BackgroundPhysical activity (PA) is a promising prevention approach for supporting mental health and enhancing social inclusion among postsecondary students. However, it is unclear whether similar outcomes are realized when PA programming is delivered in-person versus virtually. ObjectiveUsing data from a multiphase research project, the purpose of the study was to examine the influence of on-campus PA programming (virtual and in-person delivery) on mental ill health symptoms (ie, anxiety and depression), social inclusion indices (ie, social connectedness, emotional ties, and social relationship quality), and well-being. Three objectives were addressed: (1) to assess pre-post change in symptoms, social inclusion indices, and well-being for virtual and in-person delivery; (2) to evaluate whether outcome change over time differed by delivery mode; and (3) to examine whether change in symptoms and social inclusion indices predicted change in well-being for both delivery modes. MethodsPhysically inactive postsecondary students experiencing mental ill health participated in a 6-week structured and supervised PA program. Pre-post intervention data were collected across 3 phases, and the analytical samples included: 1. In-person delivery (n=87; 82%, 69/84 young adults; 86%, 74/86 women; 38%, 33/86 White; 20%, 17/86 Chinese; 86%, 75/87 with mental illness; 2. Virtual delivery (n=62; 69%, 42/61 young adults; 95%, 59/62 women; 34%, 21/62 White; 21%, 13/62 South Asian; 55%, 34/62 with mental illness), and 3. Data from students who received in-person or virtual delivery: (n=92; 67%, 61/91 young adults; 90%, 83/92 women; 32%, 29/92 White; 20%, 18/92 South Asian; 59%, 54/92 with mental illness). Data were analyzed using 2-tailed paired samples t tests to address objective 1, a 2 (delivery mode) × 2 (time: pre-post) repeated-measures ANOVA to address objective 2, and hierarchical regression analyses to address objective 3. ResultsBoth virtual and in-person PA delivery were effective for symptom reduction and social inclusion improvements across all outcomes (P<.001), with moderate-to-large effects. There was no significant time × delivery mode (F5,84=0.72, ηp²=0.04, P=.60) interaction effect. Change in social inclusion indices explained unique variance in well-being, beyond covariates (gender, mental illness, and ethno-racial identity), and symptom reduction for virtual (R2adj = 0.75, ΔR2=0.08, P<.001) and in-person (R2adj = 0.72, ΔR2=0.16, P<.001) PA delivery. ConclusionsOnline distance learning is increasing across postsecondary settings worldwide, underscoring the need for accessible, technology-enabled mental health prevention interventions. The results provide support for the effectiveness of virtual and in-person PA programming for reducing symptoms of anxiety and depression, while also enhancing social inclusion indices and overall well-being. Social inclusion indices were also a key contributor to improved well-being, emphasizing the relevance of social factors in both virtual and in-person PA-based mental health prevention strategies for postsecondary students.

Research on maltreatment in sport demonstrates detrimental effects on athletes' well-being, and recent news reports highlight the pervasiveness of this issue. However, inconsistencies in defining and operationalizing athlete maltreatment in sport have resulted in issues with conceptual clarity that limits current research, practice, and monitoring within and across sport sectors. This scoping review will synthesize the scientific literature on athlete maltreatment in sport and identify current knowledge gaps for research and practice. The review objectives are to: (1) map how maltreatment has been conceptualized and operationalized in the literature; (2) identify and describe the types of athlete maltreatment that have been investigated; and (3) explore current trends in research approaches and methods applied to the study of athlete maltreatment. An established six-stage scoping review methodology will be applied, as well as field-specific guidelines for community advisory group consultations. The protocol will be conducted over a one-year time frame and has been registered in advance (https://osf.io/r7ycp/overview). Relevant sources will be identified using a systematic search strategy across six electronic databases. Study screening procedures will occur in duplicate using pre-determined eligibility criteria. For inclusion, articles must address the concept of maltreatment among athletes (of any age, sport, or competition level), and contain original peer-reviewed research. Extracted data will be analyzed using qualitative content analysis and descriptive statistics. Preliminary results will be presented to community advisors (e.g., athletes, coaches, sport administrators, clinicians, policy writers, researchers) to contextualize findings and prioritize actionable recommendations to improve sport systems. Results will be published in a peer-reviewed journal and presented at academic conferences for sport leaders and researchers with the aim of informing measures, interventions, frameworks, and/or policies.

Self-compassion comprises treating oneself non-judgementally with kindness and understanding during life challenges. Our aim was to identify, from among a diverse set of sociodemographic, lifestyle behavioural, psychological, family/peer social influence, and health indicators, factors associated with low self-compassion in a population-based sample of young adults. Data on 37 factors potentially associated with low self-compassion were drawn from cycle 23 of the ongoing 24-year Nicotine Dependence in Teens (NDIT) study for 682 participants (Mage 30.5, SD = 1.0, 41

This review seeks to understand the literature on patient navigator programs (PNPs) that employ occupational therapists (OTs), including the role (conceptualization), functions (operationalization) of OTs who work as patient navigators (PNs) and the settings and populations they serve. This review also mapped the role of PNs to the 2021 Competencies for Occupational Therapists in Canada. Scoping review methodology by Arksey and O'Malley (2005) was employed. Data were analyzed thematically and numerically to identify frequent patterns. Ten articles were included. Within PNPs, OTs worked in hospitals and communities, but their role was rarely well-defined. Five competency domains (i.e., communication and collaboration, culture, equity and justice, excellence in practice, professional responsibility, and engagement with the profession) were evident in existing PNPs that included OTs. This review supports the increasing interest in OTs as PNs by demonstrating the alignment between the OT competencies and roles and functions of OTs working within PNPs.

This study examined the relative relationships between global and body-related self-conscious emotions to indices of positive and negative mental health. North American adults (N = 520) completed an online questionnaire to assess global and body-related shame, guilt and pride, and mental health indicators (depression, anxiety, eating pathology, self-esteem, flourishing). Data were analyzed in three path models. Compared to global shame and guilt, body-related shame and guilt showed a greater magnitude of association with depression, anxiety, eating pathology, and self-esteem. Global pride showed a stronger magnitude of association with all mental health indicators (except eating pathology) compared to body-related pride. Findings illustrate the importance of body-related self-consciousness for multiple mental health outcomes known to impact the general population.

Introduction The study of resilience among transition-age youth (aged 16-29 years) living with serious mental illness (SMI) has provided a promising new direction for research with the capacity to explore individuals' strengths and resources. However, variability in how resilience is defined and measured has led to a lack of conceptual clarity. A comprehensive synthesis is needed to understand current trends and gaps in resilience research among this population. The purpose of the current study was to map how resilience has been conceptualized and operationalized among transition-age youth with SMI, explore resilience factors and outcomes that have been studied, and recommend areas for future research. Methods A six-stage scoping review methodology was used to systematically identify relevant empirical literature across multiple databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, AMED, CINAHL, Scopus), addressing transition-age youth diagnosed with SMI and resilience. Topic consultation and reaction meetings were conducted to gather feedback from transition-age youth with SMI, researchers, and clinicians during the review process to enhance the applicability of the review findings. A meta-narrative approach was used to organize included studies into research traditions (i.e., paradigms of inquiry with similar storylines, theoretical and methodological orientations). Resilience factors and outcomes, and the consultative meetings, were analyzed using content analysis. Results Twenty-four studies met inclusion criteria (14 quantitative, 9 qualitative, 1 mixed-method). Four research traditions were identified, each contributing a unique storyline which conceptualized and operationalized resilience in slightly different ways: Stress Adaptation, Person-Environment Interactions, Recovery-Focused, and Critical and Cultural Perspectives. Resilience factors and outcomes were most commonly evaluated at the individual-level or within the immediate environment (e.g., personal characteristics, social support networks). Limited research has explored the influence of macro-level systems and health inequalities on resilience processes. Results from the consultative meetings further demonstrated the importance of health services and sociocultural factors in shaping processes of resilience among youth. Conclusion The present results may be used to inform future work, as well as the development of age-appropriate, strengths-based, and resilience-oriented approaches to service delivery. Interdisciplinary and intersectional research that prioritizes community and youth engagement is needed to advance current understandings of resilience among transition-age youth with SMI.

Scoping reviews and rapid reviews are intentional approaches to systematically synthesize research. In sport and exercise psychology, scoping reviews can summarize information to describe what is known on a relevant topic. Rapid reviews offer accelerated knowledge synthesis through a streamlined timely and cost-effective approach that is directed and guided by stakeholders. Both scoping and rapid reviews are used to synthesize the literature, and also to describe and assess conceptual, theoretical, and methodological trends, identify gaps in research and practice, and inform future sport and exercise psychology research and practice directions. We offer evidence-based and field-specific guidelines to conduct scoping reviews and rapid reviews. These types of syntheses in sport and exercise psychology are important for advancing research and practice and highlight the value of collaborations with key stakeholders. Our guidelines will help with the uniformity and dependability of scoping and rapid reviews while also advancing the impact and value of this type of research.

Introduction Transition-age youth (16–29 years old) are disproportionately affected by the onset, impact and burden of serious mental illness (SMI; for example, depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia spectrum disorders). Emerging evidence has increasingly highlighted the concept of resilience in mental health promotion and treatment approaches for this population. A comprehensive synthesis of existing evidence is needed to enhance conceptual clarity in this area, identify knowledge gaps, and inform future research and practice. As such, the present scoping review is guided by the following questions: How has resilience been conceptualised and operationalised in the transition-age youth mental health literature? What factors influence resilience among transition-age youth with SMI, and what outcomes have been studied within the context of transition-age youth’s mental health recovery?Methods and analysis The present protocol will follow six key stages, in accordance with Arksey and O’Malley’s (2005) established scoping review methodology and recent iterations of this framework, and has been registered with Open Science Framework (https://osf.io/rzfc5). The protocol and review process will be carried out by a multidisciplinary team in consultation with community stakeholders. A comprehensive search strategy will be conducted across multiple electronic databases to identify relevant empirical literature. Included sources will address the population of transition-age youth (16–29 years) diagnosed with SMI, the concept of resilience (in any context) and will report original research written in English. Data screening and extraction will be completed by at least two independent reviewers. Following meta-narrative review and qualitative content analyses, findings will be synthesised as a descriptive overview with tabular and graphical summaries.Ethics and dissemination University of Toronto Health Sciences Research Ethics Board approval was obtained to complete the community stakeholder consultation stage of this review. Results will be disseminated through conference presentations, publications, and user-friendly reports and graphics.

Individuals who perceive themselves as "overweight" experience higher negative body-related self-conscious emotions than those who do not. Theoretical and empirical evidence suggests internalized weight stigma may be an important mediator of the relationship between weight perception and self-conscious emotions. Overcoming common measurement limitations and sampling limitations, the present study investigated whether gender moderates the associations among weight perceptions, internalized weight stigma, and negative body-related self-conscious emotions in 104 young adults (64 % women). Individuals who perceived themselves as too heavy (52 %) experienced higher body-related shame and guilt compared to those who perceived themselves as about right. Internalized weight stigma mediated these associations in women but not men, such that perceiving oneself as too heavy was associated with higher internalized weight stigma, which was associated with higher body-related shame and guilt in women. Results underscore the importance of internalized weight stigma as a potential target for intervention among women of diverse weight statuses who are prone to experiencing body-related shame and guilt.

Based on emerging multimodal mental health prevention and treatment approaches, physical activity and stress and coping are likely interrelated and interact to produce unique effects on mental health. As such, the aim of the present study was to investigate whether physical activity, stress and coping cluster in meaningful ways, and whether these clusters differ in depression symptoms. A cross-sectional latent class analysis using data from the NDIT study was used among a sample of young adults (N = 604; Mage = 20.36, SD = .73; 50% female). Latent class analysis identified a two-class model of physical activity, stress and coping. The first class (n = 235, 64% female) demonstrated high levels of stress, less favourable coping and lower levels of engagement in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity per week. The second class (n = 369, 41% female) demonstrated low levels of stress, more favourable coping and higher levels of engagement in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity per week. A univariate ANOVA indicated symptoms of depression were significantly higher among individuals in the first class (M = 11.89, SD = 8.14) compared to the second class (M = 7.76, SD = 6.31) while controlling for age and gender [(F(1, 600) = 36.94, ?2 = .06, p < .001]. These findings support the importance of investigating interrelations between physical activity, stress and coping for mental health outcomes. Specifically, this integrative conceptualization of key behavioural and psychosocial factors may inform multimodal approaches for promoting mental health and wellness among young adults.

Body-related self-conscious emotions are important predictors of exercise motivation, yet the association between body-related self-conscious emotions and reasons for exercise has not been explored. Researchers have typically examined body-related emotions (e.g., shame, guilt, pride, embarrassment, envy) in isolation, but they may interact in unique ways to predict reasons for exercise. The present study examined how patterns of body-related emotions were associated with exercise reasons. In an online survey, participants (N= 520; M-age = 35.43 + 10.09; 57.5 % men) reported their experience of body-related self-conscious emotions and exercise reasons over the past week. Latent class analysis revealed a three-class model of emotions, resulting in a High Emotionality class (i.e., experiencing positive and negative emotions), a Negative Emotions class, and a Pride class. Individuals who experienced negative emotions about their bodies engaged in exercise for appearance reasons, while individuals who felt proud about their bodies and did not report the negatively valenced emotions reported exercising for health reasons. These findings underscore the importance of investigating how multiple body-related self-conscious emotions influence reasons for exercising. Understanding how patterns of body-related self-conscious emotions are experienced could inform future research on factors that may precede exercise motivation and increase exercise behavior. (C) 2021 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Background. Physical activity (PA) is a therapeutic approach to address post-secondary student mental health, yet the effect of PA on occupational outcomes has been understudied among students. Purpose. This study (1) identified and described occupational performance issues (OPIs) among post-secondary students seeking mental health support and (2) assessed pre- and post-intervention differences in occupational performance and performance satisfaction. Method. Using a single group pre-test post-test pilot study design, participants (N = 20) completed a 6-week, 1-hour PA intervention. The Canadian Occupational Performance Measure was administered pre- and post-intervention. Findings. The most commonly reported OPIs included academics, PA, and sleep hygiene. There were significant improvements in participants' occupational performance (mean change: 2.7, p < .001; d(z) = 2.28) and performance satisfaction (mean change: 3.7, p < .001; d(z) = 3.04). Implications. Results provide an initial demonstration of the benefits of PA for occupational outcomes within a post-secondary mental health context.

This chapter examines the language and connotations ascribed to the hashtags #sportswear and #fitnesswear through photographs and textual content on Instagram. The current study was analyzed within a lens for women's body image.

Researchers have identified that experiences of body-related shame significantly contribute to heightened depressive symptoms, and therefore it is valuable to identify and understand potential factors that buffer this relationship. The present study examined the cross-sectional relationship between body-related shame and depressive symptoms separately among women and men, and tested self-compassion as a potential moderator. Data from a sample of 520 adults (42.3 % women; Mage = 35.43, SD = 10.09 years) recruited through MTurk were analyzed using moderated regression analysis. Results indicated that body-related shame was positively and significantly associated with frequency of depressive symptoms. Additionally, self-compassion moderated the relationship between body-related shame and depression among women, but not men, even after controlling for self-esteem. Specifically, women with lower levels of self-compassion reported a significantly stronger relationship between body-related shame and depressive symptoms, and at higher levels of self-compassion, there was no relationship between body shame and depressive symptoms. These findings have practical implications and suggest that low levels of self-compassion may increase the risk of depressive symptoms, and high levels of self-compassion may be protective among women that experience body-related shame.

The original Barbie doll's unrealistic body shape can negatively affect young girls' body image. Mattel produced new Barbie dolls with "tall", "curvy", and "petite" body types, yet how girls perceive and evaluate the three new Barbie body types remains unknown. This study investigated whether young girls engage in an automatic "self-other matching" process when viewing the different Barbie doll representations. Female children and adolescents (N = 38; Mage = 10; 6-14 years old; SD = 2.24 years) completed a body-part compatibility task to provide an index of how they implicitly relate cognitive representations of their own body to the different doll images. Significant (p < .05) body-part compatibility effects emerged for the original, curvy and petite dolls, but not for the tall Barbie. These findings indicate that girls engage in a self-other body matching process when viewing Barbie, but that the strength of this matching is influenced by the doll's body type. Results provide new evidence on the underlying cognitive mechanisms that occur when girls are exposed to physique-salient toys, and may have implications for young girls' body image development and use of appearance-based social comparisons.

Body image emotions are important correlates of health behaviour engagement and well-being, and are especially salient among emerging adults. Given that emotions tied to the body's appearance are distinct from those linked to the body's function, it is important to examine how these domain-specific emotions are associated with health outcomes. This multi-study investigation examined the unique associations between appearance- and fitness-related emotions of pride, shame, and guilt, and indices of mental health and physical activity (PA) behaviour among university students. Study 1 compared the strength of the associations between appearance- and fitness-related emotions to mental health and PA behaviour. University students (N=387) completed measures of appearance- and fitness-related emotions, self-esteem, depression, affect, and PA behaviour. Fitness-related pride, shame, and guilt were significantly stronger correlates of PA behaviour (r=-.50-.53; Z=5.38-6.80, p