate and program morphing with mesoscale precision and unlocks novel opportunities for developing programmable microscale soft robotics and actuators.

Fracture formation due to drying is a common process in a range of systems, from mud cracks to thin polymeric films. Design and control of the fracturing process can be used as a tool for directing the fractures into predefined paths, leading to patterning and controlled fragmentation. In this work, we report the spontaneous periodic fragmentation of polymeric microfibers upon drying. The microfibers are fabricated via electrospinning of amphiphilic triblock copolymers over a glass substrate, and throughout their drying, highly periodic and sharp transverse cracking occurs along the fiber, resulting in the production of anisotropic microparticles (MPs) with a remarkably narrow size distribution. The average length of the MPs depends on the fiber's diameter; hence, by tuning the diameter of the fibers, size control over the MPs is achieved. X-ray scattering measurements reveal the formation of a lamellar arrangement of the copolymers along the fiber, providing a molecular insight into the formation of sharp transverse fractures. Adjusting the lipophilicity of the two terminal hydrophobic dendritic blocks of the triblock copolymers allows tuning the solubility of the obtained MPs in water and the release rate of hydrophobic cargo, opening a new route for the fabrication of anisotropic MPs for controlled release applications.

Shape-morphing networks of mesoscale filaments are a common hierarchical feature in biology and hold significant potential for a range of technological applications, from micro-muscles to shape-morphing optical devices. Here, we demonstrate both experimentally and computationally that the shape-morphing of highly-ordered 2D networks constructed of thermoresponsive mesoscale polymeric fibers strongly depends on the physical attributes of the single fiber, in particular on its diameter, as well as on the network's density. We show that based on these parameters, such fiber-networks exhibit one of two thermally driven morphing behaviors: (i) the fibers stay straight, and the network preserves its ordered morphology, exhibiting a bulk-like behavior; or (ii) the fibers buckle and the network becomes messy and highly disordered. Notably, in both cases, the networks display memory and regain their original ordered morphology upon shrinking. This hierarchical principle, demonstrated here on a range of networks, offers a new way for controlling the shape morphing of materials with mesoscale resolutions and elucidates that minute changes in the mesoscale structural attributes can translate to a dramatic change in the morphing behaviors at the macroscale.

Shape-morphing active networks of mesoscale filaments are a common hierarchical feature in biology for applying forces, transporting materials, and inducing motility with microscale resolution. Synthetic morphing systems of similar dimensions and capabilities hold potential for a range of technological applications, from micro-muscles to shape-morphing optical devices. Here, the fabrication of highly-ordered 2D networks hierarchically constructed of thermoresponsive mesoscale polymeric fibers, which can exhibit morphing with microscale resolution, is presented. It is demonstrated both experimentally and computationally that the morphing of such networks strongly depends on the physical attributes of the single fiber, in particular on two intrinsic length scales—the fiber diameter and mesh size, which stems from network's density. It is shown that depending on these parameters, such fiber-networks exhibit one of two thermally driven morphing behaviors: i) the fibers stay straight, and the network preserves its ordered morphology, exhibiting a bulk-like behavior; or ii) the fibers buckle and the network becomes messy and highly disordered. Notably, in both cases, the networks display memory and regain their original ordered morphology upon shrinking. This hierarchically induced phase transition, demonstrated here on a range of networks, offers a new way of controlling the shape-morphing of synthetic materials with mesoscale resolutions.

Di- and tri-block amphiphiles can form different mesophases ranging from micelles to hydrogels depending on their chemical structures, hydrophilic to hydrophobic ratios, and their ratio in the mixture. In addition, their different architectures dictate their exchange rate between the assembled and unimer states, and consequently affect their responsiveness towards enzymatic degradation. Here we report the utilization of the different reactivities of di- and tri-block amphiphiles towards enzymatic degradation as a tool for programming formulations to undergo three sequential enzymatically induced transitions from: (i) micelles to (ii) hydrogel and finally to (iii) dissolved polymers. We show that the rate of transition between the mesophases can be programmed by changing the ratio of the amphiphiles in the formulation, and that the hydrogels can maintain encapsulated cargo, which was loaded into the micelles. The reported results demonstrate the ability of molecular architecture to serve as a tool for programming smart formulations to adopt different structures and functions.

Thin polymer fibres and fabrics were transformed into conductive by the in-situ growth of a thin, optically transparent gold-silver nanowire mesh on the fibres' surface, and can be significantly stretched without losing their conductivity.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) exhibit an exceptional surface area-to-volume ratio, variable pore sizes, and selective binding, and hence, there is an ongoing effort to advance their processability for broadening their utilization in different applications. In this work, we demonstrate a general scheme for fabricating freestanding MOF-embedded polymeric fibers, in which the fibers themselves act as microreactors for the in situ growth of the MOF crystals. The MOF-embedded fibers are obtained via a two-step process, in which, initially, polymer solutions containing the MOF precursors are electrospun to obtain microfibers, and then, the growth of MOF crystals is initiated and performed via antisolvent-induced crystallization. Using this approach, we demonstrate the fabrication of composite microfibers containing two types of MOFs: copper (II) benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylic acid (HKUST-1) and zinc (II) 2-methylimidazole (ZIF-8). The MOF crystals grow from the fiber's core toward its outer rims, leading to exposed MOF crystals that are well rooted within the polymer matrix. The MOF fibers obtained using this method can reach lengths of hundreds of meters and exhibit mechanical strength that allows arranging them into dense, flexible, and highly durable nonwoven meshes. We also examined the use of the MOF fiber meshes for the immobilization of the enzymes catalase and horse radish peroxidase (HRP), and the enzyme-MOF fabrics exhibit improved performance. The MOF-embedded fibers, demonstrated in this work, hold promise for different applications including separation of specific chemical species, selective catalysis, and sensing and pave the way to new MOF-containing performance fabrics and active membranes.

Bone tissue engineering is a rapidly developing, minimally invasive technique for regenerating lost bone with the aid of biomaterial scaffolds that mimic the structure and function of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Recently, scaffolds made of electrospun fibers have aroused interest due to their similarity to the ECM, and high porosity. Hyaluronic acid (HA) is an abundant component of the ECM and an attractive material for use in regenerative medicine; however, its processability by electrospinning is poor, and it must be used in combination with another polymer. Here, we used electrospinning to fabricate a composite scaffold with a core/shell morphology composed of polycaprolactone (PCL) polymer and HA and incorporating a short self-assembling peptide. The peptide includes the arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) motif and supports cellular attachment based on molecular recognition. Electron microscopy imaging demonstrated that the fibrous network of the scaffold resembles the ECM structure. In vitro biocompatibility assays revealed that MC3T3-E1 preosteoblasts adhered well to the scaffold and proliferated, with significant osteogenic differentiation and calcium mineralization. Our work emphasizes the potential of this multi-component approach by which electrospinning, molecular self-assembly, and molecular recognition motifs are combined, to generate a leading candidate to serve as a scaffold for bone tissue engineering.